THE 


SCHOLAE'S  COMPANION 


CONTAINING 


EXERCISES 


IN   THE 


,  jJtribation,  anfc  Classification 


OP 


ENGLISH  WORDS. 


AN  INTRODUCTION  AND  A  COPIOUS  INDEX, 


BY 

RUFUS   W. 


A  NEW  EDITION,  THOROUGHLY  RE' 


PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED  BY  E.  H.  BUTLER  &  CO. 

1870. 


OmcE  OP  THE  CONTROLLERS  OF  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS, 
FIRST  SCHOOL  DISTRICT  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Philadelphia,  May  28lh,  1863. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Controllers  of  Public  Schools,  First  District  of  Pennsylvania,  held 
at  the  Controllers'  Chamber,  on  Friday,  January  2d,  1863,  the  following  Resolution  was 
adopted  : — 

Kesolwd,  That  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION  shall  be  the  only  Text-Book  on  the  subject  of 
Etymology  to  be  used  in  the  Schools  of  the  District :  and  that  the  study  of  Definitions, 
and  the  Questions  to  be  asked  at  the  High  School  Examinations,  shall  be  confined  to 
•words  derived  from  roots,  to  be  found  in  said  work,  and  that  all  technical  terms  shall  be 
excluded. 

From  the  Minutes. 

JAMES  D.  CAMPBELL, 
Secretary. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION, 

Baltimore,  Md.,  July  22d,  1865. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  held  this  day,  "  THE  SCHOLAR'S  Cou- 
as  adopted  as  a  Text-Book  to  be  used  in  the  Public  Schools  throughout  the 

W.  HORACE  SOPER, 
Clerk. 


Entered,  according  to  'Act  of  Congress,  in  the  jear  1841,  by  HEN'RY  PERKINS,  in  the  Clerk's  Offioa 
of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1854,  by  CLARK  &  HESSER,  in  the  Clerk's  Office 
of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S54.  by  E.  H   BUTLER  &  Co..  in  the  Clerk's  Office 
of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the' year  1863,  by 

E.  H.  BUTLER  &  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern 
District  of  Pennsylvania. 


CAXTOW  PRESS  OP 
SHERMAN  *  CO.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


INTBODUCTION. 


THE  "SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION"  has  been  too  long  before  the  public, 
and  too  widely  endorsed,  to  require  a  labored  defence  as  a  text -book  for 
schools.  The  sale  of  half  a  million  of  copies  in  more  than  a  hundred 
editions,  with  an  increasing  demand,  is  sufficient  indication  of  the  esti- 
mate in  which  it  is  held.  In  revising  it  for  a  new  edition,  it  has  not 
been  thought  best  to  attempt  any  alteration  in  the  plan  or  arrangement 
of  the  text.  This,  besides  the  doubtful  utility,  would  render  the  new 
edition  unfit  to  be  used  with  those  already  in  extensive  use  in  the  schools. 
Some  more  marked  distinctions  in  the  old  arrangement,  with  a  copious 
index  for  easy  reference,  with  an  improved  typography  and  style  of 
mechanical  execution,  is  all  the  Publishers  deem  necessary  to  meet 
the  wishes  of  its  numerous  patrons.  These  improvements  have  been 
effected  at  considerable  expense,  and  it  is  hoped  they  will  be  acceptable. 

Part  I.  embraces  a  large  and  judicious  selection  of  cognate  words, 
requiring  the  particular  attention  of  the  learner  to  their  orthography 
and  orthoepy ;  also  a  list  of  equivocal  words,  or  words  spelled  and 
pronounced  alike,  but  used  in  different  significations,  and  a  corrected 
list  of  others  that  are  improperly  spelled  and  used.  These  selections 
are  not  unnecessarily  multiplied,  and  yet  they  are  fully  sufficient  for 
all  practical  purposes. 

Part  II.  treats  of  the  composition  and  the  derivation  of  words.  The 
learner  who  makes  himself  familiar  with  the  prefixes  and  suffixes,  as 
here  presented  in  a  few  pages,  will  hardly  need  more  for  all  practical 
purposes  to  enable  him  to  recognise  readily  their  proper  force  and 
effect. 

The  etymology  of  words  derived  from  the  Latin  and  the  Greek  is  of 
leading  importance,  because  such  words  are  the  most  numerous. 

Language,  in  its  principles  and  its  structure,  is  necessarily,  and 
everywhere,  the  same.  The  Latin  and  Greek  scholar  has  the  advantage 
of  the  mere  English  scholar  in  this  only,  a  facility  in  tracing  the  ety- 

(iii) 


v  INTRODUCTION. 

mology  of  a  large  class  of  our  words  which  have  been  derived  from 
those  languages.  Yet  by  a  careful  study  of  the  etymology  of  the  words 
whose  derivation  is  traced  in  the  following  pages,  the  English  scholar 
will  find  his  only  compensation  for  the  lack  of  that  classical  learning 
which  can  be  obtained  only  by  a  long  course  of  study.  To  the  classi- 
cal scholar,  these  exercises  will  be  doubly  useful  and  interesting. 

Part  III.  embraces  the  important  study  of  synonyms.  The  import- 
ance of  this  branch  of  the  study  of  words  can  be  duly  appreciated  only 
by  those  who  have  pursued  it  critically.  It  is  indispensable  to  a  correct 
use  of  language,  and  has  contributed  essentially  to  place  the  few  who 
have  attained  the  highest  eminence  in  scholarship  above  the  others  of 
high  position.  Augustine  said  of  Cicero,  "  Ille  verborum  vigilantissimus 
appensor  ac  mensor" — a  skilful  mint-master,  a  subtle  watcher  and  -weigher 
of  words.  Of  all  masters  of  the  English  language,  none  perhaps  deserves 
BO  nearly  a  comparison  with  Cicero  as  Daniel  Webster.  All  who  have 
ever  aided  him  in  placing  his  thoughts  upon  paper  —  and  he  was  often 
obliged  to  employ  amanuenses  —  can  testify  how  critically  he  watched 
and  weighed  his  words,  how  accurately  he  discriminated,  how  he  would 
discourse  on  the  nice  shades  of  distinction  when  he  required  the  change 
of  a  word,  how  he  was  capable  of  showing  clearly,  etymologically, 
historically,  eloquently,  and  convincingly,  a  difference  where  ordinary 
scholars  had  discerned  only  a  simple  synonym.  This  made  his  defini- 
tions and  opinions  of  authority,  and  will  for  ever  place  his  written  dis- 
cussions in  every  department  among  the  most  cherished  classics  of 
English  literature. 

The  subject  is  fairly  opened  in  these  pages,  and  enough  is  here  col- 
lated for  a  class-book ;  enough,  too,  to  awaken  an  interest  which  may 
lead  the  inquiring  mind  to  pursue  the  subject  in  more  elaborate  treatises. 
These  may  be  found  at  hand  in  "Roget's  Thesaurus  of  English  words," 
revised  and  edited  by  Dr.  Sears,  a  work  of  sterling  merit  and  priceless 
value  to  Lne  scholar  who  would  attain  to  accuracy  in  writing  or  speaking 
his  mother-tongue.  "  Trench  on  the  Study  of  .Words"  may  also  be 
recommended  as  a  book  which  unites  the  interest  of  a  novel  with  a 
most  critical  and  discriminating  philological  discussion. 

"How  often,"  says  Trench,  "do  the  great  masters  of  style  in  every 
tongue, — perhaps  none  so  often  as  Cicero,  the  greatest  of  all, — pause  to 
discriminate  between  the  words  they  are  using ;  how  much  care  and 
labor,  how  much  subtlety  of  thought  they  have  counted  well  bestowed 
on  the  operation ;  how  much  importance  do  they  avowedly  attach  to  it ! 
Not  to  say  that  his  works,  even  where  he  does  not  intend  it,  will  be  a 
continual  lesson  in  this  respect,  a  great  writer,  merely  in  the  accuracy 
With  which  he  employs  words,  will  always  be  exercising  us  in  synony- 
mous discrimination. 


INTRODUCTION.  "V 

"  Nor  is  this  habit  of  discrimination  valuable  only  as  a  part  of  our 
intellectual  training  ;  but  what  a  positive  increase  is  it  of  mental  wealth 
when  we  have  learned  to  discern  between  things  which  really  differ, 
but  have  been  hitherto  confused  in  our  minds ;  and  have  made  these 
distinctions  permanently  our  own  in  the  only  way  by  which  they  can  be 
secure,  that  is.  by  assigning  to  each  its  appropriate  word  and  peculiar 
sign. 

"  What  a  help,  moreover,  will  it  prove  to  the  writing  of  a  good  English 
etyle,  if  instead  of  having  many  words  before  us,  and  choosing  almost 
at  random  and  hap-hazard  from  among  them,  we  at  once  know  which, 
and  which  only,  we  ought  in  the  case  before  us  to  employ,  which  will 
be  the  exact  vesture  of  our  thoughts.  It  is  the  first  characteristic  of  a 
well-dressed  man  that  his  clothes  fit  him ;  that  they  are  not  too  small 
and  shrunken  here,  too  large  and  loose  there.  Now  it  is  precisely  such 
a  prime  characteristic  of  a  good  style  that  the  words  fit  close  to  the 
thoughts:  they  will  not  be  too  big  here,  hanging  like  a  giant's  robe  on 
the  limbs  of  a  dwarf;  nor  too  small  there,  as  a  boy's  garment  into  which 
the  man  has  with  difficulty  and  ridiculously  thrust  himself.  We  do  not 
feel  in  one  place  that  the  writer  means  more  than  he  has  succeeded  in 
saying ;  in  another,  that  he  has  said  more  than  he  means ;  in  a  third, 
something  beside  what  his  intention  was  —  and  all  this  from  a  want  of 
dexterity  in  employing  the  instrument  of  language,  of  precision  in 
knowing  what  words  would  be  the  exactest  correspondents  and  fittest 
exponents  of  his  thought." 

Words  are  to  be  considered  principally  in  two  relations,  viz. :  in  their 
definite  meaning,  and  in  their  grammatical  construction.  In  their  latter 
aspect,  we  learn  the  structure  of  language,  the  different  classes  of  words 
with  their  philosophical  uses  and  relative  importance  —  in  the  former, 
the  force  and  distinct  signification  of  each  separate  word.  This  requires 
an  accurate  knowledge  of  their  origin  and  authorized  use. 

In  tracing  the  etymology  of  words,  we  go  first  to  the  original  words 
in  the  language  where  they  have  been  first  employed,  or  to  their  first 
formation,  if  original,  in  our  own  language.  Thence  we  trace  their 
related  meanings,  the  modified  uses  to  which  they  have  been  applied, 
and  the  new  significations  which,  in  process  of  time,  have  been  assigned 
to  them.  Sometimes  a  word  is  entirely  changed  from  its  original  mean- 
ing, and  is  used  not  only  in  varied  but  in  opposite  senses.  Words  are 
constantly  manufactured  too  for  the  times,  for  the  new  things  that  are 
made  the  subject  of  thought,  or  for  the  new  modes  of  thought  that  are 
entertained.  They  are  also  formed  by  the  combination  of  different 
words;  by  affixes  and  suffixes.  They  are  thus,  at  different  periods, 
changed  or  modified  in  meaning,  and  new  words  are  invented. 

Language,  the  first  necessity  of  the  mind,  is  not  only  the  instrument 


v  INTRODUCTION. 

but  the  nutriment  of  thought,  "  essential  to  the  activity  of  our  specu- 
lative powers,  modifying,  by  its  changes,  the  growth  and  complexion 
of  the  faculties  it  feeds." 

The  importance  of  language,  then,  is  readily  perceived  in  its  necessity, 
its  controlling  influence,  and  its  uses.  It  is  necessary  to  the  develop- 
ment of  mind  and  to  civilization.  The  language  of  a  nation  or  of  an 
individual  tests  the  character  as  accurately  as  the  thermometer  tests 
the  elevation  of  the  temperature,  or  as  the  consols  of  England  indicate 
the  value  of  money  in  the  market. 

Thought  is  the  capital  deposit  of  the  mind  ;  Language  the  medium 
of  exchange  and  intercommunication.  The  consols  of  the  race  man 
consist  of  the  united  stock  of  all  these  separate  deposits,  where  the 
value  of  each  is  set  forth  and  certified  in  language,  the  instrument  of 
thought.  Books  written  become  the  indentures  of  a  common  partner- 
ship. Here,  the  treasures  "unhedged,  lie  open  in  one  common  field, 
and  bid  all  welcome  to  the  vital  feast," 

The  study  of  language  as  a  mental  discipline,  is,  perhaps,  of  greater 
influence  than  any  other  study  :  not  generally  so  considered,  only,  per- 
haps, because  like  everything  common,  its  true  position  and  true  influ- 
ence are  lost  in  the  subtle  involution  of  its  power  with  any  study  that 
is  new,  startling,  or  difficult.  We  must  analyze  the  mind's  operations 
in  the  solution  of  problems  in  science,  or  labored  results  in  philosophy, 
before  we  can  detect  the  nice  distinctions  required,  and  sought  out,  and 
discovered  in  the  words  and  forms  of  speech  which  we  use  to  define  our 
propositions  and  elucidate  our  arguments.  Here  is  a  field  for  philosophy, 
for  logic,  for  mental  enterprise,  for  keen  analysis,  and  nice  discrimina- 
tion. Here,  in  the  clear  exhibition  of  results  to  others  —  requiring  the 
logic,  the  philosophy,  the  illumination  of  language  —  a  mental  activity 
is  exercised  more  important  to  a  healthful  discipline  than  in  most,  per- 
haps than  in  any,  other  profound  investigations  prosecuted  in  thought. 

The  study  of  words  is  the  study  of  philosophy,  of  history,  of  morals. 
We  may  read  a  nation's  history  in  a  nation's  words.  Mind  is  there 
stereotyped  in  form  and  feature  like  the  reality  of  life.  There  is  often 
more  of  true  history  to  be  learned  in  a  Dictionary,  which  cannot  lie, 
than  in  written  annals,  which  may  be  framed  by  prejudice,  pride,  affec- 
tation, misconception,  or  intended  falsehood.  Tradition  is  shadowy ; 
memories  may  be  partial ;  history,  even,  is  often  poetic,  mixed  with 
fiction.  But  a  nation's  language  is  itself,  the  record  of  the  day  and 
the  hour,  and  the  honest  reality  of  its  acting,  thinking,  speaking. 
Words  are  things.  In  everything,  therefore,  which  they  fairly  indicate, 
they  are  reliable. 

The  study  of  words,  then,  becomes  something  more  than  a  detail  of 
vocables,  a  tissue  of  sounds  :  "  'Tis  food,  'tis  strength,  'tis  life." 


INTRODUCTION.  yii 

The  study  of  words  has  never  yet  had  its  proper  place  in  the  educa- 
tional course.  If  pursued  at  all,  it  has  been  a  study  of  definitions 
merely,  disconnected  with  etymology.  We  here  trace  the  stream  to  its 
sources,  explore  its  fruitful  branches  and  its  delta,  where,  by  a  hundred 
mouths,  it  brings  down  accumulated  treasures  to  a  common  reservoir 
of  human  thought,  whence,  as  from  the  ocean,  is  exhaled  a  healthful 
influence  that  refreshes  the  whole  face  of  the  earth. 

"Word  warriors"  have  caused  more  bloodshed  and  misery  than  all 
the  executioners  of  martyrs  to  truth  and  principle.  Books  have  been 
written,  treasures  squandered,  controversies  exasperated,  eternal  hatred 
engendered,  armies  brought  into  deadly  conflict,  and  nations  revolu- 
tionized or  destroyed,  for  a  word:  more  than  this, — for  a  word  misun- 
derstood, for  an  illusion. 

"  One  word  interposed 
Makes  enemies  of  nations  that  had  else, 
Like  kindred  drops,  been  mingled  into  one." 

Theological  controversies,  political  asperities,  judicial  litigations,  per- 
sonal animosities,  have  their  origin  and  vitality  most  often  in  the  mis- 
understanding of  words.  This,  unperceived  by  the  contending  parties, 
is  often  obvious  to  the  disinterested  observer  —  sometimes  apparent  to 
the  combatants  themselves  after  all  the  mischief  has  been  done,  past 
remedy. 

That  which  is  so  often  fatal  to  truth  and  to  right  in  social  life,  is  also 
injurious  to  the  individual  mind  in  all  its  own  inquiries  and  activities. 
We  think  in  words.  Hence  these  words  must  truly  represent  their 
antitypes,  else  the  mind  deceives  itself,  and  is  at  war  with  its  own 
opinions.  Thus  the  mind  becomes  its  own  tormentor,  biting  and  devour- 
ing itself;  or  urged  on  to  conflict  without  an  object,  it  builds  a  man  of 
straw,  applies  the  faggot,  and  is  consumed  by  the  fire  it  has  wantonly 
kindled  ;  or  like  the  viper  bites  itself  to  death,  a  suicide  without  a 
cause. 

Thus  it  is  not  without  a  philosophical  reason  the  Saviour  said  to  the 
Pharisees:  "By  thy  words  thou  shalt  be  justified,  and  by  thy  words 
thou  shalt  be  condemned."  The  connection  between  the  words  we  utter 
and  the  moral  emotions,  is  palpable  to  every  man  who  has  studied  the 
mental  processes  of  his  own  consciousness.  Physiologically,  the  con- 
nection between  the  vocal  organs  and  the  brain  is  known  to  be  delicately 
sensitive  and  powerfully  reciprocal.  The  same  may  be  true,  meta- 
physically, between  the  verbal  definitions  in  our  mental  activities  and 
the  permanent  impressions  of  principles  on  the  mental  and  moral  emo- 
tions. In  the  spiritual  state,  these  verbal'  mental  processes  place  in 
permanent  forms  what  words,  uttered  or  written,  stereotype  in  vocables. 


INTRODUCTION. 

They  are  then  ours,  adopted,  attach  to  the  mind  as  a  part  of  itself,  and 
become  permanently  operative  A  man's  thoughts,  which  are  words 
uttered  in  himself,  are  the  record  by  which  he  may  read  himself  as 
truly  as  the  opinion,  written  or  spoken  and  defended,  reveals  him  to 
others.  Habits  of  thinking  are  as  important,  often  more  important,  on 
permanent  forms  of  character  than  habits  of  speaking.  Hence  the 
wisdom  of  that  caution,  "Be  careful  of  thy  words,  whether  in  thought 
or  utterance." 

Definitely,  the  study  of  words  is  the  object  of  this  treatise,  intended  to 
initiate  the  young  learner  early  into  the  habit  of  a  critical  definition  of 
the  language  he  uses.  Beyond  mere  orthography  and  correct  pronun- 
ciation, it  is  designed  to  introduce  the  young  mind  into  the  inner  life 
of  words,  and  thus  into  the  inner  life  of  the  soul  It  is  a  spelling- 
book,  but  that  is  not  all.  It  teaches  correct  pronunciation,  but  that  is 
not  all.  It  is  a  defining  Dictionary, — but  still  more,  it  discriminates 
the  nicest  shades  of  difference  in  words,  in  thought,  and  contributes 
eminently  to  form  the  mind  to  truth,  and  the  character  to  uprightness, 
and  the  soul  for  its  immortal  destiny. 

If  we  may  have  contributed  to  awaken  the  minds  of  Teachers  and 
educationists  to  the  true  dignity,  importance,  and  influence  of  the  study 
of  words,  we  have  installed  our  subject  in  its  proper  place,  and  accom- 
plished the  object  of  this  brief  Introduction  to  the  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

K.  W.  BAILEY. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

CLASSIFICATION  OP   WORDS   ACCORDING   TO  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 
PRONUNCIATION. 

PAQE 

CHAP.  I. — Words  pronounced  exactly  alike,  but  spelled  differ- 
ently ;  arranged  according  to  the  sound  of  the  prin- 
cipal vowel,  ........  9 

CHAP.  II. — Words  of  similar  pronunciation. 

1.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  s,  the  second 

of  z, .19 

2.  The  first  of  each  pair  ending  in  ts,           .        .        .        .  20 

3.  ending  in  le,           ....  21 

4.  having  an  /,  the  latter  aw,.         .  21 

5.  ending  in  er  or  or,  the  second  in 

ure  or  eur,            ....  21 

6.  The  second  of  each  pair  aspirated,            ....  22 

7.  beginning  with  h,  .         .22 

8.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  a  in  mat ;  the 

second  of  e  in  met, 23 

9.  Several  sounds  of  a  and  e  compared,         ....  24 

10.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  e  in  mete,         .  24 

11.  Sounds  of  e  and  i  compared, 25 

12.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  more,         .  25 

13.  Several  sounds  of  o  and  other  vowels  compared,       .         .  26 

14.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  move,        .  26 

15.  Words  to  be  carefully  distinguished,         ....  26 

16.  Words  often  confounded  from  improperly  introducing  or 

omitting  the  sound  of  r,  .         .         .         .         .29 

17.  Dissyllables  differing  in  accent,        .....  30 

18.  Words  spelled  alike  but  pronounced  differently,       .         .  33 

CHAP.  III. — Equivocal  words, .35 

CHAP.  IV. — Improprieties  heard  in  conversation,           ...  44 

CiiAP.  V. — Rule  in  orthography, 46 

(ix) 


X  CONTENTS. 

PART  II. 

DERIVATION. 

CHAP.  I.  General  account  of  derivation  and  composition,      .         .  48 

Prefixes, 50 

Suffixes, 53 

CHAP.  II. — Words  derived  from  the  Latin, 57 

CHAP.  III. — Words  derived  from  the  Greek,           ....  171 

CHAP.  IV. — Miscellaneous  tables, 202 

1.  Corresponding  derivatives,          ....  202 

2.  Greek  and  Latin  plurals, 203 

3.  Latin  words  and  phrases, 205 

4.  French  words  and  phrases,          ....  209 

5.  Abbreviations, .  213 

6.  Words  derived  chiefly  from  classical  proper 

names,             216 

PART  III. 

ENGLISH    SYNOXYWS,          ....  223 


THE 


Library, 


SCHOLAR'S    COMPANION. 


PART  I. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS  ACCORDING  TO  ORTHOGRAPHY 
AND  PRONUNCIATION. 

To  the  Teacher. — In  using  Part  I.,  various  modes  of  study  and  recitation 
may  be  employed,  and  it  will  usually  be  found  best  to  pursue  no  oue  mode 
exclusively.  But  it  is  earnestly  recommended  to  the  teacher  to  employ  a 
variety  of  written,  as  well  as  oral  exercises,  in  the  classes  which  are  studying 
this  Part.  Let  the  pupils  be  required  (for  instance),  to  form  sentences  which 
shall  contain  the  words  of  the  lesson ;  and  let  the  plan  of  the  composition  be 
simple  or  more  difficult,  according  to  the  age  and  attainments  of  the  class. 
Written  exercises  of  this  kind  may  be  varied  to  almost  any  extent,  and  will 
be  found  on  many  accounts  advantageous  in  the  prosecution  of  such  studies- 


CHAPTER  I. 

Words  pronounced  exactly  alike,  but  spelled  differently ;  arranged  according 
to  the  sound  of  the  principal  vowel. 


A  as  in  mate. 
ALE,  a  malt  liquor. 

AIL,  to  affect  unpleasantly. 
ATE,  did  eat. 

AIT,  a  small  island  in  a  river. 

EIGHT,  a  number. 
A'TE,  the  goddess  of  mischief. 

EIGH'TY,  fourscore. 
BA'CON,  smoked  pork. 

BAK'EN,  cooked  in  an  oven. 
BALE,  a  pack  of  goods. 

BAIL,  a  surety. 
BATE,  to  deduct. 

BAIT,  an  allurement. 
BAY,  a  color ;  a  tree. 

BEY,  a  Turkish  governor. 


BAYS,  [pi.  of  Bay]  a  garland. 

BAIZE,  a  kind  of  cloth. 
BRAID,  to  plait. 

BRAYED,  did  bray. 
BRAKE,  fern ;  a  thicket. 

BREAK,  to  part  by  force. 
CANE,  a  walking  stick. 

CAIN,  a  man's  name. 
CHASTE,  pure. 

CHASED,  pursued. 
DANE,  a  native  of  Denmark. 

DEIGN,  to  condescend. 
DAY,  a  period  of  time. 

DEY,  the  governor  of  Algiers 
FAINT,  languid;  weak. 

FEINT,  a  pretence. 

(9) 


10 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


FANE,  a  temple. 

FAIN,  willingly;  gladly. 

FEIGN,  to  pretend. 
FRAYS,  quarrels. 

FRAISE,  a  kind  of  fortification. 

PHRASE,  a  mode  of  speech. 
GAGE,  a  pledge. 

GAUGE,  a  measuring  rod. 
GATE,  a  sort  of  door. 

GAIT,  manner  of  walking. 
GRATE,  a  range  of  bars. 

GREAT,  large. 
GRA'TER,  a  sort  of  rasp. 

GREAT'ER,  larger. 
HALE,  strong;   healthy. 

HAIL,  frozen  rain ;  to  salute. 
HAY,  dried  grass. 

HEY!  an  exclamation. 
LADE,  to  load. 

LAID,  placed. 
LANE,  a  narrow  road. 

LAIN,  remained. 
MADE,  finished. 

MAID,  an  unmarried  woman. 
MALE,  a  he  animal. 

MAIL,  armor;  a  post-bag. 
MANE,  of  a  horse. 

MAIN,  principal;  chief. 

MAINE,  name  of  a  state. 
MAZE,  an  intricate  place. 

MAIZE,  Indian  corn,  [wheel. 
NAVE,  the  centre  or  hub  of  a 

KNAVE,  a  rogue. 
NAY,  no. 

NEIGH,  the  voice  of  a  horse. 
PALE,  whitish. 

PAIL,  a  wooden  vessel. 
PANE,  a  square  of  glass. 

PAIN,  uneasiness. 
PLACE,  a  situation. 

PLAICE,  a  flat  fish. 
PLANE,  a  carpenters  tool. 

PLAIN,  manifest;  even. 
PLATE,  a  shallow  dish. 

PLAIT;  a  fold. 


PRAY,  to  beseech. 

PREY,  plunder;  booty. 
RAIN,  water  from  the  clouds. 

REIN,  of  a  bridle. 

REIGN,  to  rule. 
RAZE  or  RASE,  to  demolish. 

RAYS,  sunbeams. 

RAISE,  to  lift ;  to  elevate. 
RA'ZOR,  a  shaving  tool. 

RAIS'ER,  a  lifter. 
SALE,  a  selling. 

SAIL,  the  canvas  of  a  vessel. 
SAIL'ER,  a  sailing  vessel. 

SAIL'OR,  a  seaman. 
SANE,  sound  in  mind. 

SEINE,  a  river  in  France. 
SETA'CEOTTS,  set  with  br.stles. 

CETA'CEOUS,   of    the    whale 
SLAY,  to  kill.  [kind. 

SLEIGH,  a  vehicle  on  runners. 

SLEY,  a  weaver's  reed. 
STAKE,  a  small  post. 

STEAK,  broiled  meat. 
STATIONARY,  fixed. 

STA'TIONERY,  paper,  penSj&c. 
STRAIT,  a  narrow  pass. 

STRAIGHT,  not  crooked. 
TALE,  a  story. 

TAIL,  the  end. 
YALE,  a  valley. 

VAIL,  or  VEIL,  a  curtain  j  a 

covering. 
VANE,  a  weathercock. 

VAIN,  proud;  fruitless. 

VEIN,  a  blood  vessel. 
WALE,  a  ridge. 

WAIL,  to  lament. 
WANE,  to  decrease,. 

WAIN,  a  wagon. 
WASTE,  useless  expenditure. 

WAIST,  a  part  of  the  body. 
WAIT,  to  stay  for. 

WEIGHT,  heaviness. 
WAVE,  a  billow.  [off. 

WAIVE,  to  relinquish  ;  to  put 


WORDS   PRONOUNCED   ALIKE. 


11 


WAY,  a  manner ;  a  road. 

WEIGH,  to  ascertain  weight. 
WADE,  to  walk  in  water. 

WEIGHED,  did  weigh. 

A  as  in  care. 

AIR,  the  atmosphere. 

HEIR,  an  inheritor. 
BARE,  naked. 

BEAR,  to  support. 
FARE,  food ;  price  of  passage. 

FAIR,  beautiful;  honest. 
GLARE,  splendor. 

G-LAIR,  white  of  an  egg. 
HARE,  an  animal. 

HAIR,  of  the  head. 
PARE,  to  shave  off  the  outside. 

PAIR,  a  couple. 

PEAR,  a  fruit. 
STARE,  to  gaze. 

STAIR,  a  step. 
TARE,  an  allowance  in  weight. 

TEAR,  to  rend. 
THEIR,  belonging  to  them. 

THERE,  in  that  place. 
WARE,  merchandise. 

WEAR,  to  diminish  by  use. 

A  as  in  mat. 

ADDS,  increases. 

ADZ,  a  kind  of  hatchet. 
AN,  a  particle. 

ANN,  or  ANNE,  a  woman's 

name. 
AN'NALIST,  a  writer  of  annals. 

AN'ALYST,  one  who  analyses. 
AN'KER,  a  liquid  measure. 

AN'CHOR,  of  a  vessel. 
AS'PERATE,  to  make  rough. 

AS'PIRATE,  to  give  the  sound 

of  h.  [sure. 

CAL'ENDER,  to  polish  by  pres- 

CAL'ENDAR,  an  almanac. 


CAL'LOUS,  hardened ;  insensible. 

CAL'LUS,  a  hardening  of  the 

fibres. 
CAN'DID,  frank ;  ingenuous. 

CAN'DIED,  turned  to  sugar. 
CAN'NON,  a  large  gun. 

CAN'ON,  a  Lw;  a  rule. 
CAN'VASS,  to  examine. 

CAN'VAS,  coarse  cloth. 
DAM,  a  wall  across  a  stream. 

DAMN,  to  condemn. 
DRAM,  a  small  weight. 

DRACHM,  an  ancient  coin. 
JAM,  a  conserve  of  fruit. 

JAMB,  a  supporter. 
LACK,  to  want. 

LAC,  a  sort  of  gum. 
MAN'NER,  mode;  custom. 

MAN'OR,  the  land  belonging 

to  a  nobleman. 
MAN'TLE,  a  kind  of  cloak. 

MAN'TEL,  the  chimney  piece. 
NAG,  a  little  horse. 

KNAG,  a  knot  in  wood. 
NAP,  a  short  sleep. 

KNAP,  a  protuberance. 
PAL'LET,  a  little  bed. 

PAL'LETTE,   or  PAL'LET,   a 

painter's  board. 
PAN'NEL,  a  rustic  saddle. 

PAN'EL,  a  square  of  wainscot. 
RAP,  to  strike. 

WRAP,  to  fold. 
TACKS,  small  nails. 

TAX,  a  rate  imposed. 

A  as  in  mart. 

ANT,  an  insect. 

AUNT,  a  relative. 
ARK,  a  chest. 

ARC,  part  of  a  circle. 
BARD,  a  poet. 

BARRED,  closed  with  bars. 
CAST,  to  throw.  [doos. 

CASTE,  rank  among  the  Hin« 


12 


THE    SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


CAST'ER,  a  small  bottle. 

CAST'OR,  a  beaver.         [tion. 
DRAUGHT,  a  drink;  a  delinea- 

DRAFT,  an  order  for  money. 
HART,  a  sort  of  stag. 

HEART,  the  seat  of  life. 
MARK,  a  line;  an  impression. 

MARQUE,  license  for  reprisals. 
MAR'SHAL,  to  arrange. 

MARE'SCHAL,  a   chief  com- 
mander. 

MAR'TIAL,  warlike. 

A  as  in  all. 

ALL,  every  one. 

AWL,  a  sharp  pointed  tool. 
AL'TER,  to  change. 

AL'TAR,  that  on  which  sacri- 
fices were  offered. 
AU'GUR,  a  soothsayer. 

AU'GER,  a  boring  tool. 
AUGHT,  anything. 

OUGHT,  should. 
BALL,  a  spherical  body. 

BAWL,  to  cry  out. 
BALD,  without  hair. 

BAWLED,  did  bawl. 
CALL,  to  name. 

CAUL,  a  membrane. 
CAUK,  a  sulphate  of  barytes. 

CAULK,  to  stop  leaks. 
CAUF,  a  box  for  live  fish. 

COUGH,  a  convulsion  of  the 

lungs. 
CLAWS,  talons. 

CLAUSE,  part  of  a  sentence. 
CORD,  a  small  rope. 

CHORD,  a  musical  harmony. 
GALL,  bile;  bitterness. 

GAUL,  a  Frenchman. 
HALL,  a  large  room. 

HAUL,  to'pull. 
MALL,  a  wooden  hammer. 

MAUL,  to  beat;  to  bruise. 


NAUGHT,  bad ;  worthless. 

NOUGHT,  or   NAUGHT,    no, 

thing. 
PAUL,  a  man's  name. 

PALL,  a  covering  for  the  dead. 
PAWS,  a  beast's  feet. 

PAUSE,  a  stop. 
PSAL'TER,  a  psalm  book. 

SALT'ER,  more  salt. 
WALL,  a  partition. 

WAWL,  to  cry  as  a  cat. 

E  as  in  mete. 

ARREAR',  what  is  unpaid. 

ARRIERE',  last  body   of  an 

army. 
BE,  to  exist. 

BEE,  a  stinging  insect. 
BEECH,  a  tree. 

BEACH,  the  sea  shore. 
BEER,  malt  liquor. 

BIER,  a  carriage  for  the  dead. 
BEET,  an  eatable  root. 

BEAT,  to  strike. 
BREACH,  a  breaking. 

BREECH,  of  a  gun. 
DEER,  an  animal. 

DEAR,  beloved;  expensive. 
DISCREET',  prudent. 

DISCRETE',  separate. 
FEET,  plural  of  foot. 

FEAT,  an  exploit. 
FLEE,  to  run  away. 

FLEA,  a  biting  insect. 
FREEZE,  to  congeal  with  cold. 

FRIEZE,  coarse  woollen  cloth 
GREECE,  a  country  of  Europe. 

GREASE,  soft  fat. 
HEEL,  of  the  foot. 

HEAL,  to  cure. 
HEAR,  to  hearken. 

HERE,  in  this  place. 
KEY,  for  a  lock. 

QUAY,  a  mole,  or  wharf. 


WORDS    PRONOUNCED   ALIKE. 


13 


LEA,  or  LEY,  a  meadow. 

LEE,  opposite  to  the  wind. 
LEAF,  part  of  a  plant. 

LIEF,  willingly. 
LEEK,  a  sort  of  onion. 

LEAK,  a  slow  escape  of  fluid, 
MEED,  reward. 

MEDE,  a  native  of  Media. 

MEAD,  a   liquor  made  from 

honey. 
MEAN,  paltry;  low.  [pect. 

MIEN,  air;  deportment;   as- 
MEET,  to  come  together. 

MEAT,  animal  food. 

METE,  to  measure. 
ME'TER,  one  who  measures. 

ME'TRE,or  ME'TER,  measure; 

verse. 
NEED,  want;  necessity. 

KNEAD,  to  work  dough. 
PEACE,  quiet;  tranquillity. 

PIECE,  a  part. 
PEAK,  a  point ;  the  top. 

PIQUE,  a  grudge. 
PEEL,  a  rind,  or  skin. 

PEAL,  a  loud  sound. 
PEER,  a  nobleman. 

PIER,  the  support  of  an  arch 

or  bridge. 
PLEAS,  excuses. 

PLEASE,  to  gratify;  to  delight. 
QUEEN,  a  king's  wife. 

QUEAN,  a  worthless  woman. 
REED,  a  plant. 

READ,  to  peruse. 
REEK,  to  emit  vapor. 

WREAK,  to  inflict. 
SEE,  to  view ;  to  behold. 

SEA,  the  ocean. 
SEAL,  an  impression. 

CEIL,  to  make  a  ceiling. 
SEALING,  fixing  a  seal. 

CEIL'ING,  of  a  room. 
SEED,  of  a  plant. 

CEDE,  to  give  up ;  to  resign. 


SEEM,  to  appear. 

SEAM,  a  joint. 
SEEN,  viewed;  beheld. 

SEINE,  a  fishing  net. 

SCENE,  a  sight ;  a  view. 
SEER,  a  prophet. 

SEAR,  to  burn ;  to  wither. 

CERE,  to  cover  with  wax. 

SEIR,  name  of  a  mountain. 
SEAS,  great  waters. 

SEES,  views;  beholds. 

SEIZE,  to  lay  hold  of. 
SEN'IOR,  elder. 

SEIGN'OR,  a  lord. 
SHAGREEN',  a  sort  of  fish  skin. 

CHAGRIN',  vexation. 
SHEER,  pure;  unmixed. 

SHEAR,  to  clip. 

SHIRE,  a  county. 
SLEEVE,  covering  of  the  arm. 

SLEAVE,  untwisted  silk. 
STEEL,  carbonized  iron. 

STEAL,  to  thieve ;  to  pilfer. 
SWEET,    fitted   to    gratify   the 
taste. 

SUITE,     [generally     written 
and  pronounced  SUIT]  re- 
tinue. 
TEAL,  a  water  fowl. 

TEIL,  a  kind  of  tree. 
TEAR,  water  from  the  eye. 

TIER,  a  rank ;  a  row. 
TEAS,  plural  of  tea. 

TEASE,  to  torment. 
TEEM,  to  abound. 

TEAM,  animals  harnessed  to- 
gether. 
THE,  the  definite  article. 

THEE,  thyself. 
WEEK,  seven  days. 

WEAK,  feeble;  infirm. 
WEEN,  to  think. 

WEAN,  to  alienate. 
WHEEL,  a  circular  body. 

WHEAL,  a  pustule. 


14 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


E  as  in  met. 

ASSENT',  agreement. 

ASCENT',  a  going  up. 
BELL,  a  hollow  sounding  body. 

BELLE,  a  gay  young  lady. 
BER'RY,  a  small  fruit. 

BUR'Y,  to  put  under  ground. 
BET'TER,  superior.  [gers- 

BET'TOR,  one  who   lays  wa- 
BRED,  brought  up. 

BREAD,  food  made  from  corn. 
CEN'SOR,  a  critic. 

CEN'SER,  a  vessel  for  incense. 
CONSES'SION,  a  sitting  together. 

CONCES'SION,  a  yielding. 
FER'RULE,  a  metallic  band. 

FER'ULE,  a  wooden  pallet. 
GUESSED,  conjectured. 

GUEST,  a  visitor. 
HERD,  a  drove. 

HEARD,  did  hear. 
INTEN'TION,  design;  purpose. 

INTENSION,  the  act  of  strain- 
JES'SY,  a  woman's  name.    [ing. 

JES'SE,  a  man's  name. 
LED,  conducted. 

LEAD,  a  metal. 
LES'SEN,  to  make  less. 

LES'SON,  a  task ;  a  lecture. 
LEV'Y,  to  raise  money,  &c. 

LEV'EE,  a  concourse ;  a  bank. 
PEN'CIL,  for  writing. 

PEN'SILE,  hanging. 
PEN'DENT,  hanging. 

PEN'DANT,  a  small  flag. 
RED,  a  color. 

READ,  did  read. 
REST,  repose. 

WREST,  to  take  violently. 
SELL,  to  deliver  for  a  price. 

CELL,  a  small  cavity;  a  hut. 
SEL'LER,  one  who  sells. 

CEL'LAR,     a     room     under 
ground. 


SENSE,  feeling;  perception, 

CENSE,  a  public  tax. 
SENT,  participle  of  send. 

CENT,  a  coin. 

SCENT,  odor. 
SES'SION,  a  sitting. 

CES'SION,  a  yielding. 
WETH'ER,  a  sheep. 

WEATH'ER,  state  of  the  air. 
WRETCH,  a  worthless  person. 

RETCH,  to  attempt  to  vomit. 

/  as  in  pine. 

BITE,  to  seize  with  the  teeth. 

BIGHT,  one  round  of  a  cable 
BY,  with ;  near. 

BUY,  to  purchase. 
CLIME,  a  climate. 

CLIMB,  to  mount  up. 
DIE,  to  expire ;  a  stamp. 

DYE,  to  color. 
FIND,  to  discover. 

FINED,  punished  by  fine. 
GUISE,  appearance. 

GUYS,  ropes. 
HIDE,  to  conceal. 

HIED,  did  hie. 
HIGH,  lofty. 

HIE,  to  make  haste. 
I,  myself. 

EYE,  the  organ  of  sight. 
I'LL,  I  will. 

ISLE,  an  island. 

AISLE,  passage  in  a  church. 
INDITE',  to  compose ;  to  write. 

INDICT',  to  accuse. 
LIE,  a  wilful  falsehood. 

LYE,  liquor  from  wood  ashes. 
LI'ER,  one  who  lies  down. 

LI'AR,  one  who  tells  lies. 
MI'NER,  a  worker  in  a  mine. 

Mr  NOR,  one  under  age. 
MITE,  a  little  insect. 

MIGHT,  power;  ability. 


WORDS    PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


15 


NIGHT,  darkness. 

KNIGHT,  a  title  of  honor. 
PRI'ER,  a  close  inquirer 

PRI'OR,  former;  previous. 
PRIES,  inquires  into. 

PRIZE,  a  reward  ;  a  premium. 
PRIDE,  self-esteem. 

PRIED,  past  tense  of  pry. 
QUIRE,  24  sheets  of  paper. 

CHOIR,  a  band  of  singers. 
RICE,  a  species  of  grain, 

RISE,  elevation. 
RIME,  hoar  frost. 

RHYME,  agreement  of  sound. 
RITE,  a  ceremony. 

WRITE,  to  form  letters. 

RIGHT,  straight;  correct. 

WRIGHT,  a  workman. 
RYE,  a  kind  of  grain. 

WRY,  crooked;  distorted. 
SIDE,  the  margin. 

SIGHED,  did  sigh. 
SINE,  a  geometrical  line. 

SIGN,  a  mark;  a  token. 
SI'ON,  name  of  a  mountain. 

CI'ON,  or  SCI'ON,  a  sprout. 
SITE,  a  situation. 

CITE,  to  summon ;  to  quote. 

SIGHT,  a  view ;  a  vision. 
SIZE,  bulk,  magnitude. 

SIGHS,  expressions  of  grief. 
SLIGHT,  to  neglect. 

SLEIGHT,  an  artful  trick. 
STILE,  a  stairway  over  a  wall. 

STYLE,  manner  of  writing. 
TIDE,  rush  of  water. 

TIED,  fastened. 
TIME,  duration;  season, 

THYME,  an  aromatic  herb. 
TiREj  of  a  wheel ;  to  weary. 

TYRE,  an  ancient  city. 
VI'AL,  or  PHI'AL, a  small  bottle. 

VI'OL,  a  musical  instrument. 
VICE,  sin. 

VISE,  a  kind  of  press. 


/  as  in  pin. 

BEEN,  participle  of  be 

BIN,  a  large  box. 
BRIT'ON,  a  native  of  Britain. 

BRIT'AIN,  England  and  Scot- 
land. 
Dis'cous,  broad  and  flat. 

Dis'cus,  a  quoit. 
FIL'LIP,  to  hit  with  the  finger. 

PHIL'IP,  a  man's  name. 
FIL'TER,  to  strain  liquors, 

PHIL'TER,  a  love  charm. 
FIS'SURE,  a  cleft ;  a  crack. 

FISH'ER,  one  who  catches  fish 
GILD,  to  adorn  with  gold. 

GUILD,  the  name  of  an  asso- 
ciation. 
GILT,  adorned  with  gold. 

GUILT,  wickedness;  sin. 
GRIS'LY,  frightful;  hideous. 

GRIZZ'LY,  somewhat  gray. 
HIM,  that  man. 

HYMN,  a  sacred  song. 
IN,  within. 

INN,  a  public-house. 
KILL,  to  take  away  life. 

KILN,  a  sort  of  stove. 
LIMB,  a  member. 

LIMN,  to  draw  or  paint. 
LINKS,  connecting  rings. 

LYNX,  an  animal. 
MIL'LINERY,  goods  of  a  milliner 

MIL'LENARY,  consisting  of  a 

thousand. 
MIST,  a  fine  rain. 

MISSED,  did  miss. 
NIT,  an  insect's  egg 

KNIT,  to  weave  with  neediest 
RIG'GER,  one  who  rigs. 

RIG'OR,  severity;  sternness. 
RING,  a  circle ;  to  sound. 

WRING,  to  twist. 
SIG'NET,  a  seal. 

CYG'NET,  a  young  swan. 


16 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


SILI'CIOUS,  flinty. 

CILI'CIOUS,  made  of  hair. 
SIL'LY,  simple;   foolish. 

SCIL'LY,  name  of  islands. 
SIN'GLE,  alone. 

CIN'GLE,  a  girth. 
SINK,  to  fall  down. 

CINQUE,  five. 
SIT,  to  rest  on  a  seat. 

CIT,  a  citizen. 
STICKS,  small  pieces  of  wood. 

STYX,  a  fabulous  river. 

0  as  in  no. 

BLOTE,  to  dry  by  smoke. 

BLOAT,  to  swelL 
BOLL,  a  pod. 

BOLE,  a  kind  of  earth. 

BOWL,  a  basin. 
BORE,  to  make  a  hole. 

BOAR,  a  male  swine. 
BORED,  pierced. 

BOARD,  a  thin  plank. 
BORNE,  carried;  supported. 

BOURNE,  a  limit;  a  boundary. 
Bow,  an  instrument. 

BEAU,  a  gay  gentleman. 
BROACH,  to  open  ;  to  utter. 

BROOCH,  a  jewel. 
COLE,  a  sort  of  cabbage. 

COAL,  a  kind  of  fuel. 
COARSE,  rough;  gross. 

COURSE,  order;  progress. 
CORE,  the  inner  part. 

CORPS,  a  body  of  troops. 
DOE,  a  female  deer. 

DOUGH,  unbaked  bread. 
DOZE,  to  slumber. 

DOES,  female  deer. 
FORE,  preceding. 

FOUR,  twice  two. 
FORTH,  forward. 

FOURTH,  next  after  the  third. 
GOURD,  a  vegetable  production. 

GORED,  pierced  with  a  horn. 


GROAN,  to  sigh  deeply. 

GROWN,  increased. 
GRO'CER,  a  dealer  in  groceries 

GROSS'ER,  coarser. 
Ho,  a  cry  to  attend. 

HOE,  a  garden  tool. 
HOARD,  to  lay  up. 

HORDE,  a  tribe. 
HOLE,  a  hollow  place. 

WHOLE,  entire ;  unbroken. 
HOME,  one's  dwelling. 

HOLM,  the  evergreen  oak. 
Lo,  behold. 

Low,  not  high. 
LONE,  retired ;  solitary. 

LOAN,  to  lend. 
MOAN,  to  lament. 

MOWN,  cut  down. 
MODE,  manner. 

MOWED,  cut  down. 
MOTE,  a  particle  of  dust. 

MOAT,  a  ditch. 
No,  not  so. 

KNOW,  to  understand. 
NOSE,  a  part  of  the  face. 

KNOWS,  understands. 
0  !  or  OH  !  alas  ! 

OWE,  to  be  indebted. 
ODE,  a  poem, 

OWED,  did  owe. 
ORE,  unrefined  metal. 

OAR,  a  pole  to  row  with. 

O'ER,  over. 
POLE,  a  long  stick. 

POLL,  the  head. 
PORE,  a  minute  tube. 

POUR,  to  cause  to  flow. 
PORT,  a  harbor. 

PORTE,  the  Turkish  court. 
ROAN,  a  color. 

ROWN,  impelled  by  oars. 

RHONE,  a  river  in  France. 
ROADS,  highways. 

RHODES,  an  island  in  the  Le- 
vant 


WORDS   PRONOUNCED   ALIKE. 


17 


ROBE,  did  ride* 

ROWED,  did  row. 

ROAD,  a  way. 
ROE,  a  female  deer. 

Row,  to  impel  with  oars. 
ROES,  female  deer. 

ROSE,  a  flower. 
ROME,  a  city  of  Italy. 

ROAM,  to  wander ;  to  rove. 
KOTE,  a  round  of  words. 

WROTE,  did  write. 
SHONE,  did  shine. 

SHOWN,  exhibited. 
SLOE,  an  animal ;  sort  of  plum. 

SLOW,  tardy ;  not  quick. 
So,  in  such  manner. 

Sow,  to  scatter  seed. 

SEW,  to  work  with  a  needle. 
SOLD,  did  sell. 

SOLED,  furnished  with  a  sole. 
SOLE,  only.  [man. 

SOUL,  the  immortal  part  of 
SORE,  tender;  painful. 

SOAR,  to  rise  high. 
SWORD,  a  weapon. 

SOARED,  did  soar. 
THROE,  extreme  agony. 

THROW,  to  cast ;  to  heave. 
THRONE,  a  seat  of  state. 

THROWN,  cast. 
TOE,  part  of  the  foot. 

Tow,  dressed  hemp ;  to  drag, 
TOLD,  did  tell. 

TOLLED,  rung. 
TOLE,  to  allure. 

TOLL,  a  kind  of  tax. 

0  as  in  not. 

COD' LING,  a  sort  of  apple. 

COD'DLING,  parboiling. 
COL'LAR,  covering  for  the  neck. 

CHOL'ER,  anger;  rage. 
CoM'pLiMENT,atoken  of  respect. 

COMPLEMENT,  the  full  num- 
ber. 


LOCK,  a  tuft  of  hair;  a  fastening. 

LOCH,  or  LOUGH,  a  lake. 
NOT,  a  word  of  negation. 

KNOT,  a  tie. 
ON'ERARY,  fit  for  burdens. 

HoN'oRARY,conferring  honor, 
PROPH'ET,  a  foreteller. 

PROF'IT,  gain;  advantage. 
SOR'REL,  a  color. 

SOR'EL,  a  buck  in  the  third 
year. 

0  as  in  move. 

COOM,  a  species  of  soot 

COOMB,  a  measure. 
To,  unto ;  towards. 

Too,  likewise. 

Two,  a  couple. 

Oo  as  in  book. 

HOOP,  of  a  barrel. 

WHOOP,  a  shout. 
WOOD,  the  substance  of  trees- 

WOULD,  was  willing. 

U  as  in  tube. 

BLUE,  a  color. 

BLEW,  did  blow. 
BREWS,  does  brew. 

BRUISE,  to  hurt. 
BRUTE,  a  beast. 

BRUIT,  noise ;  a  report. 
CREWS,  ships'  companies. 

CRUISE,  to  sail  up  and  down. 
CREW'EL,  a  ball  of  yarn. 

CRU'EL,  savage ;  inhuman. 
DUE,  owed. 

DEW,  moisture. 
EWE,  a  female  sheep. 

YEW,  an  evergreen  tree. 
FEUD,  a  quarrel. 

FEOD,  a  tenure. 
FLUE,  a  chimney  pipe. 

FLEW,  did  fly. 


18 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


HUE,  a  color,  or  tint. 

HEW,  to  cut  down. 

HUGH,  a  man's  name. 
JU'RY,  a  set  of  men  sworn  to 
give  a  true  verdict. 

JEW'RY,  the  land  of  Judea. 
LU'SERN,  a  lynx. 

LU'CERNE,  a  sort  of  clover. 
Mu'cous,  slimy. 

Mu'cus,  a  viscid  fluid. 
MUE,  or  MEW,  to  moult. 

MEW,  a  fowl;  an  enclosure. 
MULE,  a  beast. 

MEWL,  to  cry  like  an  infant. 
NEW,  fresh ;  novel. 

KNEW,  understood. 
SU'ER,  one  who  entreats. 

SEW'ER,  a  drain. 
THREW,  did  throw. 

THROUGH,  from  end  to  end. 
USE,  to  employ. 

EWES,  female  sheep. 

U  as  in  tub. 

BUR'ROW,  the  cell  of  an  ani- 
mal. 

BOR'OUGH,  a  corporation. 
BUT,  except. 

BUTT,  to  push  with  the  head. 
CHUFF,  a  blunt  clown. 

CHOUGH,  a  sea  bird. 
COUS'IN,  a  relative. 

COZ'EN,  to  defraud;  to  cheat. 
CULL'ER,  a  selector. 

COL'OR,  hue. 
CUR'RENT,  a  stream ;  flowing. 

CUR'RANT,  a  fruit. 
DUN,  to  ask  for  a  debt. 

DONE,  finished. 
DUST,  powdered  dirt. 

DOST,  contraction  of  doest. 
FUN'GOUS,  growing  as  a  fungus. 

FUN'GUS,  a   spongy   excres- 
cence. 


FURS,  skins  of  beasts. 

FURZE,  a  wild  shrub. 
JUST,  honest;  upright. 

JOUST,    or    JUST,    a    mod 

fight. 
LUMP,  a  shapeless  mass. 

LOMP,  a  roundish  fish. 
PLUM,  a  fruit. 

PLUMB,  a  leaden  weight. 
RUFF,  a  plaited  collar. 

ROUGH,  coarse;  uneven. 
RUNG,  did  ring. 

WRUNG,  twisted. 
SKULL,  the  bone  of  the  head. 

SCULL,  a  small  boat. 
SUCK'ER,  a  young  shoot. 

SUC'COR,  relief;  help. 
SUM,  the  whole ;  the  total. 

SOME,  a  part. 
SUN,  the  fountain  of  light. 

SON,  a  male  child. 
SUT'LER.  a  seller  of  provisions. 

SUBT'LER,  more  cunning. 
SUT'TLE,  neat  weight. 

SUBT'LE,  cunning;  artful. 
TUN,  a  large  cask. 

TON,  20  hundred  weight. 
WON,  gained. 

ONE,  a  single  thing. 

Sound  of  u  in  turn> 

BERTH,  a  sleeping  place  in  i 
vessel. 

BIRTH,  coming  into  life. 
COL'ONEL,  a  military  oflicer. 

KER'NEL,  the  seed. 
FUR,  soft  hair. 

FIR,  a  tree. 
HERD,  a  drove  or  flock. 

HEARD,  did  hear. 
PEARL,  a  precious  substance. 

PURL,  to  murmur. 
CIR'CLE,  a  round  figure. 

SUR'CLE,  a  shoot ;  a  twig. 


WORDS   OF   SIMILAR   PRONUNCIATION. 


19 


SERGE,  a  kind  of  cloth. 

SURGE,  a  swelling  sea. 
URN,  a  vessel. 

EARN,  to  gain  by  labor. 
WERT,  past  tense  of  be. 

WORT,  an  herb. 

Sound  of  ou  in  out. 

Bow,  to  bend. 
BOUGH,  a  branch. 


BROWS,  brinks,  or  edges. 

BROWSE,  to  eat  shrubs. 
FOUL,  unclean. 

FOWL,  a  large  bird. 
OUR,  belonging  to  us. 

HOUR,  part  of  the  day. 
ROUT,  a  rabble ;  to  defeat. 

ROUTE,  a  way. 
TOUS'ER,  one  who  tears. 

TOW'SER,  the  name  of  a  dog. 


CHAPTER  II. 

WORDS  OF  SIMILAR  PRONUNCIATION. 

1.  In  this  section,  the  first  of  each  pair  has  the  sound  ofs,  and  the  other 
that  ofz. 


ADVICE',  counsel. 

ADVISE',  to  give  advice. 
BOD'ICE,  a  kind  of  waistcoat. 

BOD'IES,  material  substances. 
CEASE,  to  leave  off. 

SEIZE,  to  take  hold  of. 
COP'PICE,    a    wood    of     small 
growth. 

COP'IES,  imitations. 
DACE,  a  kind  of  fish. 

DAYS,  plural  of  day. 
DECEASE',  death. 

DISSEIZE',  to  dispossess. 

DISEASE',  sickness. 
DEVICE',  contrivance. 

DEVISE',  to  contrive. 
DICE,  small  cubes. 

DIES,  expires. 
DIVERSE',  different. 

DI'VERS,  several. 
DOSE,  a  portion  of  medicine. 

DOZE,  to  slumber. 
Fuss,  a  bustle. 

Fuzz,  to  fly  off  in  particles. 


FRAN'CIS,  a  man's  name. 

FRAN'CES,  a  woman's  name. 
GLA'CIERS,  fields  of  ice.   [glass. 

GLA'ZIERS,  workmen  who  set 
GRACE,  favor;  elegance. 

GRAZE,  to  eat  grass. 
GREECE,  a  country  of  Europe. 

GREASE,  to  smear  with  fat. 
GRIST'LY,  cartilaginous. 

GRIZZ'LY,  somewhat  gray. 
HEARSE,  a  carriage  for  the  dead. 

HERS,  belonging  to  her. 
Hiss,  the  noise  of  a  serpent. 

His,  belonging  to  him. 
INSI'TION,  a  grafting,      [thing. 

INCIS'ION,   a    cut    into    any 
JUICE,  the  fluid  part. 

JEWS,  Hebrews. 
LEASE,  a  contract  for  houses,  &c, 

LEES,  dregs. 
LOOSE,  slack;  untied. 

LOSE,  to  be  deprived  of. 
MACE,  a  sort  of  spice. 

MAZE,  an  intricate  place. 


20 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


MUS'CLE,  a  shell  fish. 

MUZ'ZLE,  to  bind  the  mouth. 
PEACE,  quiet;  tranquillity. 

PEAS,  a  kind  of  pulse. 
PENCE,  coins;  pennies. 

PENS,  writing  implements. 
PRE'CEDENT,  an  example. 

PRESIDENT,  a  governor. 
PRICE,   the   estimated   equiva- 
lent. 

PRIZE,  reward. 

PRIN'CESS,  the   daughter  of  a 
king. 

PRIN'CES,  plural  of  prince. 


RACE,  a  contest  in  running. 

RAISE,  to  elevate. 
RA'CER,  a  racing  horse. 

RA'ZOR,  a  tool  for  shaving. 
RICE,  a  sort  of  grain. 

RISE,  to  get  up. 
SINK,  a  drain. 

ZINC,  a  metal. 

~V      f-  the  name  of  a  mount 

TRUTH'S,  belonging  to  truth. 

TRUTHS,  plural  of  truth. 
TREA'TISE,  an  essay. 

TREA'TIES,  plural  of  treaty. 


2.   The  first  of  each  pair  ending  in  ts. 


AC'CIDENTS,  unexpected  events. 

AC'CIDENCE,    rudiments    of 

grammar. 
ACTS,  deeds. 

AXE,  a  chopping  tool. 
ADHE'RENTS,  partisans. 

ADHE'RENCE,  fidelity. 
ASSISTANTS,  helpers. 

ASSISTANCE,  help. 
ATTENDANTS,  those  who  attend. 

ATTEND' ANCE,  attention;  ser- 
vice. 
CHANTS,  sacred  melodies. 

CHANCE,  fortune ;  accident. 
CORRESPONDENTS,  persons  who 
correspond.  [ment. 

CORRESPONDENCE,      agree- 
COURTS,  halls  of  justice. 

COURSE,  race;  career. 
DENTS,  hollow  marks. 

DENSE,  thick ;  close. 
DEPENDENTS,  subordinates. 

DEPEND'ENCE,     connection ; 
reliance. 


FAULTS,  defects;  errors. 

FALSE,  untrue. 
IN'NOCENTS,  harmless  beings. 

IN'NOCENCE,  purity. 
IN'STANTS,  moments. 

IN'STANCE,  example. 
INTENTS',  purposes. 

INTENSE',  powerful. 
PARTS,  portions. 

PARSE,  to  analyse  sentences. 
PA'TIENTS,  sick  people. 

PA'TIENCE,  forbearance. 
PRES'ENTS,  gifts. 

PRES'ENCE,  immediate  view. 
PRINTS,  impressions. 

PRINCE,  a  sovereign,  or  chief, 
SCENTS,  perfumes. 

SENSE,  feeling;  reason. 
SECTS,  parties  in  religion. 

SEX,  male,  or  female 
TAL'ENTS,  natural  powers. 

TAL'ONS,  claws. 
TENTS,  canvas  houses. 

TENSE,  strained  to  stiffness. 


WORDS    OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


21 


3.   The  first  of  each  pair  ending  in  le. 


A'BLE,  of  sufficient  power. 

A'BEL,  a  man's  name. 
BRI'DLE,  a  curb. 

BRI'DAL,  relating  to  marriage. 
CHRON'ICLE,  a  record ;  history. 

CHRON'ICAL,  of  long  duration. 
GEN'TLE,  mild. 

GEN'TILE,  one  who  is  not  a 

Jew. 
I'DLE,  unemployed. 

I'DOL,  an  image. 


MED'DLE,  to  interfere. 

MED'AL,   a    piece   of    metal 

stamped  like  a  coin. 
MET'TLE,  spirit;  courage. 

MET'AL,  iron,  silver,  &c. 
PED'DLE,  to  sell  as  a  pedler. 

PED'AL,  a  part  of  an  organ, 
PRIN'CIPLE,  elementary  part. 

PRIN'CIPAL,  chief. 
RAD'ICLE,  a  young  root.    [root. 

RAD'ICAL,  pertaining  to  the 


4.   The  first  of  each  pair  having  an  f,  the  latter  a  v. 


BEHOOF',  advantage. 

BEHOOVE',  to  be  fit. 
HALF,  one  of  two  equal  parts. 

HALVE,  to  part  equally. 
LEAF,  green  part  of  a  plant. 

LEAVE,  permission. 


OFF,  at  a  distance. 

OF,  [sound  of  </,]  concerning. 
PLAIN'TIFF,  the  complainant. 

PLAIN'TIVE,  complaining. 
REFEREE',  one  referred  to. 

REV'ERIE,  irregular  musing. 


5.   The  first  ending  in  er  or  or ;  the  latter  in  ure  qr  eur. 


OAP'TOR,  one  who  seizes. 

CAP'TURE,  a  seizure. 
CEN'SOR,  a  critic. 

CEN'SURE,  blame. 
COUL'TER,  a  plough  iron. 

CUL'TURE,  cultivation. 
DICTA'TOR,   one  with   absolute _ 
authority.  [dictator.  [ 

DICTA'TURE,  the  office  of  a! 
FLEX'OR,  a  contracting  muscle.  | 

FLEX'URE,  a  bending. 
GRAND'ER,  more  grand. 

GRAND'EUR,  magnificence. 
IMPOS'TOR,  a  deceiver. 

IMPOS'TURE,  a  cheat. 
JEST'ER,  one  who  jokes,    [tion. 

GES'TURE,  a  significant  mo- 


JOINT'ER,  a  long  plane. 

JOINT'URE,  a  wife's  estate. 
LEGISLATOR,  a  law  giver. 

LEG'ISLATURE,  the  assembly 

which  enacts  laws. 
LIQ'UOR,  a  fluid. 

LIQ'UEUR,   a  spirituous  cor- 
dial. 
OR'DER,  method. 

OR'DURE,  filth. 
PAS'TOR,  a  shepherd. 

PAST' URE,  grazing  land. 
SCULP'TOR,  a  carver. 

SCULPT'URE,  carved  work. 
TEN'OR,  part  in  music;  purport. 

TEN'URE;  manner  of  holding 
land. 


22 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


6.  Words  pronounced  alike,  excepting  that  the  latter  of  each  pair  is  aspirated 


AR'DOR,  zeal. 

HARD'ER,  firmer. 
AR'RAS,  tapestry. 

HAR'ASS,  to  vex ;  to  plague. 
ART'LESS,  without  art.      [rage. 

UEART'LESS,    wanting    cou- 
AWE,  reverence. 

HAW,  fruit  of  the  hawthorn. 
AWL,  a  sharp  pointed  tool. 

HAUL,  to  pull. 
AXE,  a  chopping  tool. 

HACKS,  plural  of  hack. 
COW'ARD,  a  fearful  person. 

COW'HERD,    one   who    tends 
ED'DY,  a  whirlpool.  [cows. 

HEAD'Y,  rash;  heedless, 
EIGHT,  a  number. 

HATE,  to  dislike. 
E'THER,  a  volatile  fluid. 

HEATH'ER,  the  plant  heath. 
ERR,  to  mistake. 

HER,  that  woman. 
EYE,  the  orsran  of  sight. 

HIGH,  tall ;  lofty. 
ISL'ANDS,  lands  in  the  sea. 

HIGH'LANDS,     elevated     re- 
gions. 


OWE,  to  be  indebted. 

HOE,  a  gardening  tool. 
OWES,  is  indebted. 

HOSE,  stockings,  &c. 
OWN,  to  acknowledge. 

HONE,  a  whetstone. 
WALES,  part  of  Great  Britain. 

WHALES,  large  sea  animals. 
WARE,  merchandise. 

AVHERE,  in  what  place. 
WAY,  a  road. 

AViiEY,  the  thin  part  of  cur- 
dled milk. 
WEAL,  prosperity. 

WHEEL,  of  a  machine. 
WEATH'ER,  state  of  the  air. 

WHETH'ER,  which  of  the  two. 
WEX,  a  fleshy  excrescence. 

WHEN,  at  what  time. 
WET,  moist. 

WHET,  to  sharpen. 
WILE,  a  trick. 

WHILE,  as  long  as. 
WINE,  a  fermented  liquor. 

WHINE,  to  moan. 
WIT,  shrewdness;  humor. 

WHIT,  a  bit. 


7.   Words  spelled  and  pronounced  alike,  excepting  that  the  latter  of  each  pair 
begins  with  the  sound  of  H. 


AIL,  to  affect  unpleasantly. 

HAIL,  frozen  rain. 
AIR,  the  atmosphere. 

HAIR,  covering  of  the  head. 
AFT.  behind. 

HAFT,  a  handle. 
ALE,  a  malt  liquor. 

HALE,  strong;  healthy. 
ALL,  every  one. 

HALL,  a  large  room. 


AL'TER,  to  change. 

HAL'TER,  a  rope. 
AM,  I  am. 

HAM,  a  kind  of  smoked  meat 
AND,  also. 

HAND,  part  of  the  body. 
ANK'ER,  a  liquid  measure. 

HANK'ER,  to  long  after. 
AR'BOR,  a  bower. 

HAR'BOR,  a  shelter. 


WORDS    OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


23 


ARK,  a  chest. 

HARK  !  listen. 
ARM,  a  limb ;  a  branch. 

HARM,  hurt;  mischief. 
AR'ROW,  a  pointed  weapon. 

HAR'ROW,  a  farming  imple- 
ment. 
ART,  skill ;  a  trade. 

HART,  a  male  deer. 
As,  like. 

HAS,  possesses. 
ASH,  a  timber  tree. 

HASH,  minced  meat. 
ASP,  a  serpent. 

HASP,  a  fastening. 
AT,  ih ;  near  to. 

HAT,  cover  for  the  head. 
ATE,  did  eat. 

HATE,  to  dislike. 
AUNT,  a  relative. 

HAUNT,  to  frequent. 
EAR,  the  organ  of  hearing. 

HEAR,  to  hearken. 
EAT,  to  consume. 

HEAT,  warmth. 
EAVES,  the  edges  of  the  roof. 

HEAVES,  throws. 
EDGE,  the  sharp  border. 

HEDGE,  a  fence  of  bushes. 
EEL,  a  fish. 

HEEL,  part  of  the  foot. 


I  ELL,  a  measure  of  length. 

HELL,  the  eternal  abode  of 

the  wicked. 
ELM,  a  tree. 

HELM,  that  by  which  a  vessel 

is  steered. 
EW'ER,  a  kind  of  pitcher. 

HEW'ER,  one  who  cuts  down. 
IDES,  a  Roman  term  of  time. 

HIDES,  skins  of  animals. 
ILL,  badly;  unwell. 

HILL,  a  mount. 
IRE,  rage;  anger. 

HIRE,  wages. 
Is,  it  is. 

His,  belonging  to  him. 
IT,  that  thing. 

HIT,  to  strike. 
OAR,  a  pole  to  row  with. 

HOAR,  white. 
OLD,  aged ;  ancient. 

HOLD,  to  keep ;  to  possess. 
O'RAL,  delivered  by  mouth. 

HO'RAL,     relating     to    the 

hour. 
O'SIER,  a  sort  of  willow. 

HO'SIER,  a  dealer  in  hosiery. 
OT'TER,  an  amphibious  animal. 

HOT'TER,  warmer. 
OWL,  a  bird. 

HOWL,  to  cry  as  a  dog. 


The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  a  in  mat;  the  second  that  of  e 
in  met. 


ABOLI'TION,  an  abolishing. 

EBULLI'TION,  a  boiling. 
ACCEPT',  to  take ;  to  receive. 

EXCEPT',  to  leave  out 
ACCESS',  an  approach. 

EXCESS',  more  than  enough. 
AF'FABLE,  ready  to  converse. 

EF'FABLE,  utterable. 


AFFECT',  to  move  the  passions. 

EFFECT',  consequence. 
ASSAY',  to  test  or  try. 

ESSAY',  to  attempt. 
AR'RANT,  infamous. 

ER'RANT,  wandering. 
CAR'AT.  a  small  weight. 

CA'KET,  a  mark  in  writing. 


24 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


CATCH,  to  seize. 

KETCH,  a  kind  of  vessel. 
EXPANSE',  an  extension. 

EXPENSE',  cost;  charge. 
EXTANT',  in  being. 

EXTENT',  space ;  length. 
MUS'CAT,  a  sweet  grape. 

MUS'KET,  a  small  gun. 


PAR'ISH,  a  district. 

PERISH,  to  die. 
RAD'ISH,  an  eatable  root. 

RED'DISH,  somewhat  red. 
SAL'ARY,  wages. 

CEL'ERY,  a  vegetable. 
TAR'RIER,  a  delayer. 

TER'RIER,  a  sort  of  dog. 


9.  Several  sounds  of  a  and  e  compared. 


APPRIZE',  to  set  a  price  on. 

APPRISE',  to  give  notice. 
CAR' AT,  a  small  weight. 

CA'RET,  a  mark  in  writing. 
CHAIR,  a  movable  seat. 

CHEER,  to  encourage. 
COMMAND',  to  order. 

COMMEND',  to  praise. 
DU'AL,  expressing  two. 

DU'EL,  combat  between  two. 
FAIR,  beautiful. 

FEAR,  dread. 
HA'LO,  a  bright  circle. 

HAL'LOW,  to  make  holy. 
HA'VEN,  a  harbor. 

HEA'VEN,  the  state  of  the 

blessed. 
MED'LAR,  a  fruit. 

MED'DLER,  a  busy-body. 


MO'DAL,  formal. 

MOD'EL,  a  pattern. 
PAL' ACE,  a  princely  house. 

PAL'LAS,  a  heathen  deity. 
PAL' ATE,  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

PAL'LET,  a  little  bed.      [son. 
PAR'SONAGE,  the  house  of  a  par- 

PER'SONAGE,    an    important 

person. 
RAI'SIN,  a  dried  grape. 

REA'SON,  a  faculty ;  a  cause. 
RARE,  scarce. 

REAR,  the  hinder  troop. 
STAR'LING,  a  bird. 

STER'LING,  genuine. 
WEAR,  to  consume  by  use. 

WERE,  past  tense  of  be. 
YARN,  spun  wool.  [thy. 

YEARN,  to  feel  strong  sympa- 


10.    The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  e  in  mete. 


BEA'CON,  a  kind  of  signal. 

BECK'ON,  to  make  signs. 
CAVALIER',  a  horseman. 

CAV'ILLER,  a  captious  person. 
CE'RATE,  salve  made  of  wax. 

SER'RATE,  formed  like  a  saw. 
CLEAV'ER,  a  butcher's  tool. 

CLEV'ER,  expert. 


CREEK,  a  small  bay. 

CRICK,  a  cramp. 
CRITIQUE',  a  criticism. 

CRIT'IC,  a  judge  of  literature. 
DEFORM'ITY,  unsightly  shape. 

DIFFORM'ITY,  variety  of  form. 
DESCENT',  a  going  down. 

DISSENT',  disagreement. 


WORDS    OF    SIMILAR   PRONUNCIATION. 


25 


EAS'TER,  the  anniversary  of  our 
Lord's  resurrection. 

ES'THER,  a  woman's  name. 
ELIC'IT,  to  draw  out. 

ILLIC'IT,  unlawful. 
ELUDE',  to  escape  from. 

ILLUDE',  to  deceive. 
KRUP'TION,  a  breaking  out. 

IRRUP'TION,  a  breaking  into. 
JMPE'RIAL,  of  an  emperor. 

EMPYR'EAL,  pure;  aerial. 


INGE'NIOUS,  skilful. 

INGEN'UOUS,  open;  candid. 
LEAST,  smallest. 

LEST,  for  fear. 
LEAP'ER,  a  jumper. 

LEP'ER,  a  leprous  person. 
NEI'THER,  not  either. 

NETH'ER,  lower. 
TIERCE,  [sometimes  pronounced 
like  terse,']  a  kind  of  cask. 

TERSE,  neat;  elegant. 


11.  Sounds  of  e  andi  compared. 


COUN'SEL,  advice. 

COUN'CIL,  an  assembly. 
DEF'ERENCE,  respect. 

DIFFERENCE,  disagreement. 
EM'INENT,  conspicuous ;  noted. 

IM'MINENT,  threatening. 
POSSES'SION,  property. 

POSI'TION,  situation. 


RAB'BET,  a  joint  in  carpentry. 

RAB'BIT,  a  small  animal. 
SET,  to  place. 

SIT,  to  take  seat. 
SHELL'ING,  taking  off  shells. 

SHIL'LING,  twelve  pence. 
WHETH'ER,  which  of  the  two. 

WHITH'ER,  to  what  place. 


12.   The  first  in  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  more. 


BOARD'ER,  one  who  boards. 

BOR'DER,  a  boundary. 
BOAT,  a  small  vessel. 

BOUGHT,  purchased. 
BORNE,  carried ;  supported. 

BORN,  brought  into  life. 
BIN'OCLE,  a  kind  of  telescope. 

BIN'NACLE,  a  compass  box. 
BOAR,  a  male  swine. 

BOOR,  a  clownish  person. 
COLA'TION,  the  act  of  straining. 

COLLA'TION,  a  repast,    [hair. 
COMB,   an   instrument  for  the 

COOMB,  a  corn  measure. 
DOE,  a  female  deer. 

Do,  to  perform. 
DOGE,  a  magistrate  of  Venice. 

DODGE;  to  start  aside. 


DO'LOR,  grief. 

DOL'LAR,  a  coin. 
DOME,  an  arched  roof. 

DOOM,  a  sentence. 
FOLKS,  people. 

Fox,  a  cunning  animal. 
GROPE,  to  feel  about. 

GROUP,  a  cluster. 
GROVE,  a  small  wood. 

GROOVE,  a  channel. 
HOARSE,  having  a  rough  voice. 

HORSE,  an  animal. 
LOAM,  a  rich  earth. 

LOOM,  a  weaver's  frame. 
MOURN,  to  lament. 

MORN,  morning. 
POUL'TRY,  fowls. 

PAL'TRY,  mean. 


26 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


13.  Several  sounds  ofo  and  other  vowels  compared. 


BAR'ON,  a  nobleman. 

BAR'REN,  unfruitful. 
CAR'ROT,  a  root. 

CAR' AT,  a  weight. 
COF'FER,  a  chest. 

COUGH'ER,  one  who  coughs. 
CON'SORT,  a  companion,    [tion. 

CON'CERT,  union ;    combina- 
CAP'ITOL,  a  public  edifice. 

CAP'ITAL,  principal ;  chief. 
CONFORMATION,  shape. 

CONFIRMATION,  strengthen- 
ing. 

DEPOSITORY,  a  place  of  safe 
keeping. 

DEPOSITARY,   a    person    to 
whom  any  thing   is   com- 
mitted, [spirits. 
EX'ORCISE,   to    cast    out    evil 

EX'ERCISE,  employment. 
FOND'LING,  one  caressed. 

FOUND'LING,  an  infant  found. 


GLUT'TONOUS,  greedy. 

GLU'TINOUS,  sticky. 
G-ROT,  a  pleasant  cave. 

GROAT,  four  pence. 
GAM'BOL,  a  frolic. 

GAM'BLE,  to  practise  gaming. 
HOI/LOW,  a  cavity ;  not  solid. 

HAL'LOW,  to  make  holy. 
I'DOL,  an  image  ;  a  favorite. 

FDLE,  not  industrious. 
OP'POSITE,  contrary. 

AP'POSITE,  suitable;  proper. 
OR'ACLE,  counsel  supernaturally 
given. 

AU'RICLE,  the  external  ear. 
PI'LOT,  he  who  guides  a  ship. 

PI'LATE,  a  man's  name. 
ROT,  to  decay. 

WROUGHT,  worked. 
SYM'BOL,  a  sign ;  a  type. 

CYM'BAL,  a  musical  instru- 
ment. 


14.  The  first  in  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  move. 


BROOD,  to  sit  over. 

BREWED,  did  brew. 
CHOOSE,  to  select. 

CHEWS,  masticates. 
Do,  to  perform. 

DUE,  owed. 


[knot. 


NOOSE,  to  catch  with  a  running 
NEWS,  tidings. 


POOR,  not  rich ;  lean. 

PURE,  clear;  innocent. 
ROOD,  a  measure  of  land. 

RUDE,  rustic. 
BOOT'Y,  plunder.  [ance. 

BEAU'TY,    pleasing    appear- 
SHO'ER,  a  fastener  of  shoes. 

SURE,  certain. 


15.    Words  which  have  some  similarity  in  pronunciation,  but  which  ought  fa 
be  carefully  distinguished. 


ARRAIGN',  to  bring  to  trial. 
ARRANGE',  to  put  in  order. 
HARANG¥E'.  a  formal  oration. 


AR'RANT,  infamous;   bad  in  a 

high  degree. 
ER'RAND,  a  message. 


WORDS   OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


BAL'LAD,  a  song. 

BAI/LOT,  secret  voting. 
BEE'TLE,  an  insect. 

BEA'DLE,  a  parish  officer. 

BEA'GLE,  a  small  hound. 
BILE,  a  liquid  substance. 

BOIL,  to  bubble  by  heat. 
BREATH,  respiration.         g 

BREADTH,  width. 
CAREER',  a  course. 

CAR'RIER,  one  who  carries. 
CEN'TAURY,  a  plant. 

CEN'TURY,  a  hundred  years. 

SEN'TRY,  a  guard. 
CHOKE,  to  suffocate. 

JOKE,  a  jest. 
CLOSE,  to  shut ;  to  end. 

CLOTHES,  garments. 
CLOTH,  a  texture  of  wool,  &c. 

CLOTHE,  to  dress, 
COALS,  plural  of  coaL 

COLDS,  plural  of  cold. 
COAT,  a  garment. 

QUOTE,  to  cite. 
COL'ORS,  plural  of  color,    [cles. 

COLURES',   geographical   cir- 
COM'EDY,  a  play. 

COM'ITY,  civility. 

COMMIT'TEE,  a  body  of  man- 
agers. 
COM'FORT,  convenience;  ease. 

COM'FIT,  a  dry  sweetmeat. 
CONCUR',  to  agree. 

CON'QUER,  to  overcome. 
COR'PORAL,  an  officer. 

CORPO'REAL,  not  spiritual. 
CUR'RIER,  a  leather-dresser. 

COU'RIER,  a  messenger. 
CUR'RANT,  a  small  berry. 

COURANT',  a  newspaper. 
DESCENT',  going  down. 

DE'CENT,  becoming. 
DESERT',  to  forsake. 

DESSERT',  fruit,  &c.  after  drn- 
ner. 


DILU'TION,  making  weaker. 

DELU'SION,  a  deception. 
DIRE,  dismal. 

DY'ER,  one  who  dyes. 
DISEASE',  a  disorder. 

DECEASE',  death. 
DISA'BLE,  to  weaken. 

DISHABILLE',  an  undress. 
DOE,  a  female  deer. 

DAW,  a  chattering  bird. 
DRONE,  an  idle  bee. 

DROWN,  to  suffocate  in  water. 

DRAWN,  pulled. 
EAR,  a  member. 

YEAR,  a  twelvemonth. 
EAST,  where  the  sun  rises. 

YEAST,  barm. 
EI'THER,  one  of  the  two. 

E'THER,  a  volatile  fluid. 
E'RA,  a  fixed  point  of  time. 

HEAR'ER,  one  who  hears. 
EX'ECUTER,  one  who  performs. 

EXEC'UTOR,  a  trustee. 
ELIS'ION,  act  of  cutting  off. 

ELYS'IAN,  very  delightful. 
EW'ER,  a  kind  of  pitcher. 

YOUR,  belonging  to  you. 
EM'ANANT,  flowing  from. 

EM'INENT,  high;  exalted. 
FILE,  a  rasping  tool. 

FOIL,  to  defeat. 

VILE,  base;  wicked. 
FLOUR,  meal. 

FLOWER,  a  blossom. 
FOUGHT,  contended. 

FAULT,  error;  mistake. 
GAUL,  a  Frenchman. 

GOAL,  a  starting  place. 

GAOL,  a  prison. 
GE'NIUS,  a  peculiar  talent* 

GE'NUS,  a  kind. 
HIRE,  wages. 

HIGH'ER,  loftier. 
HOAR,  white. 

HO'ER,  one  who  hoes. 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


HO'LY,  free  from  sin. 

WHOL'LY,  entirely. 

HOL'LY,  an  evergreen  tree. 
I'DOL,  an  image. 

I'DLE,  unemployed. 

I'DYL,  a  pastoral  poem. 
IM'POTENT,  weak;  powerless. 

IM'PUDENT,  insolent. 

IMPER'TINENT,  intrusive. 
ISLE,  an  island. 

OIL,  an  unctuous  matter. 
INCIDE',  to  cut  into. 

IN'SIDE,  within. 
INCITE',  to  urge. 

IN'SIGHT,  discernment. 
JEST,  a  joke. 

JUST,  nearly. 
KINE,  cows. 

COIN,  stamped  money. 

QUOIN,  a  kind  of  wedge. 
LEASE,  a  kind  of  contract. 

LEASH,  a  line,  or  strap. 

LEECH,  a  bloodsucker. 
LICK'ERISH,  dainty;  nice. 

LIC'ORICE,  a  sWeet  root. 
LINE,  a  string;  a  row. 

LOIN,  part  of  the  body. 
LIN'EAMENT,  a  feature. 

LIN'IMENT,  an  ointment. 
LIGHT'NING,   the   flash   which 
precedes  thunder. 

LIGHTENING,  unloading. 
LIV'ER,  one  of  the  entrails. 

LI'VRE,  a  French  coin. 
LOATH,  unwilling. 

LOATHE,  to  dislike. 
LUKE,  a  man's  name. 

LOOK,  to  see. 

LUCK,  chance  or  fortune. 
LORE,  learning. 

LOW'ER,  deeper. 
LYRE,  a  musical  instrument. 

LI'AR,  a  teller  of  lies. 
MARSH,  a  swamp. 

MASH,  to  crush. 

MESH,  the  opening  in  a  net. 


MAR'VEL,  to  wonder. 

MAR'BLE,  a  sort  of  stone. 
MAT'IN,  belonging  to  the  morn- 
ing. 

MAT  'TING,  stuff  for  mats. 
MES'SAGE,  an  errand. 

MESS'UAGE,    a    house     and 

grounds. 
ME'TRE,  verse. 

ME'TEOR,  a  fiery  body. 
MIN'ISTER,  an  agent. 

MIN'STER,  a  monastery. 
MIS'SILE,  thrown  by  hand. 

MIS'SAL,  a  mass  book. 

MIS'LE,  to  rain  in  small  drops. 
MORE,  a  greater  quantity. 

MOW'ER,  one  who  mows. 
MOUNT'  AIN,  a  great  hill. 

MOUN'TING,  rising. 
MUS'LIN,  fine  linen.       [mouth. 

MUZ'ZLING,    tying    up    the 
MUS'CAT,  a  sweet  grape. 

MUSK'CAT,  an  animal. 
NICK,  a  notch. 

NICHE,  a  hollow  for  a  statue. 
OFT'EN,  frequently. 

OR'PHAN,  a  parentless  child. 
OR'DINANCE,  a  law. 

ORD'NANCE,  cannon. 

OR'DONNANCE,  disposition  of 

figures  in  a  picture. 
OR'ISON,  a  prayer. 

HORI'ZON,    the    line    which 

bounds  the  sight. 
PELISSE',  a  coat,  or  habit. 

POLICE',  internal  government. 
PETRIFAC'TION,  conversion  into 
stone. 

PUTREFAC'TION,  decomposi- 

tion. 
PINT,  a  measure. 

POINT,  the  small  end. 
PISTOLE',  a  Spanish  coin. 

PIS'TOL,  a  small  hand  gun. 
POP'ULACE,  the  common  people. 

POPULOUS,  full  of  people. 


/>  X  . 


WORDS    OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


29 


PRE'SCIOUS,  foreknowing. 

PREC'IOUS,  of  great  value. 
PROPH'ECY,  a  prediction. 

PROPH'ESY,  to  predict. 
PUM'ACE,  ground  apples. 

PUM'ICE,  a  kind  of  cinder. 
RE'AL,  true;  genuine. 

RAIL,  a  bar. 

REEL,  to  stagger. 
REL'ICT,  a  widow. 

REL'IC,  that  which  remains. 
RID'ICULE,  derision. 

RET'ICULE,  a  net  bag. 
ROAR,  to  cry  with  great  voice. 

ROW'ER,  one  who  rows. 
RUM,  an  alcoholic  liquor. 

RHOMB,  a  quadrangular  figure* 
SAT'YR,  a  sylvan  god. 

SAT'IRE,  pointed  remark. 
SE'RIES,  succession;  order. 

SE'RIOUS,  solemn;  grave. 

SIR'IUS,  the  dog-star. 
SHAWL,  a  garment. 

SHALL,  will. 
SMILE,  a  look  of  pleasure. 

SIM'ILE,  a  comparison. 
SOAR,  to  rise. 

SOW'ER,  one  who  sows. 


STAT'UTE,  a  law. 

STAT'UE,  an  image. 

STAT'URE,  height  of  a  per- 
son. 
SUR'PLUS,  remainder. 

SUR'PLICE,  a  white  robe. 
TALC,  a  transparent  mineral. 

TALK,  to  converse. 
TOW'ER,  a  strong  building. 

TOUR,  a  journey. 
TRACK,  a  path. 

TRACT,  a  short  treatise. 
TIN'CAL,  a  mineral. 

TIN'KLE,     a     sharp     quick 

noise. 
TREBLE,  a  part  in  harmony. 

TRIPLE,  or  TREBLE,  consist- 
ing of  three. 
TROUGH,  a  long  vessel. 

TROTH,  faith ;  fidelity. 
THROUGH,  from  side  to  side. 

THOR'OUGH,  complete. 
VER'DURE,  greenness. 

VER'GER,  a  mace  bearer. 
VIR'GIN,  a  girl. 

VERG'ING,  tending. 
You,  thyself. 

YEW,  a  tree. 


16.  Words  often  confounded  either  from  giving  the  sound  of  r  where  it  doe» 
not  belong,  or  omitting  it  where  it  should  be  given. 


AH  !  an  exclamation. 

ARE,  plural  of  is. 
ALMS,  gifts  to  the  pool*. 

ARMS,  weapons. 
AWE,  reverence. 

OR,  a  conjunction. 
BAA,  the  cry  of  a  sheep. 

BAR,  an  obstacle. 
BALM,  a  plant. 

BARM,  yeast. 
Bo' A,  a  sort  of  serpent. 

BOAR,  a  male  swine. 


Bust,  a  half-length  statue; 

BURST,  to  break  open. 
CALVE,  to  bring  forth  a  calf. 

CARVE,  to  cut. 
CIN'NA,  a  Roman  consul. 

SIN'NER,  an  evil  doer. 
DUST,  powdered  substances. 

DURST,  dared. 
FA'THER,  a  male  parent. 

FAR'THER,  more  distant. 
FEL'LOW,  a  companion. 

FELL'ER,  one  who  cuts  down. 


30 


THE   SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


FOMENT',  to  excite. 

FERMENT',  to  work  as  beer. 
FOR' M ALLY,  ceremoniously. 

FOR'MERLY,  in  times  past. 
FUST,  a  mouldy  smell. 

FIRST,  foremost. 
GNAW,  to  eat  by  degrees. 

NOR,  neither. 
GO'A,  an  Indian  island. 

GORE,  clotted  blood. 
LAUD,  to  praise. 

LORD,  a  nobleman. 
LA'VA,  discharge  from  a  volcano. 

LA'VER,  a  washing  vessel. 
LAWN,  fine  linen. 

LORN,  forsaken. 
MA,  mamma. 

MAR,  to  spoil. 
MAN'NA,  a  kind  of  gum. 

MAN'NER,  method. 
Moss,  a  vegetable. 

MORSE,  a  sea-horse. 
NO'AH,  a  man's  name. 

NORE,   the   entrance   of  the 
Thames. 


PA,  papa. 

PAR,  equality. 
PALM'ER,  a  pilgrim. 

PAR' MA,  a  city  of  Italy. 
PASS,  a  passage.  [cally. 

PARSE,  to  analyse  grammati- 
PETI'TION,  supplication.  - 

PARTI'TION,  separation. 
PIL'LOW,  a  cushion  for  the  head. 

PIL'LAR,  a  column. 
Pus,  purulent  matter. 

PURSE,  a  money  bag. 
QUAR'TAN,  fourth  day  ague. 

QUAR'TERN,   a  fourth  of  a 

pint. 
QUO'TA,  a  proper  share. 

QUO'TER,  one  who  quotes. 
SOUGHT,  searched  after. 

SORT,  a  kind. 
STALK,  a  stem. 

STORK,  a  bird. 
STRA'TA,  layers. 

STRAIGHT'ER,  less  crooked. 
TAUGHT,  instructed. 

TORT,  mischief. 


There  is  an  error,  which  may  be  noticed  in  this  connection,  that  should  be 
carefully  avoided;  it  consists  in  inserting  an  r  between  words,  when  the  formei 
ends  and  the  latter  begins  with  a  rowel.  Thus  the  sentence,  "  a  boa  is  a  sorl 
of  serpent,"  would  be  read  by  some  as  if  it  were,  "a  boar  is  a  sort  of  serpent." 


17.  Dissyllables  spelled  alike,  but  differing  in  accent. 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  first  syllable. 

Not  present. 
An  abridgment. 
Stress  of  voice. 
A  particle  added  to  a  ) 
word.  } 

An  increase. 
The  eighth  month. 
A  great  gun. 
A  partner. 
A  short  prayer. 


ABSENT, 

ABSTRACT, 

ACCENT, 

AFFIX, 


Signification  when  the  accent  Is 
on  the  second  syllable. 

To  keep  away. 
To  take  from. 
To  mark  the  accents. 


To  subjoin. 


AUGMENT,     To  increase. 
AUGUST,        Grand. 
BOMBARD,     To  attack  with  bombs* 
COLLEAGUE,  To  unite  with. 
COLLECT,       To  gather. 


WORDS   OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


31 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  first  syllable. 


An  agreement. 

COMPACT, 

A  confederacy. 

COMPLOT, 

Behavior. 

COMPORT, 

A  mixture. 

COMPOUND, 

A  bolster  of  linen  used 
in  surgery. 

I  COMPRESS, 

A  musical  performance. 

CONCERT, 

A  mass  formed  of  parts. 

CONCRETE, 

Behavior. 

CONDUCT, 

A  boundary. 

CONFINE, 

A  struggle. 

CONFLICT, 

A  sweetmeat. 

CONSERVE, 

Companion. 

CONSORT, 

Thing  contained. 

CONTENT, 

A  dispute. 

CONTEST, 

A  bargain. 

CONTRACT, 

Opposition. 

CONTRAST, 

Discourse. 

CONVERSE, 

One   who   embraces    a 
new  opinion. 

!•  CONVERT, 

A  person  found  guilty. 

CONVICT, 

Attendance  for  defence. 

CONVOY, 

A  tune. 

DESCANT, 

A  compend. 

DIGEST, 

A  body  guard. 

ESCORT, 

An  attempt. 

ESSAY, 

Commodity  sent  out. 

EXPORT, 

Essence  drawn  out. 

EXTRACT, 

A  tumult. 

FERMENT, 

Contrivance. 

FORECAST, 

Anticipation. 

FORETASTE, 

Happening  often. 

FREQUENT, 

Signification. 

IMPORT, 

Mark  ;  stamp. 

IMPRESS, 

Printer's  name  in  the 
title  of  a  book. 

j-  IMPRINT, 

A  kind  of  perfume. 

INCENSE, 

"Wood  formed  to  inlay. 

INLAY, 

Natural  impulse. 

INSTINCT, 

Insolence 

INSULT, 

A  thing  acted  on. 

OBJECT, 

Complete. 

PERFECT, 

3 

Signification  when  the  accent  to 
on  the  second  syllable. 

Firm;  solid. 
To  conspire. 
To  suit. 
To  mingle. 

•j  To  force  together. 

To  contrive  together. 
To  unite  into  one  body. 
To  manage ;  to  guide. 
To  limit ;  to  restrain. 
To  contest. 
'  To  candy  fruit. 
To  associate  with. 
Satisfied. 
To  dispute. 

To  shorten ;  to  bargain. 
To  put  in  opposition. 
To  talk. 

{To  turn  from  one  con- 
dition to  another. 
To  prove  guilty. 
To  accompany  by  sea. 
To  discourse. 
To  concoct. 

To  guard  on  a  journey. 
To  endeavor. 

{To    carry   out   of    the 
country. 
To  draw  out. 
To  be  in  commotion. 
To  form  schemes. 
To  taste  before. 
To  visit  often. 
To  bring  into. 
To  print. 

j  To  fix  in  the  mind. 

To  enrage. 

To  insert. 

Animated. 

To  treat  with  contempt. 

To  oppose. 

To  finish ;  to  complete. 


32 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  first  syllable. 

A  particle  put  before  a 

word. 

An  introduction. 
A  prognostic. 
A  declaration  against. 
Passage  back. 
Sale  by  small  lots. 
One  under  dominion. 
A  kind  of  verbal  noun. 
The  family  name. 
A  view ;  measure. 
Pain;   anguish. 
A  conveyance. 
A  vessel  of  carriage. 
A  negligent  dress. 


•  PREFIX, 

PRELUDE, 

PRESAGE, 

PROTEST, 

REGRESS, 

RETAIL, 

SUBJECT, 

SUPINE, 

SURNAME, 

SURVEY, 

TORMENT, 

TRANSFER, 

TRANSPORT, 

UNDRESS, 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  second  syllable. 


To  put  before. 

To  introduce. 

To  forebode. 

To  declare  solemnly. 

To  go  back. 

To  sell  in  small  lots. 

To  put  under. 

Negligent;  careless. 

To  add  another  name. 

To  overlook. 

To  vex ;  to  torture. 

To  convey;   to  remove. 

To  banish;  to  enrapture. 

To  take  off  the  clothes. 


Words  spelled  alike,  but  different  both  in  accent  and  sound. 


CEMENT,  sticky  matter. 

CEMENT',  to  agglutinate. 
CON'JURE,  to  practise  charms. 

CONJURE',  to  intreat. 
DES'ERT,  a  wilderness. 

DESERT',  to  forsake. 
EN'TRANCE,  place  of  entering. 

ENTRANCE',  to  put  into   an 

ecstasy. 
EX'ILE,  banishment. 

EXILE',  slender. 
GAL'LANT,  high  spirited. 

GALLANT',   attentive   to   la- 
dies. 
MIN'UTE,  a  short  space  of  time. 

MINUTE',  small. 


PRES'ENT,  a  gift. 

PRESENT',  to  offer. 
PROD'UCE,  product. 

PRODUCE',  to  bring  forth. 
PROG'RESS,  motion  forward. 

PROGRESS',  to  advance. 
PROJ'ECT,  a  scheme. 

PROJECT',  to  jut  out. 
REB'EL,  a  revolter.        [thority. 

REBEL',  to  rise  against   au- 
REC'ORD,  a  register. 

RECORD',  to  put  on  record. 
REV'EL,  a  noisy  feast. 

REVEL',  to  retract. 
TRAJ'ECT,  a  ferry. 

TRAJECT',  to  cast  through. 


AT'TRIBUTE,  quality. 

ATTRIB'UTE,  to  ascribe. 
INVAL'ID,  of  no  force. 

IN'VALID,  a  sick  person. 
0'vERCHARGE,toohigh  a  charge. 

OVERCHARGE',  to  oppress. 


PREC'EDENT,  an  example. 

PRECE'DENT,  going  before. 
PREM'ISES,  positions  assumed. 

PREMI'SES,  explains  before. 
SEV'ERER,  one  who  separates 

SEVER'ER,  more  rigorous. 


WORDS   OF    SIMILAR   PRONUNCIATION. 

'  18.    Words  spelled  alike  but  pronounced  differently. 
1st.  In  which  ow  has  the  sound  of  o  in  so,  or  of  ou  in  thou. 


33 


an    instrument   to   shoot 
arrows. 

Bow,  to  bend ;  to  stoop. 
LOWER,  to  bring  down. 
LOWER,  to  appear  dark. 


Mow,  to  cut  down. 

Mow,  a  heap  of  hay  or  grain 
Row,  a  rank  or  file. 

Row,  a  tumult;  an  uproar. 
Sow,  to  scatter  seed. 

Sow,  a  female  swine. 


2d.  In  which  s  has  the  sound  of  s  or  of  z. 


ABUSE',  the  ill  use  of  a  thing. 

ABUSE',  to  use  ill. 
As,  a  Roman  coin. 

As,  so;  like. 
, CLOSE,  shut  fast;  narrow. 

CLOSE,  the  conclusion. 
CRUISE,  a  small  cup. 

CRUISE,  a  voyage  for  plunder. 
I^F'FUSE,  scattered. 

DIFFUSE',  to  spread- 
EXCUSE',  an  apology. 

EXCUSE',  to  pardon. 
GREASE,  soft  fat. 

GREASE,     to     smear     with 
grease. 


HOUSE,  a  place  of  abode. 

HOUSE,  to  shelter. 
LEASE,  a  kind  of  contract. 

LEASE,  to  glean. 
MISUSE',  a  bad  use. 

MISUSE',  to  misemploy. 
MOUSE,  a  little  animal. 

MOUSE,  to  catch  mice. 
REF'USE,  that  which  is  rejected, 

REFUSE',  to  reject;  to  denj, 
RESIGN',  to  sign  again. 

RESIGN',  to  relinquish. 
RISE,  beginning;  increase. 

RISE,  to  ascend. 
USE,  purpose;  convenience. 

USE,  to  employ 


3d.  Various. 


A'TE,  the  goddess  of  mischief. 

ATE,  devoured. 
AX'ES,  plural  of  axe. 

AX'ES,  plural  of  axis. 
COUR'TESY,  civility. 

COURTESY  [kurtfse],  the  re- 
verence made  by  women. 
DENI'EB,  one  who  denies. 

DENIER',  a  French  coin. 


DOES,  female  deer. 

DOES,  \duz]  doth. 
DOVE,  did  dive. 

DOVE,  a  bird. 
GILL,  a  quarter  of  a  pint. 

GILL,  a  fish's  organ  of  respi- 
ration. 
GOUT,  a  disease. 

GOUT,  [goo]  taste. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


HIN'DER,  to  prevent. 

HIND'ER,  backward. 
IN'TIMATE,  to  hint. 

IN'TIMATE,  familiar. 
I'RONY,  contrary  meaning. 

IR'ONY,  partaking  of  iron. 
JOB,  a  piece  of  work. 

JOB,  a  man's  name. 
LEAD,  to  conduct. 

LEAD,  a  metal. 
LEARN'ED,  intelligent;   skilful. 

LEARNED,  did  learn. 
LIVE,  alive. 

LIVE,  to  exist. 
LIVES,  plural  of  life. 

LIVES,  does  live. 
MANES,  plural  of  mane. 

MA'NES,  departed  spirits. 
MOD'ERATE,  to  regulate. 

MOD'ERATE,  temperate. 
NUM'BER,  reckoning. 

NUMB'ER,  more  torpid. 
POL'ISH,  to  brighten. 

PO'LISH,  belonging  to  Poland. 
POLL,  the  head ;  a  tax. 

POLL,  a  parrot's  name. 
PUT,  to  place. 

PUT,  a  clowa. 


RA'VEN,  a  large  black  bird. 

RAV'EN,  to  devour  greedily. 
READ,  to  peruse. 

READ,  perused. 
READ'ING,  perusing. 

READ'ING,  a  town. 
SEP' AR ATE,  to  part. 

SEP'ARATE,  disjoined. 
SEW'ER,  one  who  sews. 

SEW'ER,  a  drain. 
SING'ER,  one  who  sings. 

SIN'GER,  one  who  singes. 
SLOUGH,  a  deep  miry  place. 

SLOUGH,  to  fall  off. 
STAVES,  plural  of  staff. 

STAVES,  parts  of  a  cask. 
TAR'RY,  to  wait ;  to  stay. 

TAR'RY,  smeared  with  tar. 
TEAR,  water  from  the  eye. 

TEAR,  to  rend. 
TI'ER,  one  who  ties. 

TIER,  a  long  row. 
WIND,  air  in  motion. 

WIND,  to  twist. 
WOUND,  twisted. 

WOUND,  a  hurt. 
WORS'TED,  woollen  yarn. 

WOEST'ED,  defeated. 


EQUIVOCAL   WORDS.  35 


CHAPTER  III. 

EQUIVOCAL  WORDS  :  or  words  whose  different  significations  have  either  no 
connection  with  each  other,  or  none  which  can  be  easily  traced. 

NOTE. — As  the  words  of  our  language  have  been  derived  from  various  other 
languages,  it  has  often  happened  that  two  or  more  words  entirely  distinct  in 
their  origin  and  signification,  have  taken  the  same  spelling  and  pronunciation 
in  English.  Thus,  from  the  Saxon  word  beorcan,  is  derived  the  English  word 
bark,  signifying  to  make  the  noise  of  dogs ;  from  the  French  word  barque,  is 
derived  bark,  a  vessel ;  and  from  the  Danish  word  bark,  is  derived  bark,  the 
covering  of  a  tree.  Words  which  thus  have  the  same  form  while  they  are 
of  different  derivation  and  signification,  are  sometimes  called  paronymotis. 
Many  of  the  words  in  the  following  chapter  are  of  this  class.  The  remaining 
words  are  such  as  have  significations  which  are  very  different,  although  they 
are  to  be  traced  to  a  common  origin. 

^T*  The  abbreviation  a.  before  a  word,  stands  for  adjective;  adv.  for 
adverb;  conj.  for  conjunction;  part,  for  participle;  prep,  for  preposition; 
pron.  for  pronoun;  s.  for  substantive;  and  v.  for  verb. 

ADDRESS',  v.  to  accost. — s.  deportment ;  dexterity,  direction  of  a 

letter ;  a  speech. 

AIR,  a  melody ;  that  which  we  breathe ;  appearance. 
AN'GLE,  s.  a  corner. — v.  to  fish  with  a  rod  and  hook. 
APPA'RENT,  plain,  visible;  seeming,  not  real. 
ARCH,  *.  a  curved  roof. — a.  mirthful;  chief. 
ART,  s.  skill. — v.  thou  art. 

Ax'is,  that  on  which  any  thing  revolves ;  an  animal. 
BACH'ELOR,  an  unmarried  man ;  a  university  degree. 
BAIL,  a  surety ;  the  handle  of  a  bucket,  or  kettle. 
BAIT,  s.  a  temptation ;  refreshment. — v.  to  worry  with  dogs. 
BALL,  a  sphere ;  an  entertainment  of  dancing. 
BANK,  a  heap  of  earth ;  a  financial  institution. 
BAR,  a  rail  used  to  stop  a  passage ;  the  place  where  the  criminal 

stands  in  court. 
BARK,  s.  the  rind  of  a  tree ;  a  stout  vessel. — v.  to  make  the  noise 

of  dogs. 

BASTE,  to  pour  the  dripping  over  roasting  meat ;  to  sew  slightly. 
BASE,  a.  vile,  worthless ;  s.  the  foundation. 
BAT,  a  stick  to  strike  a  ball ;  a  flying  animal. 
BAY,  s.  a  tree;  a  small  gulf;  a  color. — v.  to  bark. 
BEAM,  a  large  piece  of  timber;  a  ray  of  light. 
BEAR,  v,  to  carry. — s.  a  rough  savage  animal. 
BECOME',  to  enter  into  a  new  condition ;  to  befit. 


36  THB  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

BEE'TLE,  an  insect ;  a  heavy  mallet. 

BILL,  the  beak  of  a  bird ;  an  account  of  money. 

BIL'LET,  a  small  stick  of  wood ;  a  note. 

BIT,  a  small  piece ;  the  iron  put  into  a  horse's  mouth ;  a  boring 

tool. 

BLADE,  the  cutting  part  of  a  tool ;  a  leaf  of  grass. 
BLOW,  s.  a  stroke. — v.  to  puff;  to  blossom. 
BOARD,  s.  a  thin  plank. — v.  to  live  with  another  for  a  certain  price. 
BOOT,  covering  for  the  leg ;  profit ;  advantage. 
BOUND,  s.  a  limit;  a  leap. — v.  did  bind. 
BOWL,  s.  a  concave  dish ;  a  ball. — v,  to  roll. 
Box,  s.  a  tree;  a  case,  or  chest;  a  slap  on  the  ear. — v.  to  fight 

with  the  fists. 

BRACE,  v.  to  strengthen,  to  make  firm. — s.  a  couple. 
BRAKE,  a  fern ;  a  thicket;  an  instrument  for  breaking  flax,  or 

hemp ;  the  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked ;  the  lever  by 

which  the  wheels  o?  a  carriage,  or  railway  car,  are  checked. 
BRAZIER,  or  BRASIER,  a  worker  in  copper;  a  pan  to  hold  coals. 
BROOK,  s.  a  rivulet. — v.  to  endure. 
BUTT,  s.  a  liquid  vessel ;  a  kind  of  hinge ;  a  person  made  the 

object  of  sport. — v.  to  strike  with  the  head. 
CALF,  the  young  of  a  cow ;  the  thick  part  of  the  leg. 
CAN,  s.  a  metallic  cup,  or  bottle. — v.  to  be  able. 
CAPE,  a  headland ;  a  collar-piece. 
CA'PER,  v.  to  skip  and  jump. — s.  a  bud  of  a  plant. 
CARD,  s.  a  piece  of  stiff  parser;  a  kind  of  advertisement. — v.  to 

comb  wool. 

CASE,  a  covering;  state  of  things;  variation  of  nouns. 
CAST,  v.  to  throw;  to  form  in  a  mould. — s.  a  moulded  form. 
CAT'ARACT,  a  waterfall;  a  disease  of  the  eye. 
CHARGE,  care;  command;  accusation;  expense;  attack. 
CHASE,  to  hunt. — [ENCHASE]  to  engrave  with  punches. 
CHORD,  a  line  connecting  the  extremities  of  an  arch;  harmony 

of  sounds;  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument. 
CLEAVE,  to  adhere;  to  separate;  to  split  off. 
CLUB,  a  heavy  stick ;  an  association. 
COCK'LE,  a  shell  fish ;  a  weed. 

COLLA'TION,  comparison ;  a  repast  between  full  meals. 
COMB,  an  instrument  for  the  2iair;  the  crest  of  a  cock;  the  waxen 

structure  in  which  bees  put  honey. 

COMMIT',  to  intrust;  to  be  guilty  of  a  crime;  to  send  to  prison. 
CONCORDANCE,  agreement;  an  index  to  words  in  the  Bible. 
OONSIST'ENCY,  agreement  with  one's  self;  thickness. 
COP'Y,  a  model  to  be  imitated;  an  imitation. 
CORD,  a  small  rope;  a  measure  of  wood. 


EQUIVOCAL  WORDS,  37 

CORN,  s.  grain;  a  hard  substance  on  the  foot. — v.  to  salt. 
COUNT,  v.  to  reckon. — s.  an  earl;  a  point  in  an  indictment. 
OOUNT'ER,  s.  a  table  in  a  shop. — a.  contrary. 
COURT,  v.  to  solicit. — s.  seat  of  justice;  space  before  a  house 5 

residence  of  a  prince;  a  little  street. 
CRAB,  a  shell  fish;  a  wild  apple. 
CRAFT,  cunning;  small  sailing  vessels. 
CRANE,  a  long  legged  bird;  an  engine  to  raise  weights;  a  bent 

tube  to  draw  liquor  out  of  a  cask. 
C/RICK'ET,  a  chirping  insect;  a  game  with  bat  and  ball. 
CROP,  s.  the  harvest;  the  craw  of  a  bird. — v.  to  cut  short. 
Cuoss,  s.  a  straight  body  laid  at  right  angles  over  another. — a. 

peevish. — v.  to  thwart;  to  pass  over. 

CROW,  a  large  black  bird ;  an  iron  lever  j  the  voice  of  a  cock. 
CRY,  v.  to  proclaim  loudly;  to  lament  aloud. — s.  the  call  of  an 

animal. 

CUE,  a  braid  of  hair;  a  suggestion;  a  turn  of  mind. 
DAM,  the  mother  of  an  animal;  a  bank  to  confine  water. 
DATE,  a  time ;  the  fruit  of  the  date  tree. 
DEAL,  s.  quantity;  a  kind  of  timber. — v.  to  traffic;  to  treat  with; 

to  distribute. 

DEAR,  beloved;  expensive. 
DECK,  s.  the  floor  of  a  ship. — v.  to  dress. 
DESERT',  s.  merit. — v.  to  forsake. 
DESPATCH',  s.  hasty  execution. — v.  to  put  to  death. 
DIE,  v.  to  pass  from  life ;  to  tinge. — s.  a  stamp  ;  a  little  cube. 
DI'ET,  course  of  food  ;  an  assembly  of  states. 
DI'VERS,  s.  they  who  plunge  under  water. — a.  several. 
DOCK,  s.  a  place  where  ships  are  built,  or  moored;  an  herb. — v, 

to  cut  off. 

DOWN,  s.  soft  feathers;  an  open  plain. — adv.  not  up, 
DRAW,  to  drag;  to  let  out  a  liquid;  to  delineate. 
DRILL,  to  bore  holes;  to  exercise  recruits. 
DRUG,  a  medicinal  substance;  an  unsaleable  thing. 
DUN,  a.  dark  colored. — v.  to  call  for  payment. 
EAR,  the  organ  of  hearing;  a  spike  of  corn. 
ELD'ER,  a.  older. — s.  the  name  of  a  shrub. 
ELLIP'SIS,  an  omission  of  words;  an  oval. 
ENGROSS',  to  occupy  the  whole ;  to  copy  law  writings. 
ENTERTAIN',  to  amuse;  to  hold  in  the  mind. 
E'VEN,  a.  level;  equal. — s.  evening. — adv.  so  much  as. 
EXACT',  a.  accurate. — v.  to  require  authoritatively. 
EXPRESS',  v.  to  utter ;  to  squeeze  out. — a.  definite. 
FAIR,  a.  beautiful ;  just ;  favorable. — s.  a  sale. 
FARE,  price  of  passage  by  land,  or  water ;  provisions. 


88  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

FAST,  a.  firm ;  swift. — s.  abstinence  from  food. 

FAWN,  s.  a  young  deer. — y.  to  court  servilely. 

FEED,  v.  to  supply  with^food. — part,  rewarded. 

FELL,  v.  did  fall;  to  cut  down. — a.  cruel. 

FEL'LOW,  an  associate ;  one  of  a  pair ;  a  mean  wretch ;  a  trustee 

of  a  college. 

FEL'ON,  a  criminal ;  a  whitlow. 

FELT,  v.  perceived. — s.  a  substance  of  which  hats  are  made. 
FER'RET,  a  sort  of  weasel ;  a  kind  of  narrow  ribbon. — v.  to  drive 

out  of  a  lurking  place. 

FIG'URE,  shape;  a  statue;  a  numerical  character;  a  kind  of  simile. 
FILE,  a  rasping  tool;  a  line  on  which  papers  are  put;  a  line  of 

soldiers ;  a  series. — v.  to  exhibit  officially. 
FIL'LET,  a  band ;  the  thick  part  of  a  leg  of  veal. 
FINE,  a.  thin;  clear;  splendid. — s.  a  forfeit;  the  end. 
FIRM,  «.  strong ;  steady. — s.  the  name  of  a  house  of  trade. 
FIT,  a.  proper ;  suitable. — s.  a  paroxysm. — v.  to  suit. 
FLAG,  s.  a  water  plant;  a  paving  stone;  an  ensign,  or  standard. 

— v.  to  hang  loose;  to  grow  spiritless. 
FLAT'TER,  a.  more  flat. — v.  to  praise  falsely. 
FLEET,  s.  a  navy. — a.  nimble. 

FLOCK,  a  company  of  birds,  or  beasts;  a  lock  of  wool. 
FLUE,  a  chimney ;  soft  fur,  or  down. 
FOIL,  leaf  metal;  a  blunt  sword. — v.  to  defeat. 
FOLD,  an  enclosure  for  sheep ;  a  double. 
FOOT,  a  member  of  the  body ;  a  measure  of  twelve  inches. 
FOR,  prep,  instead  of;  on  account  of. — cow/,  because. 
FORGE,  v.  to  form  by  the  hammer ;  to  counterfeit. — s.  a  furnace 
FOR'MER,  a.  before  in  time. — s.  a  maker. 
FORT,  a  fortified  place ;  a  strong  side. 
FOUND'ER,  s.  one  who  establishes;  a  caster. — v.  to  sink  to  the 

bottom;  to  fall. 

FRIEZE,  a  term  in  architecture ;  the  nap  on  cloth. 
FRET,  to  be  peevish ;  to  wear  away  by  rubbing. 
FRY,  s.  a  swarm  of  young  fishes. — v.  to  cook  food  in  a  pan. 
FULL'ER,  a.  nearer  full. — s.  a  cleanser  of  cloth. 
GALL,  an  excrescence  on  the  oak;  a  secretion  of  the  body;  ma- 
lignity. 

GAME,  sport;  a  single  match  of  play;  animals  chased. 
GIN,  a  snare ;  an  alcoholic  liquor. 
GLOSS,  superficial  lustre ;  a  comment. 
GORE,  s.  clotted  blood. — v.  to  pierce  with  a  horn. 
GRAIN,  corn;  any  minute  particle;  a  small  weight. 
GRATE,  s.  a  range  of  bars. — v.  to  wear  away  by  rasping ;  to  make 

a  harsh  noise. 


EQUIVOCAL  WORDS.  39 

GTRATE'FTJL,  thankful;  agreeable,  pleasing. 

GRAVE,  s.  the  place  of  burial. — a.  not  acute  in  sound ;  serious. — 

v.  to  carve  figures. 

GRAZE,  to  feed  on  grass ;  to  touch  lightly  in  passing. 
GREEN,  colored  like  grass ;  fresh  ;  immature. 
GROSS,  a.  large;  coarse. — s.  the  chief  part;  twelve  dozen. 
GROUND,  s.  earth;  the  first  coat  of  paint. — v.  to  found. — -part. 

sharpened  by  grinding;  reduced  to  powder. 
H AB'IT,  state  of  a  thing ;  custom ;  dress. 
HAIL,  s.  frozen  rain ;  an  exclamation. — v.  to  salute. 
HAM'PER,  s.  a  large  packing  basket. — v.  to  perplex. 
HAUT'BOY,  a  wind  instrument ;  a  sort  of  strawberry. 
HEAV'EN,  the  eternal  abode  of  the  good ;  the  sky. 
HELP,  to  assist ;  to  avoid. 
HIDE,  v.  to  conceal. — s.  the  skin  of  an  animal. 
HIND,  a.  backward. — s.  a  female  deer;  a  peasant. 
HOP,  v.  to  jump. — s.  a  climbing  plant. 
HOST,  the  master  of  a  feast ;  landlord  of  an  inn ;  an  army ;  any 

great  number ;  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass. 
HUE,  a  color ;  a  clamor. 

IN'STANCE,  a  case  occurring ;  suggestion ;  urgency. 
IN'STANT,  a.  urgent ;  immediate ;  s.  a  moment. 
JAM,  s.  a  conserve  of  fruits. — v.  to  wedge  in. 
JAR,  a  kind  of  vessel ;  a  rattling  sound ;  discord ;  the  state  of  a 

door  not  quite  shut. 

JET,  s.  a  black  fossil ;  a  spout  of  water. — v.  to  jut  out. 
JUST,  a.  right. — adv.  exactly;  nearly. 
KEN'NEL,  a  cot  for  dogs ;   a  watercourse  of  a  street. 
KEY,  an  instrument  to  open  a  lock ;  that  which  solves  a  difficulty; 

a  finger-piece  on  a  musical  instrument. 
KIND,  a.  ready  to  confer  favors. — s.  a  sort. 
KITE,  a  bird  of  prey ;  a  paper  toy  to  fly. 
LACE,  a  string ;  fine  net  work. 
LAKE,  a  large  body  of  inland  water;  a  color. 
LAP,  v.  to  lick  up ;  to  fold. — s.  the  part  formed  by  the  knees  in 

a  sitting  posture. 
LAST,  a.  latest. — v.  to  endure. — s.  the  mould  on  which  shoes  are 

made ;  a  corn  measure. 

LAWN,  an  open  space  between  woods ;  a  linen  fab^c. 
LAY,  v.  to  place  down ;  to  wager ;  did  lie. — s.  a  song. — a.  not 

clerical. 

LEAGUE,  a  confederacy ;  a  distance  of  three  miles. 
LEAN,  v.  to  incline^ — s.  muscular  part  of  flesh. — a.  thin. 
LEAVE,  s.  permission.— -v.  to  forsake;    to  suffer  to  remain;  to 

intrust;  to  refer  for  decision. 


40  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

LEFT,  a.  pertaining  to  the  left  hand. — part,  not  taken, 

LET,  v.  to  permit ;  to  lease. — s.  hindrance. 

LET'TER,  a  vowel,  or  consonant;  an  epistle;  one  who  lets. 

LIE,  v.  to  rest;  to  utter  wilful  falsehoods. — s.  a  fiction,     [settle. 

LIGHT,  s.  illumination. — a.  not  heavy;  bright. — v.  to  kindle;  to 

LIKE,  a.  resembling. — v.  to  approve. — adv.  as. 

LIME,  an  alkali ;  a  sort  of  lemon ;  a  sticky  substance. 

LINE,  s.  a  string;  a  single  verse. — v.  to  cover  inside. 

LINK,  s.  a  single  ring  of  a  chain ;  a  torch. — v.  to  connect. 

LIT'TER,  a  portable  bed;  straw  laid  under  animals;  a  number  of 

things  in  disorder ;  a  birth  of  animals. 
LOCK,  a  complicated  fastening;  a  quantity  of  hair,  or  wool;  a 

contrivance  to  raise  barges  in  canals. 
LONG,  a.  protracted. — v.  to  desire  earnestly. 
LOT,  fortune ;  a  parcel ;  a  field. 

LUTE,  a  stringed  musical  instrument ;  a  sort  of  cement. 
MACE,  an  ensign  of  authority ;  a  kind  of  spice. 
MAIL,  armor ;  a  post-bag. 

MAIN,  a.  chief. — s.  strength;  the  ocean;  the  continent. 
MALL,  a  heavy  beetle  ;  a  public  walk. 
MAN'GLE,  to  smooth  linen ;  to  cut  and  tear. 
MARCH,  s.  the  third  month. — v.  to  walk  in  procession. 
MASS,  a  lump;  the  service  of  the  Latin  church. 
MAST,  the  pole  to  which  the  sails  of  a  ship  are  fixed ;  the  fruit 

of  the  oak  or  beech. 
MATCH,  a  thing  that  easily  inflames;   an  equal;   a  thing  that 

suits ;  a  marriage  alliance. 

MAT'TER,  material  substance;  subject  of  discourse;  consequence. 
MEAD,  a  meadow ;  honey-wine. 

MEAL,  a  repast;  the  flour  of  corn.  [to  signify. 

MEAN,  a.  base;  niggardly;  middling. — s.  medium. — v.  to  intend; 
MEET,  v.  to  encounter. — a.  proper,  suitable. 
MEW,  s.  a  sea-fowl. — v.  to  cry  as  a  cat ;  to  shut  up ;  to  change 

the  appearance. 

MINE,  s.  a  cavern  dug  for  minerals. — pron.  belonging  to  me. 
MINT,  a  plant;  the  place  where  money  is  coined. 
MIN'UTE,  the  sixtieth  part  of  an  hour ;  a  short  record. 
MOLE,  a  little  animal ;  a  spot  on  the  skin ;  a  mound. 
MOOR,  s.  a  marsh,  or  fen ;  a  negro. — v.  to  make  fast  a  vessel  to 

the  shore. 
MOR'TAR,  a  vessel  in  which  substances  are  pulverized ;  cement 

for  bricks ;  a  short  wide  cannon  for  bombs. 
MOULD,  the  ground  in  which  plants  grow;  the  shape  in  which 

things   are  cast;    a  substance  which   gathers  on  bodies  in  a 

damp  place. 


EQUIVOCAL  WORDS.  41 

MUST,  v.  to  be  compelled ;  to  grow  musty. — s.  new  wine. 
NAIL,  the  horny  substance  at  the  end  of  the  fingers  and  toes ;  a 

metal  spike ;  two  inches  and  a  quarter. 
NAP,  a  short  sleep ;  the  down  on  cloth,  &c. 
NEAT,  s.  an  ox,  or  cow. — a.  elegant ;  cleanly. 
NERV'OUS,  vigorous  ;  having  weak  nerves. 
No,  a.  not  any. — adv.  the  word  of  refusal,  or  denial. 
OBLIGE',  to  compel ;  to  please. 
OR'DER,  regularity;  a  command;  a  class. 

OR'GAN,  a  natural  instrument  of  sense ;  a  musical  wind  instrument. 
OUNCE,  a  small  weight;  an  animal  like  a  panther. 
PAGE,  one  side  of  a  leaf;  a  young  attendant  on  a  prince. 
PALE,  a.  wanting  color;  dim. — s.  a  rail  to  enclose  grounds;  a  space 

enclosed,  or  limited.  [insipid. 

PALL,  s.  a  mantle  of  state;  a  covering  for  the  dead;  v.  to  become 
PAL'LET,  a  small  bed ;  a  painter's  board. 

PALM,  s.  a  tree;  victory;  the  inner  part  of  the  hand. — v.  to  im- 
pose upon  by  fraud. 

PAN'EL,  a  small  board  set  in  a  frame ;  a  list  of  jurors. 
PAN'IC, sudden  fright;  a  plant. 

PAR'TIAL,  biassed  to  one  side,  or  individual ;  affecting  only  a  part 
PASTE,  a  mixture  of  flour  and  water;  imitations  of  precious  stones. 
PA'TIENT,  a.  enduring. — s.  a  sick  person. 
PECK,  s.  a  quarter  of  a  bushel. — v.  to  pick  up  food  with  the  beak ; 

to  strike  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
PEER,  an  equal ;  a  nobleman. 
PEN,  a  writing  instrument;  a  small  enclosure. 
PERCH,  a  kind  offish;  a  roosting  place;  5£  yards. 
PET,  a  slight  passion ;  a  favorite. 
PIKE,  a  fish ;  a  long  lance. 
PILE,  a  beam  driven  into  the  ground;  aheap;  nap;  the  head 

of  an  arrow. 

PINE,  s.  a  tree. — v.  to  languish. 
PIN'ION,  s.  a  wing ;  fetters  for  the  arms ;  a  small  toothed- wheel 

on  the  same  axis  with  a  larger  one. — v.  to  shackle. 
PINK,  s.  a  flower ;  a  color ;  the  highest  quality. 
PITCH,  s.  thickened  tar;  degree  of  elevation. — v.  to  fix;  to  throw; 

to  fall  headlong ;  to  alight. 

PLATE,  a  shallow  dish ;  wrought  silver ;  flatted  metal. 
POACH,  to  boil  slightly;  to  steal  game;  to  tread  soft  ground. 
POLE,  a  long  piece  of  timber;  5|  yards  in  length;  the  extremity 

of  the  earth's  axis;  a  native  of  Poland. 
POL'LARD,  a  tree  lopped;  a  mixture  of  bran  and  meal. 
PORT,  a  harbor ;  a  gate ;  the  gun-hole  in  a  ship ;  a  sort  of  wine 

from  Oporto. 


42  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

POR'TER,  a  door-keeper;  one  who  carries  loads;  strong  beer. 

POST,  s.  a  piece  of  timber  set  upright;  a  messenger;  office;  a 
station. — v.  to  travel  quickly;  to  transcribe  into  a  leger. 

POUND,  s.  twenty  shillings;  a  weight;  a  prison  for  stray  beasts. — • 
v.  to  reduce  to  powder. 

PREFER',  to  choose  before  another;  to  advance. 

PRETEND',  to  represent  falsely;  to  lay  claim. 

PRI'OR,  former;  the  chief  monk  of  a  convent. 

PRUNE,  v.  to  lop  trees. — s.  a  dried  plum. 

PULSE,  the  throbbing  of  an  artery;  leguminous  plants. 

PUMP,  an  engine  to  raise  water;  a  light  shoe. 

PUNCH,  an  instrument  for  cutting  holes;  a  mixed  liquor. 

PU'PIL,  the  apple  of  the  eye;  a  scholar;  a  ward. 

PUR'CHASE,  v.  to  buy. — s.  convenience  for  using  force. 

QUAR'TER,  s.  fourth  part;  mercy  shown  by  a  conqueror;  eight 
bushels. — v.  to  lodge  soldiers. 

RACE,  a  generation ;  a  contest  in  running. 

RAIL,  s.  a  bar. — v.  to  speak  contemptuously. 

RAM,  s.  a  male  sheep. — y.  to  drive  in  violently. 

RANK,  a.  luxuriant;  rancid. — s.  a  row;  dignity. 

RASH,  a.  hasty;  s.  a  breaking  out. 

REAR,  s.  the  hinder  part. — v.  to  raise  up;  to  educate. 

REFU'SAL,  a  denial ;  the  right  of  choice. 

REN'DER, s.  one  who  tears. — v.  to  restore;  to  yield. 

RENT,  s.  a  tear;  revenue. — v.  tore. — part.  torn. 

RESOLU'TION,  act  of  separating  into  parts ;  determination. 

REST,  repose;  remainder. 

RIGHT,  a.  correct;  straight;  not  left. — s.  justice;  just  claim. 

RING,  s.  a  circle. — v.  to  sound;  to  fit  with  rings. 

ROAD,  a  way;  a  place  where  ships  may  anchor  at  a  distance  from 
the  land. 

ROCK,  s.  a  vast  mass  of  stone. — v.  to  move  backwards  and  for- 
wards. 

HOE,  a  female  deer;  the  eggs  of  fish. 

ROSE,  s.  a  sweet  scented  flower. — v.  did  rise. 

Row,  v.  to  impel  with  the  oar;  a  rank,  or  file. 

RUE,  s.  a  plant. — v.  to  regret. 

RUSH,  s.  a  plant. — v.  to  move  with  violence. 

SACK,  s.  a  bag;  a  sort  of  wine. — v.  to  pillage. 

SAGE,  s.  a  plant. — a.  wise. 

SASH,  a  silken  band;  a  window  frame. 

SAW,  s.  a  toothed  instrument  for  cutting;  a  proverb. — v.  did  see. 

SCALE,  s.  the  dish  of  a  balance ;  graduation ;  a  little  shell  on  a 
fish's  skin. — v.  to  climb ;  to  peel  off  in  thin  pieces. 

SEAL,  the  sea-calf;  a  stamp. 


EQUIVOCAL   WORDS.  43 

SEA'SON,  «.  one  of  the  four  parts  of  the  year ;  a  fit  time. — v.  to 
give  a  relish  to. 

SEE,  s.  the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop. — v.  to  view. 

SET,  v.  to  place ;  to  bring  to  a  fine  edge ;  to  fall  below  the  hori- 
zon.— s.  a  number  of  things  suited  to  each  other.  [riage. 

SHAFT,  an  arrow;  a  narrow  perpendicular  pit;  the  pole  of  a  car- 

SHED,  s.  a  slight  covered  building. — v.  to  let  fall,  to  spill. 

SHEER,  a.  unmingled. — v.  to  deviate. 

SHOAL,  s.  a  great  multitude ;  a  sand  bank. — a.  shallow. 

SHORE,  the  coast ;  a  prop  or  support  under  a  building. 

SHRUB,  a  bush ;  an  alcoholic  mixture. 

SINK,  s.  a  drain ;  a  reservoir. — v.  to  go  down. 

SIZE,  bulk ;  a  sticky  substance. 

SMELT,  s.  a  small  sea-fish. — v.  to  melt  ore ;  did  smell. 

SOLE,  s.  the  bottom  of  the  foot ;  a  small  sea-fish. — a.  only. 

SOUND,  s.  a  noise;  a  shallow  sea;  a  probe. — a.  hearty;  unin- 
jured.— v.  to  try  depth. 

SPIR'IT,  the  soul  of  man;  courage;  an  inflammable  distilled  liquor. 

SPRING,  s.  one  of  the  four  seasons;  an  elastic  body;  a  leap;  a 
fountain. — v.  to  arise ;  to  grow. 

STEEP,  a.  precipitous. — v.  to  soak. 

STEER,  s.  a  young  bullock. — v.  to  direct  a  course. 

STEM,  s.  a  stalk. — v.  to  oppose  a  current. 

STERN,  a.  severe. — s.  the  hind  part  of  a  ship. 

STICK,  s.  a  slender  piece  of  wood. — v.  to  adhere ;  to  stab. 

STILL,  a.  quiet. — v.  to  calm. — s.  a  vessel  for  distilling. — adv.  to 
this  time. — conj.  notwithstanding. 

STRAIN,  v.  to  filter;  to  sprain;  to  force. — s.  style;  a  passage  of 
music. 

SUCCEED',  to  follow ;  to  prosper. 

SUF'FER,  to  permit,  to  allow ;  to  endure,  to  bear. 

SUIT,  s.  a  set;  courtship;  prosecution. — v.  to 'fit. 

SWAL'LOW,  s.  a  bird. — v.  to  take  down  the  throat. 

TA'BLE,  an  article  of  furniture ;  an  index,  or  list  of  particulars 
methodically  arranged. 

TACK,  v.  to  join ;  to  turn  a  ship. — s.  a  little  nail. 

TAIL,  the  extremity ;  a  limited  estate. 

TA'PER,  s.  a  wax  candle ;  conical  form. 

TEN'DER,  s.  an  attendant. — a.  soft. — v.  to  offer. 

TILL,  v.  to  cultivate. — s.  a  money  box. — conj.  to  the  time. 

TIRE,  s.  a  head  dress;  the  hoop  of  a  wheel. — v.  to  weary. 

TOLL,  s.  a  tax  on  passengers,  &c. — v.  to  ring  a  bell. 

TONE,  sound ;  elasticity,  or  vigor. 

TOP,  the  highest  part  of  any  thing ;  a  toy. 

TREAT,  v.  to  negotiate ;  to  discourse. — s.  a  feast. 


44 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


TUM'BLER,  a  posture  master ;  a  large  drinking  glass. 

TUR'TLE,  a  species  of  dove ;  the  sea  tortoise. 

USH'ER,  v.  to  introduce. — s.  an  under-teacher. 

UT'TER,  v.  to  speak ;  to  put  forth. — a.  entire. 

VAULT,  s.  a  cellar. — v.  to  leap. 

VICE,  wickedness. — as  a  prefix,  in  the  place  of. 

WA'GES,  s.  stipulated  compensation  for  labor. — v.  carries  on. 

WEAR,  s.  the  act  of  wearing ;  a  kind  of  dam. — v.  to  impair  by 

friction ;  to  carry  upon  the  person. 

WELL,  s.  a  deep  narrow  pit  of  water. — a.  in  good  health. 
YARD,  an  enclosure  by  the  side  of  a  building;  a  measure  of  three 

feet ;  the  support  of  the  sails  of  a  ship. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

IMPROPRIETIES  HEARD  IN  CONVERSATION. 


Some  of  the  following  improprieties  are  heard  in  the  conversation  of  those 
who  are  regarded  as  persons  of  refinement ;  while  others  of  them  are  heard 
only  among  the  most  uneducated  classes.  Improprieties  of  the  latter  kind  are 
often  imitated  by  children  who  do  not  hear  them  from  the  lips  of  their  parents. 


ACROST,  for  across. 
ACTYVE,  for  active. 
AFEARD,  for  afraid. 
AGIN,  for  again  [agen], 
AGUR,  for  ague. 
AlNT,  for  are  not. 
ALL'EZ,  for  always. 
ARETHMETIC,  for  arithmetic. 
ARRIV,  for  arrived. 
ARTER,  for  after. 
Ax,  for  ask. 

BACHELDER,  for  bachelor. 
BAGONET,  for  bayonet. 
BEGRUTCH,  for  grudge. 
BELLUSSES,  for  bellows. 
BETTERMOST,  for  best. 
BEYEND,  for  beyond. 
BILE,  for  boil. 
BIMEBY,  for  by-and-by. 
SLOWED,  for  blew. 


BRAN,  for  brand. 
BRUSTLE,  for  bristle. 
BUST,  or  BUSTED,  for  burst. 
CATECHISE,  for  catechism. 
CAUSE,  for  because. 
CHAW,  for  chew. 
CHEER,  for  chair. 
CHIMBLY,  for  chimney. 
CHIST,  for  chest. 
CHUSE,  for  choose. 
CLY,  for  cloy. 
CLUMB,  for  climbed. 
CORNISH,  for  cornice. 
COWCUMBER,  for  cucumber. 
CRITTER,  for  creature. 
CUPELOW,  for  cupola. 
DARE'SNT,  for  dare  not. 
DATER,    [a    as    in    far]    for 

daughter. 
DONE,  for  did. 


IMPROPRIETIES. 


45 


DRAWED,  for  drew. 
DREAN,  for  drain. 
DROWNDED,  for  drowned. 
EEND,  for  end. 
EEN-A-MOST,  for  almost. 
FAIBM,  for  firm. 
FELLER,  for  fellow. 
FIFT,  for  fifth. 
FORRUD,  for  forward. 
FOR'T-!-NUR,  for  for  aught  I 

know. 

FRIND,  for  friend. 
FUR,  for  far. 
FURDER,  for  further. 
FUST,  for  first. 
GAL,  for  girl. 
GETHER,  for  gather. 
GIN,  for  gave. 
GlNERAL,  for  general. 
GlNSANG,  for  ginseng. 
GIM-ME,  for  give  me. 
GlT,  for  get. 
GOWND,  for  gown. 
GUARDEEN',  for  guar'dian. 
HAINT,  for  have  not. 
HANDIRON,  for  andiron. 


HENDER,  for  hin'der. 
HERN,  for  hers. 
HERTH,  for  hearth  [harth.] 
HIS'N,  for  his. 
Hoss,  for  horse. 
HOUSEN,  for  houses. 
HOWSOMEVER,  for  however. 
HUM,  for  home. 
HUMBLY,  for  homely. 
HUSBANT,  for  husband. 
IDEE,  for  idea. 
ILE,  for  oil. 

INGIN,  for  Indian  [Ind'yan.] 
INGINE,  for  engine. 
INWITE,  for  invite. 
JANDERS,  for  jaundice. 
JEST,  for^Ms^. 
JICE,  for  joists. 


JINE,  for  join. 
JINUARY,  for  January. 
KETCH,  for  catch. 
KITTLE,  for  kettle. 
KlVER,  for  cover. 
KNOWED,  for  knew. 
LARNING,  for  learning. 
LEAST,  for  lest. 
LEM-ME,  for  let  me. 
LESS,  for  let  us. 
LETTIS,  for  lettuce. 
LEVEN,  for  eleven. 
LICKERISH,  for  licorice. 
LINE,  for  lion. 
LINNING,  for  linen. 
LUTH'ER,  for  leather. 
LOOM,  for  loam. 
MAINT,  for  may  not. 
MASSACREE,  for  massacre. 
MEDDLE,  for  medal. 
MlLED,  for  mile. 
MORE'N,  for  more  than. 
MORNIN,  for  morning. 
MOST,  for  almost.  [ows. 

MOUNTANEOUS,  for  mountain- 
MOUNTING,  for  mountain. 
MUSHMELON,  for  muskmelon. 
NARY,  for  neither. 
NIGGER,  for  negro. 
NORWEST,  for  northwest.    \ous. 
OBSTROPOLOUS,   for  obstreper- 
ONCE'T,  for  once. 
ORNERY,  for  ordinary. 
OURN,  for  ours. 
OUTCH,  for  Oh! 
PARDNER,  for  partner. 
PLETE,  for  plait. 
POME,  for  poem. 
POOTY,  for  pretfy. 
POPPLE,  for  poplar,      [ciation. 
PRONOUNCEATION,  for  pronun- 
QUATE,  for  quoit. 
RALY,  for  really. 
REMARKABLE,  for  remarkably- 
RENSE,  for  rinse. 


46 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


RHEUM ATIZ,  for  rheumatism. 

RIBBET,  for  rivet. 

Riz,  for  risen. 

ROZZUM,  for  rosin. 

RUTHER,  for  rather. 

SAFT,  for  soft. 

SARCER,  for  saucer. 

SARMON,  for  sermon. 

SASSAGE,  for  sausage. 

SAXAFRAX,  for  sassafras. 

SCURSE,  for  scarce. 

SECT,  for  sex. 

SEEN,  for  saw. 

SENCE,  or  SEN,  for  since. 

SET,  for  sit. 

SHAWL,  for  shall. 

SHAY,  for  chaise. 

SHEER,  for  share. 

SHET,  or  SHOT,  for  shut. 

SHUE,  for  shoe. 

SIGH,  for  such. 

SILE,  for  soil. 

SITHE,  for  sigh. 

SIXT,  for  sixth. 

SKEERED,  for  scared. 

SKROUGE,  for  crowd. 

SMUDDER,  for  smother. 

SOME'RS,  for  somewhere. 

SPARROW-GRASS,  for  asparagus. 

SPERE,  for  spire. 

SPERIT,  for  spirit. 

SQUINCE,  for  quince. 

STIDDY,  or  STUDY,  for  steady. 

STUN,  for  stone. 


STUNTED,  for  stinted. 

SuLLER,  for  cellar. 

SURRINGE,  for  syringe. 

SUT,  for  soot. 

SUTHING,  for  something. 

TAINT,  for  ft  is  not. 

TENANT,  for  tenon. 

THAT-ARE,  for  that. 

THEIRN,  for  theirs. 

THIS-ERE,  for  this. 

TOTHER,  for  the  other. 

TOWER,  for  tour. 

TURCLE,  or  TORTLE,  for  turtle,, 

TWICE'T,  for  twice. 

UMBERIL,  or  UMBERILLA,  for 
umbrella. 

YYAGE,  for  voyage. 

WANT,  for  was  not. 

WARNUT,  for  walnut. 

WATERMILLION,  for  water- 
melon. 

WEAL,  for  veal. 

WEEK,  for  wick. 

WEN,  for  when. 

WICH,  for  which. 

WIDDER,  for  widow. 

WlLLER,  for  willow. 

WINDER,  for  window. 

WINE,  for  vine. 

WINEGAR,  for  vinegar. 

WINEPIPE,  for  windpipe. 

WRASTLE,  for  wrestle. 

TENDER,  for  yonder. 

YOURN,  for  yours. 


CHAPTER  Y. 

KULE  IN  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

WORDS  of  one  syllable,  ending  with  a  single  consonant  preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,  double  that  consonant  when  they  take  an  addi- 
tional syllable  beginning  with  a  vowel.  Words  of  more  than  one 


RULE    IN    ORTHOGRAPHY. 


47 


syllable,  ending  in  the  same  manner,  follow  the  same  rule,  when 
they  are  accented  on  the  last  syllable.  General  usage  allows 
some  words  to  double  the  final  consonant  on  taking  an  additional 
syllable,  though  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable  :  as  travel, 
traveller ;  worship,  worshipping,  &c. 

In  the  following  table,  the  several  columns  contain  specimens  of  the  several 
classes  of  words  which  do,  or  do  not  double  their  final  consonant. 

BAR,  Bare,  Bait,  Bark,  BEFIT',  Bal'lot. 

BARKED,       Bared,         Baited,         Barking,      BEFITTING,         Balloting. 

CHIP,  Chitne,  Cheat,  Cart,  COMMIT',  Car'pet. 

CHIPPING,     Chiming,     Cheating,     Carting,       COMMITTED,        Carpeted. 

DIP,  Dire,  Dear,  Damp,          DEFER',  Differ. 

DIPPING,       Direr,          Dearer,         Damper,       DEFERRING,       Differing. 

DIG,  Dive,  Deal,  Dark,  DISTIL',  Discom'fit. 

DIGGER,        Diver,          Dealer,         Darker,        DISTILLER,         Discomfited. 

DOT,  Date,  Deaf,  Dart,  DETER',  Dis'mal. 

DOTTED,        Dated,         Deafer,         Darting,      DETERRING,       Dismally. 

FAT,  Fade,  Jail,  Ink,  IMPKL',  Inhab'it. 

FATTED,        Faded,         Jailer.  Inky,  IMPELLING,        Inhabiting. 

IN,  Ice,  Fail,  Find,  FORGET',  Fer'ret. 

INNER,          Iced,  Failing.        Finder,        FORGETTING,     Ferreting. 

JUT.  Jade,  Join,  Jolt,  JAPAN',  Jab'ber. 

JUTTING,      Jaded,          Joiner,         Jolted,         JAPANNING,       Jabberer. 

RUN,  Race,  Rain,  Rend,  REBEL',  Ri'pen. 

RUNNER,      Racer,          Raining,      Rending,     REBELLING,       Ripening. 

RED,  Ride,  Rail,  Rest,  REMIT',  Rea'son. 

REDDER,       Riding,        Railing,       Rested,        REMITTED,         Reasoner. 

RAP,  Rise,  Roar,  Rust,  REBUT',  Recov'er. 

RAPPING,      Rising,        Roaring,      Rusted,       REBUTTING,        Recovering 

RAG,  Rage,  Read,  Right,          REFER',  Rob'ber. 

RAGGED,       Raging,       Reading,      Righter,      REFERRING,      Robbery. 

TAN,  Tune,  Tear,  Tight,          TREPAN',  Tam'per. 

TANNER,       Tuner,        Tearing,       Tighter,       TRKPANNING,     Tampering. 

UP,  Use,  Vain,  Urn,  UNSHIP',  Ut'ter. 

UPPER,          Using,        Vainer,         Urned,         UNSHIP'PED,      Uttering. 

When  cd  is  added  to  those  words  which  double  the  consonant,  the  e  may 
be  omitted  in  writing,  and  an  apostrophe  supply  its  place;  but  when  the 
consonant  is  not  doubled,  the  e  should  be  written;  thus,  robb'd  for  robbed; 
but  not  rob'd  for  robed. 

4 


PART  II. 


DERIVATION. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  USING  PART  II. — The  pupil  should  study  Chapter  L,  so  as 
K>  be  able  to  recite  it  readily,  (i.  e.  to  state  the  substance  of  each  of  the  prelimi- 
nary observations,  and  to  give  an  account  of  each  of  the  Prefixes  and  Suffixes, 
with  the  examples  which  illustrate  their  use,)  before  proceeding  further. 

The  figures  included  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  paragraphs  of  Chapters  II. 
and  III. ;  and  in  Chapter  I.,  the  references  to  Latin  and  Greek  words  are 
distinguished  by  the  letters  L.  and  G. 

It  is  desirable  that  Part  II.  should  be  studied,  as  a  distinct  exercise,  before 
it  is  used  as  a  reference  book.  The  pupils  will  thus  become  accustomed  to 
tracing  the  etymology  of  words,  and  will  be  prepared  to  discover,  without 
referring  to  the  book,  the  derivation  and  signification  of  many  words,  on 
meeting  with  them  for  the  first  time.  Not  only  should  the  practice  of  tracing 
English  words  to  their  Latin  or  Greek  primitives  be  continued  by  all  pupils 
who  have  studied  this  Part,  but  those  who  are  studying  Latin  or  Greek  should 
be  in  the  habit  of  ascertaining,  and  stating  in  their  recitations,  what  English 
words  are  derived  from  the  Latin  or  Greek  words  which  occur  in  their  lessons. 


CHAPTEK  I. 

GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  DERIVATION  AND  COMPOSITION 
OF  ENGLISH  WORDS. 

1.  THE  words  of  the  English  language  may  be  separated  into 
two  principal  classes,  viz. :  words  of  -Saxon  origin,  and  words  of 
Latin  origin.     Words  derived  from  the  ancient  Greek,  belong, 
in  this  general  division,  to  the  latter  of  the  two  classes ;  although 
they  will  be  arranged  by  themselves,  for  the  sake  of  convenience, 
in  the  following  pages. 

Note.  For  an  account  of  such  words  as  are  neither  of  Saxon  nor  Latin 
origin,  let  the  student  consult  Dr.  Webster's  large  Dictionary. 

2.  A  great  part  of  the  words  which  are  classed  as  words  of 
Latin  origin,  were  introduced  into  the  English,  not  directly  from 
the  Latin  itself,  but  from  the  French,  or  from  some  other  of  those 
modern  languages  which  sprung  from  the  Latin,  and  strongly 
resemble  it.     For  example,  the  word  finish  may  have  come  into 
our  language  from  the  French  word  finir ;  but  both  are  to  be 
traced  back  to  the  Latin  word  finis,  (L.  176),  signifying  an  end 
or  limit. 

(48) 


DERIVATION   AND    COMPOSITION.  49 

3.  By  learning  the  derivation  of  a  word,  we  often  obtain  a 
clearer  notion  of  its  signification  than  we  could  obtain  in  any 
other  way.    This  is  true  of  the  following  examples,  viz. :  contact, 
which  is  from  the  Latin  particle  con,  together,  and  the  verb  tango, 
(participle  tactus),  (L.  526),  to  touch;  Federal,  fromfosdus,  (L. 
162,)  a  league,  or  treaty;    Gradual  from  gradits,  (L.  207),  a 
step;  Induce  from  in,  into,  and  duco,  (L.  133),  to  lead. 

4.  As  Latin  and  Greek  words  often  vary  considerably  in  form, 
in  their  different  cases,  tenses,  &c.,  and  as  the  English  word  is 
not  always  formed  from  that  case  or  tense  which  is  considered 
the  foundation  of  the  others,  it  is  often  necessary  to  know  more 
than  one  of  the  forms  which  the  Latin  or  Greek  word  may  assume. 
Thus,  the  word  fluent  is  derived  from  the  Latin  verb  fluo,  (L. 
185),  to  flow;  while  influx  is  from  fluxum,  the  supine  of  the 
same  verb,  and  the  preposition  in.     So  the  Latin  adjective  felix, 
(L.  163),  which  has  in  its  genitive  case  felicis,  gives  rise  to  the 
English  word  felicity. 

5.  In  arranging  English  words  in  families  under  the  Latin  or 
Greek  words  from  which  they  are  derived,  it  is  proper  to  place 
under  the  several  Latin  or  Greek  words,  not  only  the  English 
words  derived  immediately  from  them,  but  also  those  derived  from 
their  derivatives.     For  example,  under  the  Latin  word  nascor, 
(L.  324),  (part,  natus^),  to  be  born,  should  be  classed  the  English 
words  nascent,  natal,  natural,  nativity,  and  nation;  although, 
with  the  exception  of  the  first,  they  are  derived  more  immediately 
from  words  in  the  Latin  which  are  derivatives  of  nascor,  viz. : — 
natalis,  naturalis,  nativitas,  and  natio. 

6.  Many  English  words  are  formed  from  other  English  words, 
by  means  of  prefixes  and  suffixes.     A  letter,  syllable,  or  word 
joined  to  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  called  a  prefix;  a  letter  or 
syllable  joined  to  the  end  is  called  a  suffix.     Thus,  from  tell  is 
formed  foretell,  by  joining  a  prefix;  and  from  do  is  formed  doer, 
by  joining  a  suffix.     A  word  may  take  two  or  more  prefixes  or 
suffixes  at  the  same  time.    Thus,  r^roduce  contains  two  prefixes, 
re  and  pro ;    wonder/w%  contains   two   suffixes,  ful  and  ly ; 
Donnishness  two  suffixes,  ish  and  ness. 

7.  Some  of  the  prefixes  and  suffixes  are  of  Saxon  origin,  and 
others  are  of  Latin  origin.     Some  of  them  are  words  which  may 
be  used  separately,  while  the  greater  part  are  inseparable,  i.  e.  are 
never  used  by  themselves.     Many  of  the  prefixes  which  are  in- 
separable in  English,  are  separable  in  the  languages  from  which 
they  are  derived. 

8.  In  learning  our  own  language,  we  become  so  familiar  with 
the  signification  of  most  of  the  prefixes  and  suffixes,  (although  it 
is  not  always  easy  to  state  that  signification),  that  as  soon  as  we 


50  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

have  ascertained  the  meaning  of  any  word  which  is  new  to  us,  we 
can  tell  what  would  be  the  meaning  of  the  several  words  formed 
from  it  by  such  additions.  Thus,  after  learning  the  meaning  of 
the  word  confirm,  we  know  what  must  be  the  meaning  of  the 
words  confirmed,  confirmation,  confirmatory,  confirmer,  con- 
firmedly,  unconfirmed,  &c.,  from  the  manner  in  which  they  are 
varied  from  the  word  confirm.  In  some  cases,  the  prefixes  or 
suffixes  seem  not  to  affect  the  signification  of  the  word  to  which 
they  are  joined. 

9.  When  a  prefix  ends  with  a  consonant,  that  consonant  is 
often  changed  or  omitted,  in  order  that  the  prefix  may  unite  easily 
with  the  word  to  which  it  is  to  be  joined.  In  the  words  a/fix, 
cohere,  (L.  217),  implant,  and  s?//fix,  (for  example),  the  prefixes 
ad,  con,  in,  and  sub,  are  changed,  for  the  sake  of  producing  a 
more  agreeable  sound. 


PREFIXES. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  most  important  prefixes  used  in  forming 
English  words.  The  abbreviation  (Lat.)  shows  that  the  prefix  is  from  the 
Latin;  (Gr.)  that  it  is  from  the  Greek.  Prefixes  which  are  inseparable  in 
the  languages  from  which  they  are  derived,  (as  above  explained,  §  7,)  are 
denoted  by  the  abbreviation  (insep.) 

A,  (when  of  English  or  Saxon  origin),  signifies  in,  on,  or  at; 
as  in  the  words  abed,  aboard,  aloft,  ashore,  aside. 

A,  or  AB,  (Lat.),  from;  as,  avert,  (L.  579),  to  turn  from; 
absolve,  (L.  497),  to  release  from. 

A,  or  AN,  (Gr.  insep.),  destitute  of;  as,  atheist,  (Gr.  216),  one 
without  a  God ;  anarchy,  (G.  18),  want  of  government. 

AD,  (Lat.),  which  may  become,  in  composition,  (§  9),  a,  ac, 
af,  ag,  al,  an,  ap,  ar,  as,  or  at,  signifies  to;  as  ao'here,  (L.  216), 
to  stick  to;  ascend,  (L.  465),  to  mount  to;  aflot,  to  assign  to; 
attest,  (L.  538),  to  bear  witness  to. 

AM,  or  AMB,  (Lat.  insep.)  round  or  about;  as,  ambient  (L. 
142),  going  round  ;  surrounding. 

ANA,  (Gr.)  throughout,  up;  as,  analysis,  (G.  129),  a  loosening 
throughout ;  the  solution  of  any  compound ;  a?iatomy,  (G.  217)? 
a  cutting  up. 


PREFIXES.  51 

ANTE,  (Lat.)  before;  as  antecedent,  (L.  57),  going  before. 

ANTI,  or  ANT,  (G-r.),  against;  as,  anta'christian,  (G.  52), 
against  or  opposed  to  Christianity;  antarctic,  (G-.  19),  against 
or  opposite  to  the  north  ;  southern. 

APO,  or  AP,  (Gr.),/rom;  as,  apostle,  (G-.  205),  one  sent  out; 
aphelion,  (Gr.  105),  from  the  sun. 

BE,  (from  the  word  5y),  signifies  upon,  over,  about;  as,  be- 
sprinkle, to  sprinkle  on  or  over.  In  some  words,  the  prefix  be 
seems  to  be  one  of  a  different  origin ;  as  in  behead,  besiege. 

CATA,  (G-r.),  down,  against;  as,  catarrh,  (Gr.  195),  a  flowing 
down;  cataract,  a  dashing  down. 

ClRCUM,  (Lat.),  around,  or  about;  as,  circumnavigate,  (L. 
326),  to  sail  around;  circumjacent,  (L.  238),  lying  around. 

CON,  (in  Lat.,  CUM),  with,  or  together.  It  takes  several  forms, 
viz.,  co,  cog,  col,  com,  and  cor  ;  as,  connect,  (L.  327),  to  bind  to- 
gether; cohere,  (L.  216),  to  stick  together;  compress,  (L.  410), 
to  press  together. 

CONTRA,  (Lat.),  against;  as,  contradict,  (L.  117),  to  speak  in 
opposition.  In  many  words  it  takes  the  form  counter;  as,  coun- 
teract, (L.  3),  to  act  against. 

DE,  (Lat.),/rom,  or  down  from;  as,  deduct,  (L.  133),  to  take 
from;  descend,  (L.  465),  to  go  down  from. 

DIA,  (Gr.),  through;  as,  oYameter,(G.  137)  the  measure  through, 

Dis,  and  the  forms  di  and  dif,  (Lat.  insep.),  asunder,  apart, 
away  ;  as,  dissent,  (L.  476),  to  be  of  a  different  opinion;  advert, 
(L.  579),  to  turn  one  aside.  This  prefix  often  has  a  kind  of 
negative  meaning ;  as  in  disadvantageous,  not  advantageous. 

E,  or  Ex,  (Lat.  &  Gr.),  out,  or  out  of;  as,  eject,  (L.  239),  to 
cast  out;  exclude,  (L.  77),  to  shut  out.  It  also  takes  the  forms 
ec,  and  ef;  as  eccentric,  (G.  44),  out  of  the  centre ;  e/flux,  (L. 
185),  a  flowing  out. 

EN,  or  EM.     See  IN. 

EPI,  or  EP,  (Grr.),  upon,  over,  for;  as,  epidemic,  (Gr.  67),  upon 
a  people;  ephemeral,  (G.  108),  lasting  for  a  day. 

EXTRA,  (Lat.),  beyond;  as,  extraordinary,  (L.  351),  beyond 
what  is  ordinary. 

FORE,  before  ;  as,  foretell,  to  tell  beforehand. 


52  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

HYPER,  (Gr.),  above,  beyond;  as,  hypercritical,  (G.  61),  cri- 
tical beyond  reason. 

HYPO,  (Gr.),  under;  as,  Tzypothesis,  (G.  215),  a  supposition 
taken  as. the  basis  of  a  theory. 

IN,  or  EN,  (Lat.  &  Gr.),  in,  on,  or  into;  as,  insert,  (L.  480), 
to  put  in;  incubation,  (L.  99),  sitting  on;  induce,  (L.  133),  to 
lead  into;  engrave,  (G.  99),  to  cut  upon,  or  in.  In  may  become 
iff,  il,  im,  or  ir  ;  and  en  may  become  em.  In  and  its  equivalents 
often  denote  privation  or  negation;  as,  zndecent,  (L.  110),  not 
decent;  ?71egal,  (L.  256),  not  legal.  Some  words  are  written 
with  in  or  en  indifferently;  as,  enclose,  or  Enclose. 

INTER,  (Lat.),  between,  or  among ;  as,  interpose,  (L.  399),  to 
place  between.  It  sometimes  takes  the  form  enter  ;  as,  entertain, 
(L.  530). 

INTRO,  (Lat.),  within  ;  as,  introduce,  (L.  133),  to  lead  within. 

META,  or  MET,  (Gr.),  after,  beyond,  from  one  to  another;  as, 
metaphysics,  (G.  180),  the  science  which  is  after  or  beyond 
physics;  metonymy,  (G.  156),  a  putting  of  one  word  or  name 
for  another. 

Mis,  signifies  wrong,  erroneous,  defective;  as,  misconduct,  (L. 
133),  wrong  conduct;  misconception,  (L.  47),  an  erroneous 
notion. 

NON,  (Lat.),  not;  as,  nondescript,  (L.  468),  not  described. 

OB,  (Lat.)  denotes  opposition;  as,  object,  (L.  239),  to  cast 
against.  In  composition  it  may  become  oc,  of,  or  op. 

OUT,  beyond ;  as,  outdo,  to  surpass. 

PARA,  or  PAR,  (Gr.),  by  the  side  of;  as,  parasite,  (G.  201), 
that  which  grows  or  feeds  at  the  side  of  something;  parish, 
(G.75). 

PER,  (Lat.),  through;  as,  pervade,  (L.  565),  to  extend 
through. 

PERI,  (Gr.),  around ;  as,  perimeter, "(G.  137),  the  outer  line, 
or  measure  around  anything. 

POST,  (Lat.),  after;  as, postscript,  (L.  468),  something  writ- 
ten after. 

PRE,  (Lat.),  before;  as,  precede,  (L.  57),  to  go  before;  pre- 
judge, (L.  241),  to  judge  before. 


SUFFIXES.  53 

PRETJER,  (Lat.),  beyond ;  as,  preternatural,  (L.  324),  beyond 
nature. 

PRO,  (Lat.),  for,  forth,  forward;  as,  pronoun,  (L.  334),  a 
word  used  instead  of  a  noun ;  provoke,  (L.  596),  to  call  forth ; 
propel,  (L.  373),  to  drive  forward.  It  takes  the  form  of  pur, 
in  purpose,  and  par,  in  portray. 

RE,  or  RED,  {Lat.  insep.),  back  again,  anew;  as,  recall,  to 
call  back;  recommence,  to  begin  anew;  redeem,  (L.  140),  to 
buy  back ;  to  ransom. 

RETRO,  (Lat.),  backward;  as,  retrospect,  (L.  504),  a  looking 
backwards. 

SB,  (Lat.  insep.),  aside,  apart;  as,  secede,  (L.  57),  to  with- 
draw; seclude,  (L.  77),  to  shut  away,  or  apart. 

SUB,  or  SUBTER,  (Lat.),  under;  as,  swoscribe,  (L.  468),  to 
write  under;  swofcrfuge,  (L.  197),  a  flying  under.  It  also  takes 
the  forms  SMC,  sw/,  sug,  sup,  and  sus. 

SUPER,  (Lat.),  above,  over,  more  than  enough;  as,  superna- 
tural, (L.  324),  above  nature ;  supervision,  (L.  586),  overseeing. 
It  often  takes  the  form  sur  ;  as,  surcharge,  to  overload. 

SYN,  (Gr.),  with,  together;  as,  synthesis,  (Gr.  215),  putting 
together.  It  also  takes  the  forms  sy.  syl,  and  sym. 

TRANS,  or  TRA,  (Lat.),  over,  through,  beyond;  as,  transgress, 
(L.  207),  to  go  over  a  law,  or  rule;  ^rcmsparent,  (L.  362),  clear 
like  glass ;  traverse,  (L.  579),  to  pass  over. 

UN,  denotes  privation  or  negation,  (see  IN);  as,  wwbind,  to 
take  off  a  band;  uncertain,  (L  67),  not  certain. 

UNDER,  as,  undermine ;  tmrferrate,  (L.  439). 

WITH,  as  a  prefix,  usually  denotes  opposition,  or  separation; 
as,  leiYAstand,  (L.  491),  to  stand  against ;  toiYAdraw,  to  retire. 


SUFFIXES. 

IN  the  following  list  of  suffixes,  examples  are  given,  under 
each  suffix,  of  the  several  parts  of  speech  which  that  suffix  is 
used  to  form.  Thus,  under  Ate,  the  example  preceded  by  the 
abbreviation  a.  illustrates  the  manner  in  which  ate  is  used  to 


54  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

form  adjectives;    the  example  marked  s.  illustrates  its  use  in 
forming  substantives. 

The  signification  of  the  suffixes  must  be  learned  by  observation.  In  many 
cases,  it  is  impossible  so  to  state  it,  that  the  pupil  can  use  the  statement  as  a 
general  definition,  in  analyzing  words.  Should  the  teacher  desire  something 
like  a  general  definition,  the  words  italicized  in  the  explanations  of  the 
examples  given  in  this  list,  may  be  used  for  this  purpose,  as  the  sentences 
are  constructed  with  a  view  to  such  a  use  of  the  italicized  portion.  In  ana- 
lyzing words,  with  reference  to  their  derivation,  the  pupil  should  be  accus- 
tomed to  state  what  part  of  the  word  constitutes  the  suffix, — what  part  or 
parts  of  speech  it  is  used  to  form — and  how  it  affects  the  signification  of  the 
word  in  question.  A  careful  study  of  the  examples  here  adduced  and 
explained,  will  give  the  pupil  facility  in  expressing  the  signification  of  the 
suffixes  in  other  cases. 

Ac;  a.  demoniac,  like  a  demon;  cardiac,  (G.  43),  pertaining 
to  the  heart. 

ACEOUS;  a.  saponaceous,  (L.  462),  having  the  qualities  of 
soap. 

ACY;  s.  obstinacy,  (L.  491),  the  state  or  condition  of  being 
obstinate. 

AGE  ;  s.  bondage,  the  condition  of  one  bound ;  coinage,  the 
doing  of  the  work  upon  coins. 

AL;  a.  persona/,  (L.  379),  relating  to  person. — s.  removal, 
(L.  316),  the  act  of  removing. 

AN,  or  IAN;  a.  a  republican,  (L.  441),  belonging  to  a  repub- 
lic; barbarian,  belonging  to  a  barbarous  people. — s.  historian, 
one  who  writes  history. 

ANCE,  or  ANCY;  s.  ignorance,  (G.  97),  the  state  of  leing 
ignorant;  consta??cy,  (L.  491),  the  being  constant. 

ANT;  a.  abundant,  (L.  561),  being  in  abundance. — s.  dis- 
putant, (L.  422),  one  who  does  the  act  or  work  of  disputing. 

AR;  a.  lunar,  (L.  274),  belonging  to  the  moon;  annular,  (L. 
15),  resembling  a  ring. — s.  liar,  one  who  does  the  act  of  lying. 

ARD  ;  s.  drunkaro7,  one  who  does}  or  is  guilty  of  intemperate 
drinking. 

ARY;  a.  rotary,  (L  448),  resembling  a  wheel;  planetary, 
(G.  182),  pertaining  to  the  planets.— s.  aviary,  (L.  32),  a  place 


SUFFIXES.  55 

where  birds  are  kept;  missionary,  (L.  805),  one  who  does  the 
work,  or  bears  the  responsibilities  of  a  mission. 

ATE;  a.  accurate,  (L.  102),  having  the  quality  of  accuracy. — 
8.  a  magistrate,  (L.  277),  one  who  does  the  duties  of  a  ruler. — 
v.  abbreviate,  (L.  39),  to  make  short;  navigate,  to  perform  the 
act  of  sailing. 

BLE;  a.  arable,  (L.  26),  thai  can  be  plowed;  lauda&te,  (L. 
251),  that  may  be  praised. 

OLE;  s.  vesicte,  a  little  cavity,  or  vessel;  corpuscte,  a  little 
body. 

CULE,  s.  animalcwte,  (L.  13),  a  minute  animal. 

DOM  ;  s.  freedom,  the  condition  of  being  free ;  kingdom,  the 
realm*  of  a  king. 

EE  ;  s.  referee,  (L.  167),  one  who  is  referred  to  for  a  decision. 

EER;  s.  engineer,  one  who  does  the  work  of  managing  an 
engine. 

EN  ;  v.  blacken,  to  make  black. 

ENCE,  or  ENCY  ;  s.  presence,  (L.  520),  the  state  of  being  pre- 
sent; tendency,  (L.  529),  the  act  or  quality  of  tending  towards. 

ENT;  a.  prudent,  (L.  586),  having  the  quality  of  prudence. — 
*.  student,  the  person  who  studies. 

ER  ;  s.  carrier,  one  who  does  the  work  of  carrying. — a.  broader, 
more  broad. 

ERY;  s.  distillery,  (L.  511),  a  place  where  distilling  is  carried 
on. 

ESCENCE;  s.  convalescence,  (L.  567),  state  of  growing  or 
becoming  healthy. 

ESCENT  ;  a.  putrescenY,  becoming  putrid. 

Ess ;  a  suffix  denoting  feminine  gender;  as,  s.  lioness,  a  female 
lion. 

FUL  ;  a.  jojful,  full  of  joy. 

HOOD  ;  s.  widow/iooa7,  the  condition  of  being  a  widow. 

Ic ;  a.  heroic,  like  a  hero,  or  having  the  quality  of  heroism. 

ICE;  s.  cowardice,  the  quality  of  being  cowardly. 

Ics;  s.  optics,  (G.  157),  the  science  of  vision;  mathematics, 
(G.  133),  the  science  of  quantity. 

ID  ;  a.  frigid,  (L.  194),  having  the  quality  of  coldness. 


56  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

ILE;  a.  fragile,  (L.  191),  that  may  be  broken;  -puerile,  (L. 
417),  like,  or  pertaining  to  a  boy. 

INE;  a.  canine,  (L.  45), pertaining  to  dogs;  alkaline,  like,  or 
having  the  qualities  of  an  alkali. 

ION;  s.  rebellion,  (L.  35),  the  act  of  rebelling;  expansion, 
(L.  358),  the  act  of  expanding,  or  state  of  being  expanded. 

ISH;  cr.  whiti'sA,  somewhat  white;  boyish,  like  a  boy.— v. 
pubh'sA,  (L.  400),  to  make  public;  vanish,  to  do  the  thing  de- 
noted by  the  word  disappear. 

ISM,  or  ASM;  s.  heroism,  the  state  of  being  a  hero;  criticism^ 
(Gr.  61),  the  practice  of  criticising;  Hebraism,  an  idiom  of  the 
Hebrew  language. 

IST  ;  s.  artist,  (L.  27),  one  who  does  work  in  any  branth  of 
art;  florist,  (L.  184),  one  who  practises  the  art  of  cultivating 
flowers;  Calvin^,  one  who  is  a  follower  of  Calvin. 

ITE  ;  s.  favoriYe,  one  who  is  beloved ;  Israelite,  one  belonging 
to  the  nation  of  Israel. 

IVE;  a.  instructive,  (L.  515)5%/?tfe<2  to  give  instruction;  active, 
(L.  3),  having  power  or  Jitness  to  act. 

IZE,  or  ISE;  v.  fertilize,  (L.  167),  to  make  or  render  fertile. 

LESS;  a.  fearless,  without  fear;  penniless,  destitute  of  a  penny. 

LET;  s.  stream^,  a  little  stream. 

LIKE;  a.  "warlike,  resembling  war. 

LING;  s.  a  suffix  denoting  littleness,  as  in  sapling,  jearlingt 
\ordling. 

LY;  a.  "beastly,  like  a  beast. — adv.  proudly,  in  a  manner 
exhibiting  pride;  fixed/y,  (L.  172),  in  a  manner  unchanging  or 
unmoved. 

MENT  ;  s.  banishment,  the  state  of  being  banished,  or  the  act 
of  banishing ;  accompanime?i£,  that  which  accompanies. 

MONY  ;  s.  acrimony,  (L.  1),  the  quality  of  sharpness  or  se- 
verity. In  the  words  testimony,  (L.  538),  matrimony,  (L.  284), 
patrimony,  (367),  &c.,  the  suffix  mony  is  used  with  a  singular 
variety  of  signification. 

NESS;  s.  firmjzess,  (L.  177),  the  state  of  being  firm;  littleness, 
the  quality  or  circumstance  of  being  little. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN.  57 

OR  ;  s.  governor,  (L.  213),  one  who  does  that  which  is  denoted 
by  the  word  govern. 

ORY;  a.  preparatory,  (L.  364),  Jilted  or  designed  to  prepare. — 
s.  observatory,  (L.  483),  a  place  where  observations  are  taken. 

OSE;  a.  verbose,  (L.  575),  abounding  in  words. 

Ous;  a.  dangerows,  partaking  of  danger;  courageous,  (L. 
86),  having  the  quality  of  courage. 

SHIP  '}  s.  clerksA^p,  the  place,  or  offi.ce  of  a  clerk ;  friendship,! 
the  condition  or  relation  of  being  a  friend. 

SOME  ;  a.  quarrelsome,  characterized  by  a  disposition  to  quar- 
rel ;  burdensome,  having  the  quality  or  character  of  oppressive- 
ness. 

STER;  s.  teamster,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  drive  a  team. 

TUDE;  s.  servi£wc7e,  (L.  483),  the  condition  of  slavery;  forti- 
tude,  (L.  189),  the  quality  of  bravery. 

TY;  s.  ability,  (L.  215),  the  condition  or  state  of  being  able. 

URE;  s.  departure,  (L.  365),  the  act  of  departing;  postwre, 
(399),  the  condition  of  being  in  a  particular  position ;  furniture, 
the  thing  furnished. 

WARD  ;  adv.  eastward,  in  the  direction  of  the  east. — a.  awk- 
ward, having  the  quality  of  uncouthness. 

Y ;  a.  dewy,  covered  with  dew ;  watery,  partaking  of  water. 
1 — s.  modesty,  (L.  306),  the  quality  or  state  of 


CHAPTER  II 

WORDS  DERIVED    FROM 

PRONUNCIATION.  Latin  words  are  usually  pro! 
Country,  in  accordance  with  the  general  principles  of  English 
pronunciation.  The  following  directions,  however,  are  necessary 
for  those  who  have  not  studied  Latin,  and  should  be  carefully 
observed. 

1.  Every  Latin  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  there  are  vowels 
or  diphthongs  in  it.  Thus,  in  the  expression  bonafide,  in  good 
faith,  the  word  fide,  has  two  syllables,  the  e  being  sounded  as  e 


58  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

in  me.     In  like  manner  the  words  voce,jure,parte,  lege,  &c.,  are 
pronounced  each  with  two  syllables. 

2.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  accent  always  on  the  first 
syllable ;  as  a'cer,  a' go,  ar'bor.     In  this  book  the  accented  sylla- 
ble is  marked,  in  all  Latin  words  of  more  than  one  syllable  ;  and 
the  manner  in  which  the  word  is  divided  will  generally  show 
what  sound  is  to  be  given  to  the  vowel  of  the  accented  syllable. 

3.  When  a  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  ends  with  a,  that 
letter  is  sounded  as  a  in  ah}  except  that  the  sound  is  not  pro- 
longed •   as  cau'sa,  cate'na. 

4.  The  diphthongs  ce  and  ce  are  sounded  as  simple  e  would  be 
in  the  same  place ;  thus,  fcddus  and  cem'ulus,  are  pronounced  as 
if  written  fe' d us,  em'ulus. 

5.  C  and  g  are  hard  before  a,  o,  and  u,  and  soft  before  e,  i, 
and  y  ;  thus,  in  the  words  ca'no,  co'lo,  and  cu'ra,  the  c  has  the 
sound  of  k  ;  in  cefdo  and  cfvis  it  has  the  sound  of  s.     So  </,  in 
the  words  fuga'tus,  li'go,  and  lon'gus,  has  the  sound  of  g  in  give; 
in  the  words  ge'ro  and  gig1  no  it  has  the  sound  of  g  in  gentle. 

6.  Ch  always  sounds  like  k. 

For  a  full  account  of  Latin  pronunciation,  see  Andrews's  and  Stoddard's 
Latin  Grammar. 


In  the  following  chapter,  a  Latin  word  placed  in  a  paren- 
thesis immediately  after  another  Latin  word,  as  (acm)  after  Acer, 
shows  the  form  which  that  word  assumes  in  the  genitive  case,  if 
it  be  a  substantive  or  adjective;  or  in  the  supine,  or  some  other 
inflection,  if  it  be  a  verb. 

In  the  several  paragraphs,  the  words  are  nof  always  arranged 
in  exact  alphabetical  order,  because  it  is  desirable  that  words 
formed  immediately  and  obviously  from  the  Latin  word  should 
be  placed  before  those  whose  derivation  is  more  remote. 

1.  A'cer,  (a'crts),  sour;  pungent.     Acutus,  sharp. 

ACER'BITY,  sharpness  of  dispo- 1  ACID'ITY,  sourness ;  tartness. 

sition.  ACUTE',  sharp-witted ;  pointed. 

AC'RID,  of  a  biting  taste,  [ture.  ACU'MEN,  (Lat.  acumen,  a  sharp 
AC'RIMONY,  sharpness ;  ill-na-  point),  intellectual  penetra- 
ACID'ULATE,  to  flavor  with  acid.  tion ;  quickness  of  perception 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN, 

2.  Ager,  (a'gri~},  a  field. 
AGRA'RIAN,  relating  to  lands.*   AGRICULTURIST,  a  farmer. 


59 


AG'RICULTURE,  (82),  the  culti- 
vation of  the  ground. 


PER'EGRINATE,  to  travel  in  for- 
eign lands. 


*  The  agrarian  laws  of  ancient  Rome,  which  caused  so  much  civil  commo- 
tion, related  to  the  distribution  of  public  lands  among  the  people. 

3.  A' go,  (ac'tum),  to  do ;  to  perform. 


ACT,  to  behave ;  to  perform. 
AC'TION,  a  performance. 
ACTIV'ITY,  AGIL'ITY,  quickness 

of  motion. 

AC'TUAL,  real ;  existing  in  act. 
AC'TUATE,  to  put  into  action. 
AC'TUARY,  a  register  or  clerk. 
A'GENT,  a  doer;  one  intrusted 

with  business. 
AG'ITATE,  to  put  into  motion  or 

excitement. 


CO'GENT,  forcible. 

DAM' AGE,  (107),  injury. 

ENACT',  to  decree. 

EXACT',  v.  to  take  by  authority 
or  force. 

EXACT',  a.  accurate. 

EX'IGENCY,  pressing  necessity. 

MAN' AGE,  (282),  to  carry  on. 

PROD'IGAL,  wasteful. 

TRANSACT',  to  conduct  or  per- 
form. 


4.  A'lius,  other;  another.     Alie'nus,  foreign. 


AL'IEN,  foreign;  estranged. 
AL'IENATE,  to  transfer  to  ano- 
ther; to  estrange. 


ALIENA'TION,  estrangement. 
INAL'IENABLE,  that  cannot  be 
transferred  or  alienated. 


5.  A'lo,  (al'itum,  or  al'tum),  to  feed;  to  nourish. 


AL'IMENT,  nourishment. 
ALIMENT' ARY,    pertaining    to 


food. 


COALESCE',  (Lat.  coales'co),  to 

grow  together ;  to  unite. 
CoALi'TiON,combination;  union. 


6.  Al'ter,  the  other.     Alter* nus,  one  after  the  other. 


ALTERCA'TION, quarrelling;  dis- 
puting. 
ALTERNATELY,  one   after  the 


other. 


ALTERNATION,  succession ;  per- 
formance by  turns. 

ALTERNATIVE,  a  choice  of  two 
things. 


AL'TITUDE,  height. 


7.  Al'tus,  lofty. 

I  EXALT',  to  raise  up. 


60 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


8.  Am'bulo,  (ambula'tum),  to  walk. 


AM'BULATORY,    pertaining 
the  act  of  walking. 


to 


AM'BLE,  to  walk  or  run  in  an 

artificial  manner.      [through. 

PERAM'BULATE,       to       walk 


9.  A'niOj  (ama'tum),  to  love. 
AMATEUR',  (Fr.),  a  lover  of  the  ENAM'ORED,  inflamed  with  love; 

fine  arts.  fond. 

A'MIABLE,  lovely;  worthy  to  be !  EN'EMY,  one  hostile  to  another; 

loved.  a  foe. 

AMIABIL'ITY,  loveliness.  EX'MITY,  hatred ;  hostility. 

AM'ICABLE,  friendly,  peaceable.  I  INIM'ICAL,  unfriendly;  opposed. 
AM'ITY,  friendship;  good-will.  1 

10.  Am'plus,  large. 


AM'PLE,  large;  liberal. 
AM'PLY,  largely. 
AM'PLIFY,  (152),  to  enlarge. 


AMPLIFICATION,  enlargement; 

extension. 
AM'PLITUDE,  largeness. 


AN'GER,  wrath. 


11.  An' go,  (anx'i),  to  vex. 

ANXI'ETY,  solicitude. 


AN'GUISH,  extreme  pain. 


ANX'IOUS,  solicitous. 


AN'GLE,  a  corner. 


AN'GULAR,  having  corners. 
RECT'ANGLE,    (438),   a  right- 


12.  An'gulus,  a  corner. 

QUAD'RANGLE,  (426),  a  square. 


EQUIAN'GULAR,  (144),  having 


equal  angles. 

angled,  four-sided  figure.        I  MULTAN'GULAR,    (317),  many 
TRI'ANGLE,  (549),  a  three  cor-      cornered, 
nered  figure. 

13.  An'ima,  the  life,  or  spiritual  principle.    AriimuSj  the  mind. 


AN'IMAL,  a  living  creature. 

ANIMAL'CULE,  a  minute  animal. 

AN'IMATE,  to  make  alive. 

ANIMADVERT',  (579),  to  con- 
sider or  criticize. 

INANIMATE,  lifeless. 
AXIMA'TION,  liveliness. 

AXI'MOSITY,  violent  hatred. 


UNANIM'ITY,  (563),  agreement 

in  opinion. 

UNANIMOUS,  of  one  mind. 
EQUANIM'ITY,  (144),  evenness 

of  mind.  [of  mind. 

MAGXANIM'ITY,  (278),  great. 

ness  of  mind. 
PUSILLANIM'ITY,  (Lat.  pusff- 

lus,  weak),  cowardice. 


14.  An'nus,  a  year. 

AN'NUAL,  happening  yearly.      I  AXXU'ITANT,  one  who  receives 
ANNU'ITY,  a  yearly  income.  an  annuity. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN. 


61 


ANNIVERSARY,  (579),  a  stated 
day,  returning  with  the  revo- 
lution of  the  year. 

AN'NALS,  yearly  records. 

BIEN'NIAL,  (37),  of  two  years. 

TRIEN'NIAL,  (549),  happening 
every  three  years. 


SEPTENNIAL,  (478),  of  seven 

years. 
SUPERANNUATED,  impaired  by 

old  age. 
PEREN'NiAL,continuingthrough 


the  year. 


[years. 


MiLLEN'NiUM,(297),  a  thousand 


15.  An'nulus,  a  ring. 


AN'NULAR,  in  the  form  of  a  ring. 


SEM'I-ANNULAR,    having    the 
form  of  half  a  ring. 


16.  An'tiquus,  ancient. 


AN'TIQUARY,  one  who  seeks  an- 
cient things. 
AN'TIQUATED,  old ;  out  of  date. 


ANTIQUE',  (Fr.),  belonging  to 
old  times ;  a  relic  of  ancient 


AN'CIENT,  old. 


[times. 


17.  Ape'rio,  to  open. 
APE'RIENT,  laxative.  |  AP'ERTURE,  an  opening. 

18.  Ap'to,  to  fit  or  join. 


APT,  fit ;  inclined  to. 
APT'NESS,  fitness ;  quickness  of 
apprehension. 


AP'TITUDE,  tendency;  disposi- 


tion. 


ADAPT',  to  adjust;   to  fit  one 
thing;  to  another. 


19.  A' qua,  water. 


AQUAT'IC,  living  in  or  on  the 

water. 
A'QUEOUS,  watery. 


AQ'UEDUCT,  (133),  a  channel 
for  water. 

TERRAQUEOUS,  (536),  consist- 
ing of  land  and  water. 


20.  Ar'biter,  a  judge  or  umpire. 
ARBITRATOR,  a  judge  appoint-  ARBITRATION,     determination 


ed  by  opposite  parties  to  de- 


cide between  them. 
AE'BITRATE,  to  decide. 


by  an  arbitrator. 
AR'BITRARY,  capricious;  abso- 
lute. 


21.  ASbor,  a  tree. 


AR'BOR,  a  bower. 
AR'BORIST,  one  who  cultivates 
trees  and  shrubs. 


AR'BORICULTURE,  (82),  the  art 
of  cultivating  trees  and 
shrubs. 


62  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

22.  Ar'ceOj  to  hinder  or  restrain. 
COERCE',  to  restrain  by  force.     |  COER'CIOX,  restraint. 

23.  Ardeo,  (ar'si),  to  burn. 


AR'DENT,  burning;  passionate. 


AR'DOR,  heat;  earnestness. 

24.  Arguo,  to  argue. 


AR'SOX,  setting  fire  to  a  dwell, 


AR'GUE,  to  reason ;  to  dispute. 
AR'GUMENT,  a  reason  offered; 


ARGUMENTA'TION,  reasoning. 
ARGUMENTATIVE,    containing 


controversy.  ,       argument. 

25.  Ar^ma,  arms,  weapons. 


ARM,  v.  to  take  arms. 
ARMS,  weapons;  war. 
DISARM',  to  deprive  of  weapons. 
AR'MY,  a  number  of  armed  men. 
AR'MISTICE,  (491),  a  cessation 

of  hostilities.  <r-^*—'C-W 
AR'MORER,  one  who  makes  arms. 
AR'MOR,  defensive  weapons. 


AR'MORY,  the  place  where  arms 
are  kept  or  made. 

AR'MAMEXT,  ARMA'DA,  (Sp.),a 
naval  warlike  force. 

ARMO'RIAL,  belonging  to  the  es- 
cutcheon of  a  family,  [inarms. 

ARMIP'OTEXT,  (403),  powerful 

UXARM'ED,  without  arms. 


26.  A'ro,  to  plough. 


AR'ABLE,     capable     of    being 
ploughed. 


IXAR'ABLE,  not  arable. 


27.  Ars,  (aStls),  art,  skill. 


ART,  skill,  cunning;  a  trade. 
ART'IST,  a  professor  of  an  art. 
ART'ISAX,  ARTIFICER;  a  work- 
man, an  operative,    [genuine. 
ARTIFICIAL,  made  by  art,  not 


ART'IFICE,  (152),  stratagem. 

ART'FUL,  cunning. 

ART'LESS,    unskilful ;    without 

fraud. 
INERT',  dull;  motionless. 


28.  Articfulus,  a  joint  or  limb. 

AR'TICLE,  a  single  thing ;  apart  ARTIC'ULATELY,  with  distinct- 

of  speech.  ness  of  sound. 

ARTIC'ULATE,  v.  to  speak  dis-  ARTICULA'TION,  a  juncture  of 


tinctly ;  to  join. 
ARTIC'ULATE,      a.      distinct ; 
branched  out  into  joints. 


bones ;  the  knots  in  the  stalk 
of  a  plant ;  speech. 
Ix ARTIC'ULATE,  indistinct. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  63 

29.  As'per,  rough. 
ASPER'ITY,  roughness.  |  EXAS'PERATE,  to  enrage. 

30.  Au'dioj  (and? tum)}  to  hear. 


AUD'IBLE,  that  can  be  heard. 
AUD'IENCE,  a  hearing;  the  per- 
sons assembled  to  hear. 
AUD'IT,  (Lat.),  to  examine  an 


account. 


AUD'ITOR,    a    hearer;    an    ex- 


aminer. 


AUD'ITORY,    an    assembly    of 
hearers.  [ing 


OBE'DIENT,  listening  to;  obey- 


£ 

;  ob( 


31.  Au'gco,  (autfi,  auc'tum^),  to  increase. 

AUGMENT',  to  increase.  jAu'THOR,   (the  Latin  word   is 

AUGMENTATION,  enlargement.!     cmc'for),    an     originator;    a 
AUC'TION,   a   sale   by   bidding  |     writer, 

more  and  more.          [auction.  |  AUTHORITY,  legal  power^  in- 
AUCTIONEER',  one  who  holds  an  j     fluence. 
AU'THORIZE,  to  give  authority.  AUXILIARY,  helping. 

32    A'visj  a  bird.     Au'gur,  Aus'pex,  (aus'picis),  a  soothsayer. 
A'VIARY,  a  place   enclosed   to '  INAUGURATE,  to  invest  with  an 


keep  birds  in. 
AU'GUR,  s.  one  who  predicted 

by  observing  birds. 
AU'GUR,  y.  to  forebode. 
AU'GURY,  an  omen  or  prediction. 


office  by  solemn  rites. 
AUS'PICES,   (Lat.),  (504),  the 

oinens  of  an  undertaking. 
AUSPIC'IOUS,  favorable. 
INAUSPIC'IOUS,  unfortunate. 


33.  Bac'chus,  in  heathen  mythology,  the  god  of  wine. 

BAC'CHANAL,  one  who  indulges  I  BACCHANA'LIAN,  pertaining  tc 
in  drunken  revelry.  I     drunken  revelry 

34.  BedtuSj  happy;  blessed. 

BEATIFIC,  (152),  fitted  to  bless  I BEAT'ITITDE,     blessedness;     a 
or  make  happy.  I     blessing  pronounced. 

y 

35.  Bel'lum,  war. 

BELLIGERENT,  (203),  waging  I  REB'EL,  one  who  revolts, 
war,  I  REBELLION,  insurrection. 

5 


64 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
36.  Btbo,  to  drink. 


BIB'BER,  a  tippler. 
BIBA'CIOUS,  fond  of  drinking. 


BIB'ULOUS,  absorbing. 
IMBIBE',  to  drink  in. 


37.  JBis,  twice. 

BISECT',  (470),  to  cut  into  two  BI'PED,  (380),  an  animal  hav- 

equal  parts.  ing  two  feet. 

BISECT'ION,  division  into   two  BI'VALVE,   (Lat.    vafvcs,  fold- 


ing-doors), a  molluscous  ani- 
mal,   having   two   valves   or 


equal  parts 
BIS'CUIT,  (85),  hard,  dry,  flat 

bread.  shells;    an    oyster;    a   mua. 

COMBINE',  (Lat.  bi'ni,  two  by      sel,  &c. 

two),  to  unite. 

38.  Be'ne,  well. 
BOUN'TY,  (Lat.  lo'nus,   good),  I  BEN'EFICE,  a  church  living. 


generosity. 

BENIGN',  kind;  favorable. 
BENIG'NITY,  graciousness. 

(152),      kind; 


BENEFAC'TION,   a   benefit  con- 
ferred. 
BENEFAC'TOR,  one  who  confers 


a  benefit. 

BENEDIC'TION,  (117),  a  bless- 
ing. 

BENEV'OLENCE,  (598),  disposi- 
tion to  do  good. 


BENEF'ICENT, 
doing  good. 

BENEF'ICENCE,  active  goodness. 
BEN'EFIT,  advantage. 
BENEFI'CIAL,  advantageous. 

39.  Br&'is,  short. 

BREVET',  a  commission  without  BREV'ITY,  shortness. 

seal,  giving  title  and  rank  in  ABBRE'VIATE,  to  shorten. 

the  army  above  that  for  which  BRIEF,  a.  short;  concise. 

pay  is  received.  !  BRIEF,  s.  a  pleader's  notes. 

BREVET',  taking  rank  by  brevet.  | 

40.    Ca'do,  (ca'swT/i),  to  fall. 

CA'DENCE,  fall  of  the  voice. 
DECA'DENCE,  falling;  decay. 
CASE,  state  of  a  thing. 


CAS'UAL,  happening  by  chance. 
CAS'UALTY,  accident.! 
CAS'UALLY,    accidentally;    by 

chance. 

CASCADE',  a  waterfall. 
AC'CIDENT,  that  which  happens 


COINCIDE',  to  agree. 
COINCIDENCE,  concurrence. 
DECAY',  to  fall  away. 


DECID'UOUS,  falling. 
IN'CIDENT,  s.  an  event. 
IN'CIDENT,  a.  likely  to  happen 

as  an  attendant  event. 
OCCA'SION,   opportunity;    time 

of  a  particular  occurrence. 


unforeseen.      [of  conscience.  OC'CIDENT,  the  west,  where  the 


CAS'UISTRY,  the  science  of  cases 


sun  sets. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


65 


41.    Cce'do,  (cc&'swm),  to  cut;  to  kill. 


INCIS'ION,  a  cut  into  any  thing. 
EXCIS'ION,  a  cutting  out. 
EXCISE',  a  duty  on  goods.. 
CONCISE',  short,  brief. 
DECIDE',  to  determine. 
DECIS'ION,  determination. 
DECI'SIVE,  conclusive. 
PRECISE',  exact;  strict. 
PRECISION,  exact  limitation. 
PRECISE'LY,  exactly ;  in  exact 

conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a 

model. 


FRAT'RICIDE,  (192),  killing  a 
brother. 

HOM'ICIDE,  (220),  manslaugh- 
ter; a  manslayer. 

INFAN'TICIDE,  (158),  killing  an 
infant. 

PAR'RICIDE,  (367),  killing  a 
father. 

SUI'CIDE,  (519),  self-murder. 

REG'ICIDE,  (438),  murder  of  a 
king. 


42.    Cal'eoj  to  be  warm  or  hot. 


CAL'DRON,  a  boiler;  a  large  ket- 


CAL'ID,  hot. 


[tie. 


CALOR'IC,  the  element  of  heat. 


CALEFAC'TOR,    (152),   a  small 

kind  of  stove.  [fluid. 

SCALD,  to  burn  with  a  boiling 


43.    Calx,  (catfcis),  chalk ;  limestone.    Cal'culus,  a  little  pebble. 


CALCINE',  to  expel  all  volatile 
ingredients  from  a  compound 
by  heat,  (as  water  and  car- 
bonic acid  from  limestone  in 
the  manufacture  of  lime ;)  to 
reduce  to  powder  or  ashes. 


CAL'CULATE,  to  reckon.  [An- 
ciently pebbles  were  used  in 
numerical  computation.] 

INCALCULABLE,  that  cannot  be 
calculated ;  beyond  calcula- 
tion. 


44.    Can'deo,  to  glow  with  heat. 

CAN'DLE,  a  tallow  or  wax  light. ;      nification  is   derived   figura- 
IN'CENSE,  s.  perfumes  burnt.  tively  from  the  light  pertain- 

INCENSE',  v.  to  enrage.  ing  to  a  red-hot  substance.] 

INCEN'TIVE,  inducement.  CAN'DID,  open,  ingenuous. 

INCEND'IARY,    one    who     sets  CAN'DIDATE,  one  proposed  for 

houses,  &c.,  on  fire.  office,  or  preferment.* 

CAN'DOR,  sincerity.     [This  sig-  CAN'DIDLY,  without  disguise. 

*  Among  the  Ancient  Romans,  those  who  sought  the  consulship  wore  robes 
of  remarkable  whiteness,  and  were  thence  called' candidate. 

45.    Ca'nis,  a  dog. 

CA'NINE,  pertaining  to  dogs.        CANIC'ULAR,  pertaining  to  the 

dog-star. 


66 


THE   SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


46.    Can'tus,  a  song. 


CHANT,  a  kind  of  sacred  music. 
CHAN'TICLEER,  (75),  the  cock 

which  crows. 
CAN'TICLE,  a  song;  the  song  of 

Solomon. 

CAN'TO,(It.),asectionofapoem. 
CANT,  a  set  phraseology  used  to 

manifest  religious  zeal. 


DESCANT',  to  discourse  in  a  for< 
mal  manner. 

AC'CENT,  a  modification  of  the 
voice. 

ENCHANT',  to  delight  highly. 

INCANTA'TION,  charms  by  sing- 
ing. 

RECANT',  to  recall,  to  retract. 


47.    Ca'piOj  (cap1  turn),  to  take. 


CA'PABLE,  able  to  do  or  take. 
CAPA'CIOUS,     large,      holding 

much. 
CAPAC'ITATE,    to    enable;     to 

qualify. 

CAPAC'ITY,  power  of  holding. 
CAP'TIOUS,  peevish;  cavilling. 
CAP'TIVATE,  to  take  prisoners ; 

to  charm. 

CAP'TIVE,  a  prisoner. 
CAP'TOR,    one    who    takes     a 

prize. 

CAP'TURE,  a  seizure. 
ACCEPT',  to  receive.  Png- 

ACCEPTABLE,  grateful;   pleas- 
ANTICIPA'TION,    receiving    or 

doing  beforehand. 
CONCEIVE',  to  have  an  idea  or 

notion. 

CONCEPTION,  notion,  idea. 
DECEIVE',  to  cheat,  to  mislead. 
DECEP'TION,  a  fraud,  a  cheat. 
EMANCIPATE,  (282),  to  set  at 

liberty. 

EXCEPT',  to  take  out. 
INCIP'IENT,  commencing. 


INTERCEPT',  to  seize  on  the 
'  way ;  to  stop. 

OCCUPATION,  possession;  em- 
ployment. 

OC'CUPY,  to  possess. 

PARTICIPATE,  (365),  to  share. 

PAR'TICIPLE,  a  word  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  an  adjective 
and  of  a  verb. 

PERCEIVE',  to  notice. 

PERCEP'TIBLE,  capable  of  being 
perceived. 

PRECEP'TOR,  a  tutor,  a  teacher. 

PRE'CEPT,  a  rule  given. 

PRiN'ciPAL,(412),chief,capital. 

PRIN'CIPLE,  element ;  ground 
of  action. 

RECEIPT',  a  taking;  acknow- 
ledgment for  money  paid. 

RECEIVE',  to  take,  to  admit. 

RECEPTACLE,  a  thing  which 
receives  or  contains. 

REC'IPE,  a  medical  prescription.* 

RECIP'IENT,  one  who  takes. 

SUSCEP'TIBLE,  capable  of  being 
affected  or  changed. 


*  Recipe  is  an  imperative  form  of  the  verb  recipio,  and  would  be  the  first 
word  in  a  prescription  written  in  Latin — "  Take,"  etc.  In  bocks  of  pharmacy 
the  word  is  usually  represented  by  R.  or  some  other  character. 

48.   Cap'ut,  (cap'itis),  the  head. 

CAP'ITAL,  chief;  principaLf      |  CAPiTA'TiON,counting  by  heads, 
f  Capital  crimes  are  those  which  are  punishable  by  low  of  the  head  or  life. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN.  67 

CAPIT'ULATE,  to  surrender  on  PRECIP'ITATE,   a.   headstrong ; 

conditions.*  ;      hasty. 

CAPE,  a  head-land.  P KECIP'ITATELY,  headlong,  has- 

CAP'TAIN,  a  chief  commander. ;      tily,  rashly. 
CIIAP'TER,  a  division,  or  head.  ;  PREC'IPICE,  a  headlong  steep. 
DECAP'ITATE,  to  behead.  .  RECAPIT'ULATE,  to  repeat  again 

PRECIP'ITATE,     v.    to     tumble       (as  the  topics  of  a  discourse.) 

headlong;  to  hurry. 

*  The  word  arose  from  the  stipulation  being  drawn  up  under  heads. 

49.    Car'cer,  a  prison. 
INCARCERATE,  to  imprison.        |  lNCARCERA;TiON,imprisonment 

50.    Ca'ro  (car'nii),  flesh. 

CAR'NAL,  fleshy,  not  spiritual.   !  CAR'NALLY,  according   to   the 
CAR'NAGE,  (3),  slaughter.  flesh;  not  spiritually. 

INCARNA'TION,  the  taking  of  a  CAR'CASS,  a  dead  body. 

body  of  flesh.  jCARNiv'oROUs,  (601),  feeding 

INCAR'NATE,  embodied  in  flesh,  i     on  flesh. 
CAR'NIVAL,   (567),  in   Roman  CHAR'NEL-HOUSE,  a   place   for 

Catholic    countries,    a    feastj      depositing  human  bodies. 

before  Lent. 

51.    Car'po,  to  pluck. 

CARP,  to  cavil ;  to  find  fault.      I  INDISCERPT'IBLE,  that   cannot 
CARP'ING,  captious ;  fault-find-  \     be  torn  in  pieces. 

ing.  j  EX'CERPT,  something  culledout. 

52.    Cas'tiyo,  to  chastise. 
CAS'TIGATE, to  punish  by  stripes.  |  CASTIGA'TION,  punishment. 

53.    Cate'na,  a  chain. 


CONCATENATION,  a   series  of 
links;  a  successive  order  of 


things    depending    on    each 

54.    Cau'sa,  a  cause. 


other ;  (as,  a  concatenation  of 
causes.) 


OAUSE,  that  which  produces  an 

effect. 
CAUSE'LESS,  having  no  cause. 


ACCUSA'TION,  the  act  of  charg- 
ing with  an  oftence  or  crime. 
EXCUSE',  to  pardon. 


ACCUSE',    to    charge    with    a  j  BECAUSE',  for  this  reason, 
crime  [RECU'SANT,  making  opposition. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
55.    Ca'veo,  (cau'tum'),  to  beware. 

CAU'TION,  prudence  in  respect  [!NCAU'TIOUS,  heedless. 

to  danger.  PRECAUTION,  previous  care. 

CAU'TIOI/S,  using  caution. 


56. 


CAVE,  a  hollow  place. 
COX'CAVE,  hollow,  opposed   to 


convex. 


is,  hollow. 

EX'CAVATE,  to  hollow  out. 
EXCAVA'TION,  a  cavity  made  by 
digging. 


57.    Ce'do,  (ces'swm),  to  yield  ;  to  go  away. 

INTERCESSION,  the  act  of  inter- 
ceding. 

PRECEDE',  to  go  before. 

PREDECEASE',  the  decease  of  one 
before  another. 

PRFCE'DENCE,  priority,  supe- 
to  riority 

PREDECESSOR,  one  that  was  in 
a  place  before  another. 


CEDE,  to  yield  or  give  up. 

CES'SION,  a  giving  up ;  resigna- 
tion. 

CEASE,  to  stop ;  to  leave  off. 

CESSA'TION,   a  stop,  a  discon- 
tinuance. 

ACCEDE',     to     assent    to 
agree. 

ACCESS',  approach. 


ACCES'SION,  a  coming  to;   an !  PREC'EDENT,  an  example. 

increase   by  the  addition   of  PROCEED',  to  go  forward. 

something. 
AC'CESSORY,  rendering  aid. 


AN'CESTOR,  (Lat.  anteces'sor)^ 
person  from  whom  one  is  dis- 
tantly a  descendant. 

ANTECE'DENT,  going  before. 

CONCEDE',  to  admit,  to  grant. 

DECEASE',  departure  from  this 
world;  death. 

EXCEED',  to  go  beyond. 

EXCESS',  more  than  enough. 

EXCES'SIVE,  exceeding. 

INCES'SANT,  without  pause. 

INTERCEDE',  to  go  between ;  to 
request  in  behalf  of  another. 


PROCE'DURE,    manner    of 
ceeding;. 


pro- 


PROC'ESS,  progressive  course. 
PROCES'SION,     a     ceremonious 

march. 

RECEDE',  to  go  back ;  to  retreat. 
RECESS',    a   place    or   time    of 

retreat. 

SECES'SION,  a  withdrawing  from. 
SUCCEED',   to   follow  after;    10 

prosper. 
SUCCESS',  prosperity;  the  event 

of  an  affair. 
SUCCES'SION,  series. 
SUCCES'SIVE,  following  in  order. 


58.    Cel'eber,  renowned,  famous. 


CEL'EBRATE,  to  praise;  to  com- 
mend solemnly. 


CEL'EBRATED,  renowned,  famous.  CELEB'RITY,  renown;  fame. 


CELEBRA'TION,  a  distinguishing 
by  ceremonies. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN.  69 

59.    Ce'ler,  swift. 
C  LER'ITY,  swiftness.  |  AccEi/£RATE,to  hasten  forward. 

60.    CePla,  a  cellar. 
CEL'LAR,  an  underground  store.  CEL'LARIST,  a  butler;  one  who 


CEL'LARAGE,  charge  for  storage 


in  a  cellar. 


has  the  care  of  the  cellar. 


61.   Ceflo,  to  cover,  to  hide. 


CONCEAL',  to  hide. 


CONCEAL'MENT,  the  act,  place, 
or  mode  of  hiding. 


62.   Coeflum,  the  heaven. 


CELES'TIAL,  heavenly. 


SUBCELES'TIAL,    beneath    the 
heavens. 


63.   Cen'seo,  to  judge  or  estimate. 

CEN'SOR,  an  officer  who  exam-  CEN'SURABLE,  blame-worthy, 
ines  the  works  of  authors  be-  CEN'SUS,  (Lat.),  an  official  enu- 
fore  they  are  allowed  to  be       meration   of  the  inhabitants 
printed.  of  a  country. 

CENSO'RIOUS,  judging  severely.  iRECEN'siON,  a  review,  or  re- 

CEN'SURE,  blame,  reproach.        |     examination. 

64.    Cen'tum,  a  hundred. 


CENTEN'NIAL,  (14),  occurring 
once  in  a  hundred  years. 

CEN'TURY,  a  hundred  years. 

CENTU'RION,  an  officer  over  a 
hundred  men. 


CENTENA'RIAN,  a  person  who  is 
a  hundred  years  old. 

PERCENTAGE,  (3),  a  rate,  al- 
lowance, or  estimate  by  the 
hundred. 


65.    Cer'no,  (ere* turn),  to  separate;  to  distinguish;  to  discern. 

CER'TAIN,  determined ;  sure.  vj  DISCERN',  to  see;  to  distinguish. 
CER'TIFY,  (152),  to  assure.  DISCREET',  discerning,  prudent. 
CERTIFICATE,  a  written  declara-  DISCRETE',  distinct,  separate. 

tion  or  testimony.  jDiscEBN'iVJENT,  judgment. 

ASCERTAIN', to  find  out  certainly.  DISCRETION,    judgment,    pru- 
CONCERN',  business ;  anxiety.          dencc. 
DECREE',  (Lat.  decei'no),  to  or-  DISCRIMINA'TION,  (Lat.  discri- 

dain  or  command.  ,      men),  distinction. 

DECREE',  an  edict;  a  rule  or  law.  DISCRIMINATING,  acute. 


70  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

SECRETE',  to  put  aside.  SEC'RETARY,  one  who  writes  for 

SE'CRET,  concealed  ;  private.  another.* 

*  So  called  from  the  private  or  secret  affairs  intrusted  to  him. 
66.    Cer'to,  to  contend;  to  vie. 

CONCERT7,  to  contrive  together.  DISCONCERT',  to  disturb. 
CON'CERT,    union;    a    musical  PRECONCERT'ED,   contrived   to- 
entertainment.  gether  beforehand. 

G7.    Cer'tus,  sure,  (see  Cer^no). 

68.    Ci'eo,  (ci'tum),  to  rouse;  to  call  forth. 

CITE,  to  summon  into  a  court;  INCITE',  to  animate;  to  urge  on. 

to  quote.  IXCITE'MENT,  impulse. 

CITA'TION,    a    summoning;    a  RECITE',  to  repeat;  to  tell  over. 

quotation.  RECITA'TION,    repetition  ;     re- 

EXCITE',  to  stir  up,  to  encourage.  hearsal. 

EXCI'TABLE,  easily  stirred  up.  RECI'TAL,  account  ;   narration  ; 

EXCITE'MENT,  agitation.  rehearsal. 

RESUS'CITATE,  to  rouse  or  en-  QUOTE,  to  repeat  a  passage  from 

liven  again.                               |  some  author. 


69.    Cin'go,  (cinc'tum),  to  gird. 

lt;  a  girdle.       (SUCCINCT',  bro 
PRE'CINCT,  a  limit  or  bound.      |     compass;  compact;  concise. 


CIXCT'URE.  a  belt;  a  girdle.       (SUCCINCT',  brought  into  small 


70.    C?nis,  (Cin'eris},  ashes. 

CIN'DER,  a  burnt  mass.  INCIN'ERATE,  to  burn  to  ashes. 

CINERA'TION,  the  reduction  of   INCIN'ERABLE,  that  may  be  re- 
anything  to  ashes.  duced  to  ashes. 

71.    Circus,  a  circle. 


CIR'CLE,  a  round  space,  also  the 

line  enclosing  it. 
CIR'CLET,  a  little  circle. 
CIR'CULAR,  round  like  a  circle. 


CiRCu'iTOUS,going  round  about ; 

not  direct. 
CIR'CUS,    an    open    space    for 

sports. 


CIR'CULATE,  to  move  in  a  circle. '  EN  CIR'CLE.  to  surround. 
CIR'CUIT,  (142),  extent  round  j  SEM'ICIRCLE,  (474),  half  a  circle, 
about. 

72.    Ci'vis,  a  citizen. 

Civ'lC,  relating  to  civil  honors.  I  CIV'IL,  relating  to  the  commu- 
nity ;  gentle,  well  bred. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 


Tl 


CIVIL'IAN,  one  versed  in  law  or 
political  affairs,  [or  city. 

CiT'iZEN.an  inhabitant  of  a  state 
CIT'Y,  a  large  corporate  town. 
Civii/iTY,gentleuess,  politeness. 


CIVILIZA'TION,  the  state  of  a 

civilized  people. 
CIV'ILIZE,   to   reclaim   from   a 

savage  state. 
UNCIV'IL,  rude,  clownish. 


73.    Clam,  secretly. 


CLANDESTINE,  secret. 


CLANDESTINELY,   in   a  secret 
manner. 


74.    Cla'mOy  (clama'turn),  to  cry  out ;  to  shout. 


CLAM'OR,  outcry;  noise. 

CLAM'OROUS,  noisy;  vociferous. 

CLAM'ORER,  a  noisy  person. 

ACCLAMA'TION,  a  shout  of  ap- 
plause. 

DECLAMA'TION,  discourse  ad- 
dressed to  the  passions;  ex- 
ercise of  public  speaking. 

CLAIM,  to  demand. 


CLAIM' ANT,  one  that  demands 
a  right. 

DISCLAIM',  to  deny  the  posses- 
sion of  any  right  or  character. 

EXCLAIM',  to  cry  out.  [ly. 

PROCLAIM',  to  announce  public- 

PROCLAMA'TION,  publication  by 
authority. 

RECLAIM',  to  recall;  to  reform. 


75.   CZa'rus,  clear,  bright. 


CLAR'ION,  a  shrill  trumpet. 
CLEAR,  bright;  evident. 
DECLARE',  to  make  known;  to 
proclaim. 


CLAR'IFY,  (152),  to  purify. 
DECLARA  TION,  a  proclamation; 
open  avowal. 


76.    Clas' sis,  a  class. 


CLASS,  a  rank  of  persons,  a  set. 

CLAS'SIC,  CLAS'SICAL,  relating 
to  authors  of  the  highest  rank, 
particularly  ancient  Greek 
and  Roman  authors. 


CLAS'SIFY,  (152),  to  arrange  in 

classes. 
CLASSIFICATION,  arrangement 

in  classes. 
CLAS'SIS,  (Lat.),  a  convention. 


77     Claudo,  (clau'sum),  or  Clu'do,  (cln'sum^),  to  shut,  to  close, 


CLOSE,  to  shut. 

CLOS'ET,  a  small  private  room. 

CONCLUDE',  to  come  to  a  deci- 
sion. 

CONCLUSIVE,  decisive. 

CLAUSE,  a  subdivision  of  a  sen- 
tence, [nery. 

CLOIS'  TER,  a  monastery  or  nun- 


EXCLUDE',  to  shut  out. 

SECLUDE',  to  shut  up  apart. 

INCLUDE',  ENCLOSE',  to  shut  in; 
to  bring  within  certain  limits. 

PRECLUDE',  to  hinder  or  prevent 

RECLUSE',  one  who  lives  in  re- 
tirement or  seclusion. 

SECLU'SION,  retirement. 


72  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

78.   Cle'mens,  (clemen'tis),  merciful,  kind 


CLEM'ENT,  merciful,  kind. 
CLEM'ENCY,  mercy. 


INCLEM'ENT,  unmerciful ;  harsh. 
INCLEM'ENCY,  severity. 


79.   Cl?no,  to  incline  or  bend. 


INCLINE',  to  bend,  to  lean. 

INCLINATION,  propensity. 

DECLINE',  to  lean  downwards; 
to  refuse. 

DECLIV'ITY,  (Lat.  clfvus),  de- 
scent; inclination  downwards. 


ACCLIV'ITY,  ascent,  inclination 

upwards. 

PROCLIV'ITY,  proneness. 
RECLINE',  to  lean  back. 
CLIN'ICAL,  relating  to  a  couch 

or  bed.* 


*  Clinical  lectures  are  medical  lectures  given  at  the  bed-side  of  the  patient. 

80.   Clfvus,  an  ascent;  a  hill.     See  derivatives  under  Ctfno. 
81.    Co'dex,  (cocftet*),  the  trunk  of  a  tree;  a  volume  or  roll. 

CODE,  a  collection  or  digest  of  COD'ICIL,    a   supplement    to    a 
laws.  will. 

82.    Co'lo,  (cul'tum),  to  cultivate. 


COL'ONY,  a  settlement  or  plan- 
tation abroad. 

COL'ONIST,  a  settler  in  a  colony. 

COUL'TER,  the  sharp  iron  of  a 
plough. 


CUL'TURE,  improvement  by  la- 
bor. 

AG'RICULTURE,  (2),  husbandry, 
farming. 

HORTICULTURE,  (222),  garden- 
ing. 


CUL'TI  VATE,to  improve  by  labor. 

83.    Co'mes,  (com'itis),  a  companion. 
COM'ITY,  kindness  of  manner.    |  CONCOMITANT,  going  with. 

84.    Concilium)  an  assembly ;  a  council. 


COUN'CIL,  an  assembly  held  for 

consultation. 
CONCILIATE,  (Lat.  conctfio),  to 

bring    together;    to   win    to 

friendship. 


CONCILIATORY,  fitted  to  allay 

angry  feelings. 
RECONCILE',  to  conciliate  again , 

to  render  consistent. 


85.    Co'quo,  (coc'tum),  to  cook. 


CONCOCT',  to  prepare  by  digest- 
ing -,  to  devise ;  to  plot ;  (as^ 
to  concoct  a  scheme). 


DECOC'TION,  the  act  of  boiling 

any  thing  to  extract  its  virtues. 

COOK,  to  prepare  food  by  heat. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  73 

86.    Cor,  (coSd-tii),  the  heart. 

CORE,  the  central  part,  as  of  :  CONCORDANCE,    an    index    of 

fruit-  words  contained  in  the  Bible. 

COR'DIAL,  a.  sincere,  hearty.      !COUR'AGE,  boldness. 

COR'DIAL,  s.  anything  that  glad-  i  DIS'CORD,  disagreement. 


dens  the  heart. 
CORDIALITY,  sincerity. 
CON'CORD,  agreement. 


RECORD',  (Lat.  Recor'dor,  to 
remember,  call  to  mind),  to 
register. 


87.    Cor'nu,  a  horn. 


COR  NET,  a  musical  instrument 
blown  with  the  mouth ;  a  sort 
of  trumpet. 

CORNUCO'PIA,  (Lat.  co'pia, 
,  the  horn  of  plenty. 


plenty), 


BTCOR'NOUS,  (37),  having  two 

horns  or  antlers. 
U'NICORN,    (563),    an    animal 

having  a  single  horn. 


L    Co  j'na.  a  garland,  or  crown. 


CROWN,  the  head  ornament  worn  ;  COR'ONET,  an    inferior    crown 


by  kings. 
CORONATION,  the  solemnity  of 

crowning  a  king. 
COR'ONAL,  a  crown  or  garland. 


worn  by  the  nobility. 
COR'ONER,  an  officer  to  inquire 

into  violent  deaths.* 
COR'OLLARY,  an  inference. f 


The  name  was  derived  from  the  relation  of  the  office  to  the  crown. 
So  called  because  it  crowns  the  leading  proposition  or  argument. 

89.    Cor' pus,  (cor'poris),  a  body. 


COR'PORAL,  the  lowest  officer 
over  a  body  of  soldiers. 

COR'PORATE,  united  into  a  body 
or  community. 

CORPORATION,  a  body  politic. 

INCORPORATE,  to  embody. 

COR'PUSCLE,  a  minute  body. 


CORPO'REAL.  having  a  body;  not 
immaterial;  relating  to  the 
body.  [body. 

COR'PULENT,    having   a   bulky 

CORPSE,  a  dead  body. 

CORPS, (Fr.),  (pronounced  core), 
a  body  of  soldiers. 


90.    Cos'ta,  a  rib. 

COAST,  the  margin  of  the  land.  INTERCOS'TAL,   lying    between 
COS'TAL,  pertaining  to  the  ribs.       the  ribs. 

91.    Crasy  to-morrow. 
PROCRASTINATE,  to  put  off.      |  PROCRASTINATION,  deferring. 


74 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

92.    Cre'do,  (cred'itum),  to  believe. 


CREED,  articles  of  belief. 

CRE'DENCE,  belief. 

CRED'IT,     belief ;     reputation ; 

trust. 

CRED'ITABLE,  reputable. 
CREDENTIAL,  that  which  gives 

title  to  belief. 


CRED'IBLE,  worthy  of  belief. 
INCRED'IBLE,  not  to  be  believed. 
CRED'ITOR,     one     who     trusts 

another  for  a  debt. 
CRED'ULOUS,  apt  to  believe. 
DISCREDIT,  to  disbelieve,  [lief. 
INCREDU'LITY,  slowness  of  be- 


93.    Crefo,  (crea'tuni),  to  create. 

CREATE',  to  cause  to  exist.  CREA'TOR,    (Lat.),    God.    who 

CREA'TION,  the  act  of  creating;       gives  existence. 

the  universe.  RECREA'TION,  amusement,    di- 


CREAT'URE,  a  created  being. 
CREA'TJVE,    that    can   or   does 
create. 


version,  (because  it  re-creates 
vigor\ 


94.    Cre'po,  (crep' itum}  to  sound ;  to  rattle. 


DISCREPANCY,  literally,  dis- 
agreement of  sound;  incon- 
sistency. 


DECREP'IT,*  wasted  and  worn 

out  with  age. 
DECREP'ITUDE,*  the   feebleness 

of  age. 

*  The  derivation  of  this  word  is  doubtful.  If  derived  from  crepo,  its  signi- 
fication has  reference  to  the  rattling  or  creaking  of  anything  which  is  broken, 
or  loosened  from  its  place. 


95.    Ores' co,  (ere' turn),  to  grow. 

CRES'CENT,  the   shape  of  the  DECREASE',  to  grow  less, 
new  moon  "\  INCREASE',  to  grow  larger. 

CON'CRETE,  to  coalesce  into  one  RECRUIT',  v.  to  raise  new  sol- 
mass  ;  to  coagulate.  diers ;  to  gain  new  strength. 

ExcREs'cENCEjSomethinggrow-  RECRUIT',  s.  a   newly  enlisted 
ing  out  of  another.  soldier. 

•j"  So  called  from  its  change  of  size. 


96.    Crfmen,  (crim'inis),  an  accusation ;   a  crime. 

CRIME,  an  offence;  a  great  fault.  RECRIMINA'TION,  return  of  one 
CRIM'INAL,  partaking  of  crime.       accusation  with  another. 
CRIMINA'TION,  an  accusing.        RECRIM'IN  ATE,  to  retort  acharge. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


75 


97.    Cru'dus,  raw,  unripe. 

CRUDE,    raw;     unripe;     undi-;CRu'EL,  (Lat.  crude' lis),  hard- 
gested.  hearted. 


CRU'DITY,     unripeness ; 
gestion;  crudeness. 


indi- 


CRU'ELTY,  inhumanity. 


98.    Crux,  (cru'cis),  a  cross. 


CROSS,  s.  one  straight  body  laid 

across  another. 
CROSS,  a.  peevish. 
CRUCIFIX'ION,  (172),  death  on  a 


cross. 


CRU'CIFIX,  a  cross  bearing  an 
image  of  our  Saviour. 


CRU'CIAL,  crosswise;  transverse. 

CRU'CIFY,  (152),  to  put  to  death 
by  nailing  to  a  cross. 

EXCRU'CIATE,  to  extort  by  suf- 
fering; to  put  to  severe  pain. 

ExcRu'ciATiNG,extremely  pain- 
ful; torturing. 


99.    Cu'bo  or  cum' bo,  to  lie  down. 


ENCUM'BER,  to  oppress  with  a 
burden ;  to  hinder. 

ENCUM'BRANCE,  a  burden. 

INCUBA'TION,  the  act  of  sitting 
upon  eggs. 

IN;CUBUS,  (Lat.),  the  night- 
mare ;  a  sense  of  weight. 


INCUM'BENT,  resting  upon. 
RECUM'BENT,  lying;  leaning. 
PROCUM'BENT,  lying  down. 
SUCCUMB',   to  yield;    to    sink 

under  a  difficulty. 
SUPERINCUM'BENT,    lying    on 

the  top  of  something. 


CUL'PABLE,  faulty;  blamable. 
CUL'PRIT,  an  accused  person. 


100.    CuVpa,  a  fault. 

Excui/PATE,toclear  from  blame. 
INCUL'PATE,  to  blame. 


101.   Cu'midus,  a  heap. 
CUMULATIVE,  piled  up.  |  ACCUMULATE,  to  heap  up. 


102.   Ou'ra,  care. 

CURE,  a  healing.  [dy.  PROCURE',  to  obtain. 

CU'RABLE,  admitting  of  a  reme-<  PROCUREMENT,  the  act  of  pr 
CU'RATE,  a  clergyman  hired  to !      curing; ;  attainment, 
do  the  duties  of  another. 


CU'RIOUS,  inquisitive. 
CU'RATOR,  a  superintendent. 
CURIOS'ITY,  inquisitiveness ;  a 

rarity. 
AC'CURATE,  exact;  done  with 

care. 


curing 
PROX'Y,  (contracted  from  pro- 

curacy),  agency  for  another. 
SECU'RITY,  safety. 
SI'NECURE,  (Lat.  si'ne,  without), 

a  station  which  gives  income 

without  employment. 


76 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


103.    Cu/ro,  (cu/sum),  to  run. 


CUR'RENT,  a.  passing. 
CUR'RENT,  s.  a  running  stream. 
CUR'RENCY,  circulation;  money. 


DISCOURSE',  conversation ;  a  ser- 
mon. 
DISCUR'SIVE,  roving ;  by  grada- 


CUR'RICLE,  an  open  chaise,  with  |     tion  of  argument. 


two  horses  abreast. 
CUR'SORY,  hasty. 
CAREER',  course. 
COU'RIER.  (Fr.),  a  messenger 

sent  in  haste.        [succession. 
COURSE,  race;  passage;  order  of 
COURS'ER,  a  swift  horse. 
CONCUR',  to  agree. 
CONCURRENCE,  combination  of 

circumstances ;  agreement. 
CON'COURSE,    a    confluence    of 

persons  or  things. 


EXCURSION,  an  expedition ;  a 

digression. 

INCUR'SION,  inroad ;  invasion. 
INCUR',  to  become  liable  to. 
OCCUR',  to  happen. 
OCCURRENCE,  an  event. 
RECUR',  to  happen  again ;  to  go 

back. 

PRECUR'SOR,  forerunner. 
RECOURSE',   application    to   for 

help. 
SUC'COR,  help  in  distress. 


104.    Cur'vus,  crooked;  winding. 


CURVE,  a  bent  line. 
CURV'ATURE,  crookedness. 


[CuR'vATED,  bent;  crooked. 
INCUR' VATE,  to  bend. 


105.    Cus'tos,  (custo'difT),  a  keeper. 
CUS'TODY,  watch,  imprisonment.  {  CUSTO'DIAL,  relating  to  custody. 

106.    Cu'tis,  the  skin. 
CUTA'NEOUS,  affecting  the  skin.  |  CU'TICLE,  the  thin  outer  skin. 


107.  Dam'num,  harm,  loss. 


DAM'AGE,  (3),  injury. 


;  CONDEMN',    to    give    sentence 


DAMNA'TlOH,  the  word  used  in  against;     to  denounce, 

the  New  Testament  to  signify  INDEMNIFY,   (152,)  to  relieve 

condemnation   to  everlasting  from  loss, 
punishment. 


108.  De'beo,  (deb'ituni),  to  owe. 


DEBT,  that  which  is  due. 
DEBT'LESS,  free  from  debt. 


DEB'IT,  v.  to  charge  with  debt. 
DEBT'OR,  one  who  is  indebted. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN.  77 

109.   De'cem,  ten. 

DEC'IMAL,  numbered  by  tens.          ten ;  (as,  ten  days,  ten  year&s 

DEC'IMATE,  to  tithe;  to  take  the       or  ten  parts). 

tenth ;  to  destroy  a  large  but  DECEN'NIAL,    (14),    happening 

indefinite  part  of  any  aggre-  j     every  ten  years. 

gate  body.  DECEM'VIRATE,  (591),  a  body 

DECIMA'TION,  selection  of  every       of  ten  magistrates. 

tenth;  a  heavy  loss  of  life  DUODECIMAL,  (Lat.  duod'ecim, 
from  any  cause  in  an  army  or  twelve),  reckoned  by  twelves. 
other  large  body  of  persons.  I  DUODECIMO,  (Lat.),  a  sheet 

DEC'ADE,  the  sum  or  number  of  j     folded  into  twelve  leaves. 

110.  De'cet,  to  be  becoming  or  proper. 

DE'CENT,  becoming.  '     DEC'ORATE,  to  adorn. 

BE'CENCY,  propriety  of  manner.  DEC'OROUS,  observing  propriety. 
DECO'RUM,  (Lat.),  propriety  of  INDECO'RUM,  (Lat.),  impropri- 


behavior. 


ety. 


111.  Dens,  (den'tis),  a  tooth. 


DEN'TAL,     belonging    to     the 

teeth ;  sounded  by  the  aid  of 

the  teeth. 

DEN'TIST,  a  dental  surgeon. 
DEN'TIFRICE,  (Lat./H'co,  to  rub 

or  chafe),  tooth  powder. 
DENTI'TION,  cutting  the  teeth ; 

teething. 

*  So  called  from  a  custom  of  cutting  notches  in  the  edge  of  the  paper  or 
parchment  on  which  it  is  written. 


INDENT',  to  make  inequalities 
like  teeth. 

TRI'DENT,  (549),  Neptune's 
sceptre  with  three  prongs. 

INDENTATION,  a  notch. 

INDENTURE,  a  species  of  con- 
tract.* 


112.  Den'sus,  thick,  close. 


DENSE,  close,  compact. 
DENS'ITY,   closeness,    compact- 


ness. 


CONDENSE',  to  compress. 
CONDENSATION,  a  thickening 
or  compression. 


113.  Dete'riorj  worse. 

DETERIORATE,      to      become  I  DETERIORATION,        becoming 
•worse.  worse. 

114.  De'us,  God.     Di'vus,  a  god. 

DE'ITY,  the  nature  and  essence  I  DE'IST,  one  who  believes  in  God, 
of  God.  but  denies  revelation. 


78  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

DIVINA'TION,  foretelling  j  DIVINE',  v.  to  presage. 

DIVINE',  a.  of  the  nature  of  God.  j  DIVIN'ITY,  the  nature  of  God'. 
DIVINE',  s.  a  theologian.  theology. 

115.  Dcx'ter,  pertaining  to  the  right  hand. 

DEX'TEROUS,  expert;  ready.      IDEX'TER,  right  as  opposed  to 
DEXTER'ITY,    expertness;    ae-       left',   (as,  the  dexter  cheek), 
tivity;  readiness.  DEX'TEROUSLY,  with  dexterity; 

|      expertly. 

116.  Dfco,  (died turn))  to  devote;  to  show. 
DED'ICATE,  to  devote  ;   to  in-  AB'DICATE,  to  give  up  right;  to 


scribe  to. 


resign. 


IN'DICATE,  to  point  out;  to  show. 'INDICATION,  mark;  token. 


117.  Di'co,  (dic'tum),  to  say. 

DIC'TION,  language ;  style.  INDICT',   to  charge   by  formal 

DICTIONARY,  a  book  containing  accusation. 

the  words  of  a  language.  INDITE',  to  draw  up;    to   com- 

DIC'TATE,    to    give    directions  pose. 

authoritatively.  •  INTERDICT',  to  prohibit. 

DICTA'TOR,    (Lat.),   a    Roman  MALEDIC'TION,  (279),  a  curse. 

magistrate.  PREDICT',  to   foretell ;    to  pro- 

DICTATO'RIAL,  authoritative.  phesy. 

BENEDIC'TION,  (38),  a  blessing.  PRED'ICATE,  to  assert. 

CONTRADICTION,     opposition ;  PRED'ICABLE,  that  may  be  as- 

inconsisteucy.  serted. 
CONTRADIC'TORY,  implying  con- ;YER.'DICT,  (580),  the  decision 

tradiction  or  denial.  of  a  jury. 
E'DICT,  a  proclamation. 

118.  Di'es,  a  day. 

DI'ARY,  a  daily  account.  I  MERID'IAN,  (287),  noon ;  mid 

DIUR'NAL,  daily.  day. 

QUOTID'I AN,  (Lat.  quot,  as  many  POST-MERID'IAN,  relating  to  or 

as),  happening  daily.  being  in  the  afternoon  ;  P.  M. 

DI'AL,  a  plate  with  the  hours  of  NOCTIP'IAL,  (336),  comprising 

the  day  marked  on  it.  |      a  night  and  a  day. 

119.  Diy'itus,  a  finger;  a  finger's  breadth. 

DIG'IT,    a    numerical     figure ;  \  DIG'ITATED,  branched  like  fin- 
three-fourths  of  an  inch.  gers. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  79 

120.  Dig'nus,  worthy. 

DIG'NITY,  honor.  INDIG'NANT,    angry    and    dis- 

DIG'NIFY,  (152),  to  advance  toi     gusted. 

honor.  INDIGN  ArTiON,anger  mixed  with 

DEIGN,  to  think  worthy;  to  con-       contempt. 


descend. 
INDIG'NITY,    unworthy     treat- 


ment. 


CONDIGN',  suitable;  merited. 
DISDAIN',  to  think  unworthy. 


121.  Dimid'ium,  half. 


DEM'I-GOD,    one    esteemed    as 
half  a  god. 


DEM'I-DEIFY,   (114),    to   half 
deify. 


122.  Dis'co,  to  learn.    Discip'ulus,  a  learner. 


DISCI'PLE,    a    learner;    a    fol- 
lower. 


DISCIPLINE,  instruction;  edu- 


cation. 


123.  Dfvido,  (586),  (divtsum),  to  divide. 

DIVIDE',  to  separate  into  parts.  DIVI'SOR,  the  number  given  to 
DIVIS'ION,  the  act  of  separating.       divide  by. 
DIV'IDEND,  the  number  to  be  DIVISIBLE,  separable  into  parts, 
divided.  |  INDIVIDUAL,  a  single  being  or 

|     thing. 

124.   Do,  (da'tum),  to  give. 
DO'NOR,  a  giver.  ED'ITOR,  one  who  prepares  for 


DONA'TION,  a  gift. 


publication. 


DONATE',  to  give;  to  contribute,  i  PAR'DON,  to  forgive. 
ADD,  (Lat.  ad' do),  to  join  to.      PERDI'TION,  destruction ;   ruin. 
ADDI'TION,  increase.  REN'DER,  (Lat.  red*  do),  to  yield; 

CONDI'TION,    (Lat.    con' do,    to      to  furnish. 

bring  together),  state.  |  RENDI'TION,  the  act  of  yielding 

ED'IT,  to  give  forth;  to  publish.  |      possession ;  surrender. 

125.  Do'ceo,  (doc'tum),  to  teach. 

DOC'TOR,  a  man  who  has  taken  DOC'UMENT,  a  paper  containing 

the  highest  degree  in  divinity,      -evidence. 

law,    or   physic,  viz.,  D.  D.,  DO'CILE,  teachable. 

LL.  D  ,  or  M.  D.  !DOCIL'ITY,     readiness     to     be 

DOC'TRINE.  whatever  is  taught,  j      taught. 
6 


80  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

126.  Do'leo,  to  grieve;  to  be  in  pain. 

DOLE'FUL,  sorrowful.  |  CONDOLE',  to  sympathize  with 

DOL'OROUS,  melancholy.  the  grief  of  another. 

|!N'DOLENCE,  laziness.* 

*  Literally,  freedom  from  pain  or  trouble. 

127.  Dom'inus,  a  master  or  lord. 

DOMIN'ION,  supreme  authority,  j  DOM'INANT,  prevailing. 
DOMINA'TION,  power;  tyranny.  | DOMINEER',  to  rule  with  inso- 
DOMAIN',     (Lat     ffomra'utm),       lence.  [the  rest, 

property;  empire;  dominion,    j  PREDOMINATE,  to  prevail  over 

128.  Do'mo,  (dom'itum),  to  suhdue;  to  tame. 
INDOM'ITABLE,  not  to  be  sub-  DOM'IFY,  (152),   to  tame;   to 


dued. 


domesticate. 


129.  Do'mus,  a  house ;  a  home. 


DOME,  a  house;  a  spherical  roof.  DOM'ICIL,  (Lat.  domicil'ium,  an 
DOMES'TIC,    belonging    to    the       abode),  a  mansion  or  abode. 

house  or  family.  j  DO'M AL,  relating  to  a  house. 

DOMES'TICATE,  to  accustom  to  DOMICIL'IATE,   to   fix    a    resi- 

the  residence  of  man.  dence. 

130.  Dor'mio,  (dormi1  turn) ,  to  sleep. 
DOR'MANT, sleeping;  insensible.  |  DOR'MITORY,  a  sleeping-room. 

131.  Dor? sum,  the  back. 
DOR'SAL,    pertaining     to     the  ENDORSE',  to  write  on  the  back 


back. 


of  a 


paper. 


132.  Du'lius,  doubtful. 


DU'BTOUS,  uncertain. 
lNDu'BiTABLE,nottobedoubted. 


DOUBT,  uncertainty  of  mind. 


133.  Du'co,  (duc'turn),  to  lead. 

DUCT,  a  little  channel  or  canal.  ABDUC'TION,  a  leading  away. 

DUC'TILE,    capable    of    being,  ADDUCE',  to  bring  forward, 
drawn  out  into  a  thread  orj  AQ'UEDUCT,  (19),  a  channel  or 
wire.  tube  for  conveying  water 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  81 

CONDUCT',  v.  to  lead  or  guide.    >  INTRODUCE',  to  bring  or  usher  in 
CON'DUCT,  s.  behavior ;  manage-  INTRODUCTION,  the  act  of  in 

ment.  troducing  or  ushering ;  exor, 

CONDUCE',  to  lead  or  tend.  dium ;  preface. 

CON'DUIT,  (Fr.),  a  water  pipe  INTRODUCTORY,  serving  to  in- 

or  canal.  troduce ;  preliminary. 

DEDUCE',  to  draw  an  inference. !  PRODUCE',  to  bring  forward ;  to 
DEDUCT',  to  subtract.  bear. 

DEDUC'TION,  an  inference.          PRODUCTIVE,  capable  of  pro- 


DUKE, a  leader;  a  noble. 
EDUCE',  to  draw  out. 


ducing. 
REDUCE',    to   bring   down;    to 


ED'UCATE,  to  lead  by  instruc-'     subject. 

tion  and  discipline.  SEDUCE',   to    draw   aside    into 

INDUCE',  to    lead    by  motives ;       error  or  crime. 

to  bring  on  ;  (as,  a  disease).    SEDUC'TIVE,  fitted  to  entice. 
INDUCE'MENT,  a  motive.  TRADUCE',  to  calumniate. 

134.  Du'o,  two. 


DU'AL,  relating  to  two  or  a  pair. 
DU'EL,  a  combat  between  two. 
DUET',  a  piece  of  music  in  two 


parts. 


DOUB'LE,  consisting  of  two. 
DU'PLICATE,  (392),  two-fold. 
DUPLIC'ITY,    double    dealing ; 
deception. 


135.  Du'rus,  hard. 


DU'RABLE,  lasting.  OB'DURACY,  hardness  of  heart; 

DU'RANCE,  imprisonment.  stubborn  impenitence. 

DURA'TION,  continuance.  |(_)B'DURATE     stubborn;    hard- 

ENDURE  ,  to  bear ;  to  last.  hearted. 

136.  Eb'rius,  drunken. 


EBRI'ETY,  drunkenness. 
INE'BRIATE,  an  habitual  drunk- 


ard. 


SOBRI'ETY,  (Lat.  stfnc),  freedom 
from  intoxication ;  dignity  of 
deportment. 


137.  jE'des,  (cddis},  a  house  or  building. 


ED'IFICE,  (152),  a  building.       j  ED'IFY,  to  build  up  in  knowl- 
edge or  faith. 


138.  E'do,  to  eat. 
EDAC'ITY,  greediness.  |  ED'IBLE,  eatable. 


82  THE    SCHOLAR'S    COMPANION. 

139.    Ego,  I. 

E'GOTISM,  talking  much  of  one's  EGOTIST'ICAL,     self-conceited  ; 
self.  opinionated. 

140.   ffmo,  (emp'tum),  to  buy. 

EXEMPT',  (literally,  bought  off,)  PROMPT/]-  ready  ;  quick. 

not  liable.  I  REDEEM',  to  buy  back  ;  to  ran- 

EXEMP'TION,  freedom  from  a!  som. 

task  or  burden.  [lute.  REDEMPTION,  the  act  of  rc- 

PER'EMPTORY,*  positive  ;  abso-  1  deeming. 

*  The  Latin  word  peri'mo,  signifies  to  take  away  wholly;  to  destroy,-  and 
peremp'tor,  signifies  a  destroyer. 

f  From  pro'  mo,  (promp'tum),  which  is  compounded  of  pro  and  emo,  and 
signifies  to  bring  or  put  forward. 

141.  JEm'ulus,  a  rival. 

EMULA'TION,  a  desire  to  vie  or  EM'U  LOUS,  rivalling;  competing. 
compete  with  another.  EM'ULATE,  to  strive  to  equal  or 

to  excel. 


142.  Ho,  (iVvm),  to  go. 

AM'BIENT,  surrounding.  PER'ISH,  to  die. 

AMBI'TION.J  a  desire  of  honor.  PER'ISHABLE,  subject  or  liable 

CIR'CUIT,  (71),  (Lat.  ciVcM/n),  to  decay. 

extent  round  about.  SEDI'TION,  a  going  into  a  sepa- 

EX'IT,  (Lat.),  a  going  put;  a  rate  or  rebellious  party. 

departure.  TRANSIENT,    soon    past;    mo- 

INI'TIAL,  placed  at  the  entrance  mentary. 

or  beginning.  TRANS'ITORY,  passing  quickly  ; 

INI'TIATE,  to  give  entrance  to,  not  permanent. 

(as  to  a  custom  or  society)  ;  to  TRANSMIT,  a  passing  over. 

admit  to  the  knowledge  of;  TRANSI'TION,  the  act  or  state 

to  introduce.                   [sion.  of  passing  from  one  condition 

INITIA'TION,  reception;  admis-  to  another. 

OBIT'UARY,   (Lat.    ob'itus,   de-  TRANS'ITIVE,     in     grammar, 

cease),  relating  to  the  decease  passing  over  upon  some  ob- 

of  a  person.  ject. 

J  The  Latin  word  ambi'  tits*  signifies  a  going  round  or  about;  and  was  used 
to  denote  the  canvassing  for  votes,  and  the  soliciting  of  popular  favor  em- 
ployed by  those  who  sought  office. 

143.   E'quus,  a  horse. 

EQUESTRIAN,     pertaining     to  EQ'UIPAGE,  the  arms,  &c.,  of  a 
horsemanship.  mounted  soldier;  any  accou- 

';     trements. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  83 

144.  ^E'quus,  equal,  just. 

E'QUAL,  of  the  same  size  or  im-j  E'QUINOX,  (336),  the  time  when 

portance.  the  day  and  night  are  of  equal 

E'QUALIZE,  to   make   even   or;      length. 

equal.  JEQ'UITY,  justice. 

E'QUABLE,  not  varying.  JEQUIV'ALENT,  (567),  of  equal 

AD'EQUATE,  equal  to;  sufficient.!     value  or  force. 
EQUA'TION,  a  making  equal.       JEQUIV'OCATE,    (596),    to    use 
EQUA'TOR,  a  line  which  divides  j      words  in  a  doubtful  and  de- 

the  earth  into  two  equal  parts.  I      ceptive  manner. 
EQUILIBRIUM,    (259),     equal 'INIQ'UITY,  injustice. 

weight. 

145.   Er'ro,  (erra'tum),  to  wander. 

ERR,  to  mistake.  ';ERR'ING,  irregular;  vicious. 

ERRA'TUM,  (Lat),  (pi.  erra'ta^  ERRO'NEOUS,  wrong;  incorrect. 

an  error  in  writing  or  printing.  ABERRA'TION  ,  wandering  from 
ERRAT'IC,   deviating   from  the ,     the  right  path. 

usual  way;  wandering.  I  UN  ER'RIJSGLY,  without  mistake. 

146.  JE'stimo,  to  value. 

ES'TIMATE,  to  judge  concerning  ES'TIMABLE,  worthy  of  esteem. 

the  value.  j  ESTEEM',  high  regard. 

ESTIMATION,  opinion  respecting !  INES'TIMABLE,  of  value  too  great 

value.  |      to  be  computed. 

147.  JE'vum,  an  age. 


COE'VAL,  existing  at  the  same 

period.  [life. 

LONGEVITY,  (269),  length  of 


PRIME'VAL,  (412),  of  the  first 
age ;  existing  in  the  earliest 


times. 


148.  Exem'plum,  an  example. 


EXAM'PLE,  model,  pattern;  in- 
stance, [tated. 
KXEM'PLAR,  a  pattern  to  be  imi- 
EX'EMPLARY,  worthy  of  imita- 
tion,                    [by  example. 


SAM'PLE,  a  specimen. 
SAM'PLER,  a  pattern  of  needle- 
work, [tion. 
EXEMPLIFICATION,       illustra- 
UNEXAM'PLED,  without  prece- 


EXEM'PLIFY,  (152),  to  illustrate      dent. 

149.  Ex'teruSj  outer;  foreign. 

EXTE'RIOR,  the  outside.  EXTRANEOUS,    not    belonging 

EXTER'NAL,  pertaining  to  the!      to  the  subject;  foreign  to  the 
outside.  i      subject. 


84 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


EXTREME',  utmost. 
EXTREM'ITY,  the  utmost  point. 


EXTRIN'SIC,  (Lat.  secus,  other- 
wise), from  without. 


STRANGE,  foreign ;  unusual. 
150.  Fa'ber,  an  artificer. 


FAB'RIC,  a  structure. 


FAB'RICATE,  to  form ;  to  devise 
falsely. 


151.  Fa'cies,  a  face. 


FACE,  the  countenance;  appear- 
ance. 

DEFACE',  to  disfigure. 
EFFACE',  to  wipe  out. 


SUR'FACE,  SUPERFIC'IES,  out- 
side. 

SUPERFICIAL,  lying  on  the  out- 
side. 


152.  Fa'cio,  (fac'tum'),  to  do  or  make :  and  Fi'o,  (fac'tus),  to 

become. 


FACT,  a  thing  done;  a  reality. 
FAC'TOR,  an  agent  or  doer. 
FAC'TION,  a  party  counteracting 

the  government. 
FAC'TORY,  a  building  in  which 

anything  is  manufactured;  the 

residence  of  traders  abroad. 
FAC'ILE,    (Lat.  fafcilis,  easy), 

easy  to  be  done. 
FACILITATE,  to  make  easy. 
AFFECT',  to  move  the  passions. 
AFFEC'TION, love,  kindness;  any 

passion. 
AFFECTA'TION<  assumed  feeling. 


EFFECTIVE,  EFFICIENT,  opera- 
tive; active;  producing. 

EFFECT'UAL,  EFFICA'CIOUS,  not 
failing  to  accomplish  the  ob- 
ject in  view. 

INFECT',  to  taint  with  disease. 

MANUFACTURE,  (282),  to  make 
things  by  hand  or  machinery. 

OF'FICE,  employment;  station; 
place  of  business. 

OFFICIATE,  to  discharge  an 
office. 

PER'FECT,  (Lat.  perfic'io,  to  ac- 
complish), complete;  pure. 


CONFEC'TIONERY,  sweet-meats.  \  PON'TIFF,")"  (Lat.pons,  a  bridge), 
COUN'TERFEIT,  a  forgery.  a  high  priest;  the  pope. 

DEFEAT',  to  undo;  to  overthrow.  PROFIC'I EN CY,  advancement  or 
DEFECT',  want ;  a  blemish.  improvement  in  any  study  or 

DEFEC'TION,  departure;  revolt.;     business. 
DEFI'CIENT,  DEFEC'TIVE,  fail-  REFEC'TORY,  an  eating-room. 

ing.  |  SACRIFICE,  (453),  to  offer;  to 

DIF'FICULT,  hard  to  be  done. 
FI'AT,*  (Lat.),  a  command. 
EFFECT',  to  bring  to  pass;  the 

thing  produced. 

*  The  word  signifies,  let  it  be  done. 

f  So  called,  because  the  first  bridge  over  the  Tiber  was  constructed  and 
•onsecrated,  it  is  said,  by  the  chief  priest. 

NOTE. — The  number  of  words  derived  in  part  from/a'cj'o  andyj'o,  is  large. 
It  ir  not  necessary  to  insert  them  all  here,  particularly  as  the  most  important 
will  be  found  under  other  paragraphs,  with  references  to  th.s. 


surrender;  to  devote. 

SUFFIC'IENT,    competent;    ade- 
quate. 

SUR'FEIT,  to  feed  to  excess. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  85 

153.  Fal'lo,  (fal'sum},  to  deceive. 
FALSE,  not  true;  not  real;  COUD- !  FAI/LACY,   deceitful   argument 


terfeit. 


or  appearance. 


FALS'ITY,    the   state   of  being  JFAL'LIBLE,  liable  to  error. 


false. 
FALLA'CIOUS,  fitted  to  deceive. 


FALSE'HOOD,  an  untruth;  a  lie. 
FAL'SIFY,  (152),  to  make  a  fals« 


representation. 
154,  Fa'ma,  a  report. 


FAME,  celebrity ;  renown. 
FA'MOUS,  renowned. 
DEFAME',  to  injure  one's  repu- 
tion  maliciously. 


DEFAMA'TION,  calumny. 
DEFAM'ATORY,  slanderous. 
IN'FAMOUS.  openly  censured. 
IN'FAMY,  public  reproach. 


155.  Fa'mes,  hunger. 


FAM'INE,  scarcity  of  food. 


FAM'ISH,  to  suffer  extreme  hun- 
ger. 


156.  Famil'ia,  a  family. 


FAM'ILY,  the  persons  living  in 
the  house  ;  a  race  ;  a  class. 

FAMTL'IAR,  a.  easy  in  conversa- 
tion; affable;  well  known. 


FAMILIAR'ITY,  omission  of  cere- 
mony ;  acquaintance. 

FAMIL'IARIZE,  to  make  easy  by 
habit. 


157.  Fa'num,  a  temple. 

FANE,  a  temple.  [PROFANE',  a.  irreverent  to  sacred 

FANAT'IC,  enthusiastic.  things;  secular. 

FANAT'ICISM,  religious  phrensy.  I  PROFANA'TION,  a  violation  of 
PROFANE',  v.  to  pollute;  to  vio-       sacred  things. 

late  or   abuse   that  which  is  i  PROFANE'NESS,  irreverence  to- 
consecrated.  I      wards  what  is  sacred. 

158.  Fa'ri,  (fa'tus),  to  speak. 


FATE,  decree  of  destiny  or  a 
superior  power. 

FA'TAL,  deadly ;  destructive. 

A.FFABII/ITY,  kindness  of  man- 
ner in  conversation. 

AF'FABLE,  easy  to  be  spoken  to. 

INEF'FABLE,  unspeakable. 


IN'FANT,  (Lat.  in' fans,  not  able 
to  speak),  a  young  child. 

IN'FANCY,  the  first  stage  of  life. 

PREF'ACE,  (Lat.  prcefa'tio,  a 
speaking  beforehand),  an  in- 
troductory speech  or  writing 

PREF'ATORY,  introductory. 


86  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

159.  Fari'na,  meal,  flour. 

FARI'NA,  the  flour  of  arw  spe- 1  FARIN  A'CEOUS,  made  of  meal  or 
cies  of  corn  or  starchy  root.    >     flour. 

160.  Fa'teor,  (fas'sus,  or  in  composition  fes'sus),  to  confess. 
CONFESS',  to  own.  |  PROFESS',  to  declare ;  to  avow. 

161.   Felris,  a  fever. 


FE'VER,*  a  disease. 
FE'VERISH,  affected  with  fever. 
FE'BRILE,  pertaining  to  fever. 


FEBRIF'IC,    (152),     producing 

fever. 
FEB'RIFUGE,  (197),  any  medi- 


cine that  mitigates  fever. 
*  The  Latin  word/e'&n*  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from/er't-eo,  to  boil. 

162.  Fcefdus,  a  league  or  covenant. 
FED'ERAL,  pertaining  to  a  cove-  FED'ERATIVE,  securing  union. 


nant  or  league. 
CONFED'ERATE,  one  joined  in  a 


leasrue. 


CONFEDERACY,  a  number  of 
persons  or  states  united  by  a 
league. 


163.  Fe'lix,  (ftli'cis),  happy. 


FELIC'ITY,  happiness. 


FELIC'ITATE,  to  congratulate. 


FELIC'ITOUS,  happy,  fortunate.    INFELIC'ITY,  misfortune. 

164.  Fem'ina,  a  woman;  a  female. 

FEM'ININE,  of  the  female  sex.  ]  EFFEM'INATE,  v  to  grow  or  be, 
EFFEM'INATE,  a.  like  woman  ;  j      come  womanish  or  weak, 
delicate. 

165.  Fen' Jo,  (/e/i'swm),f  to  strike. 

DEFENCE',  guard,  security;  re-  OFFEND',  to  displease ;  to  trans. 

sistance.  gress. 

FEN'CING,  practice  in  using  a  OFFENCE7,  crime ;  injury. 

sword  for  defence.  i  OFFEN'SIVE,  making  the   first 

DEFEND',  to  protect.  attack ;  aggressive. 

DEFEND'ANT,  one   who   makes  INOFFEN'SIVE,  harmless;  inno- 

his  defence  against  a  prose-       cent. 

cutor  or  plaintiff.  DEFEN'SIVE,  resisting  attack  or 

FEND,  to  ward  off.  aggression. 

FEND'ER,  a  utensil  placed  before  DEFENCE'LESS,  without  defence; 

the  fire.  destitute  of  protection. 

f  Fendo  is  used  in  Latin  only  in  composition. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 

1G6.   Fc'ra,  a  wild  beast. 
FERG'CIOUS,  cruel,  savage.          j  FIERCE,  vehement;  furious. 


87 


167    Fe'ro,  (la1  turn),  to  bear  or  carry. 

FER'RY,   a   boat  which    carries  J()BLA'TION,  a  sacrifice;  an  offer> 
passengers  across  a  river, 

producing 


FER'TILE,   fruitful; 
abundantly. 

CIRCUMFERENCE,  the  measure 
around  anything. 

CONFER',  to  discourse  or  consult 
with  another. 

CONFERENCE,  a  meeting  for  dis- 
cussing a  question- 

COLLATE',  to  compare  things  of 


the  same  kind. 


[past. 


COLLA'TION,  a  comparing;  a  re- 
DEFER',  to  put  off. 
DEF'ERENCE,    yielding    to    an- 
other's opinion. 
DILATE',  to  enlarge;  to  extend. 


PESTIF'EROUS,  (Lat.  pedtis,  a 

plague),  producing  the  plague. 
PREFER',  to  like  better. 
PREF'ERENCE,  estimation  of  one 

thing  before  another. 
PREL'ATE,  a   dignitary  of  the 

church. 
PROF'FER,  to  bring  forward ;  to 

offer. 
REFER',  to  leave  to  the  decision 


of  another. 


[tell. 


RELATE',  to  have  respect  to ;  to 
RELA'TION,  connection;   narra- 
tive. 
REL'ATIVE,  a  kinsman. 


DIL'ATORY,  disposed  to  put  oif ;  I  SUPER'LATIVE,  surpassing, 
tardy.  SUF'FER,    to   bear,   endure: 


DIF'FER,  to  be  unlike;  to  con- 
tend 

DIFFERENCE,  distinction;  dis- 
pute. 

ELATE',  to  uplift;  to  render 
proud  by  success. 

INFER  ,  to  draw  a  conclusion. 

OF'FER,  to  present;  to  propose; 
to  sacrifice. 


allow,  permit. 

SUF'FERANCE,  pain;  patience; 
permission. 

TRANSFER',  to  convey;  to  re- 
move. 

TRANSLATED,  to  remove;  to  in- 
terpret into  another  language. 

YOCIF'EROUS,  (596),  making 
loud  vocal  sounds. 


168    Fer'rum,  iron 
FAR'RIER,*  a  horse  doctor.          ,FERRU'GI  NOUS,  partaking  of  the 


FAR'RIERY,  the  science  of  medi- 
cine for  horses;    the  veteri- 


quality of  iron. 
FER'RULE,    au    iron 


nary  art.  baud. 

*  A  name  applied  originally  to  a  shoer  of  horses. 

169.   FeSveo,  to  boil;  to  be  hot. 


FER'VOR,  heat;  zeal. 
FER'VENT,  hot;  zealous. 


EFFERVESCE',  to  bubble  up. 
EFFERVES'CENCE,  ebullition. 


88  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

FERMENT',  to  be   in  intestine  1  FERMENTA'TION,  a  state  of  in- 
motion.  I      testine  motion. 

170.   FeJtus,  joyful 
FES'TAL,  belonging  to  a  feast ;'  FESTIY'TTY,  jrayety  j  joyfulness. 


joyful. 

FES'TIVE,  joyful.          [joicing. 
FES'TIVAL,  an  occasion  of  PC- 


FEAST,  a  sumptuous  entertain- 


ment. 


INFEST',  to  harass;  to  disturb. 


171.  Fi'do,  to  trust. 

FIDEL'ITY,     honesty;     faithful  I  IN'FIDEL,  an  unbeliever. 

adherence.  |!NFIDEL'ITY,      unfaithfulness; 

CONFIDE',  to  trust ;  to  rely.  disbelief. 

CONFIDENCE,  trust;  boldness.    PER'FIDY,  treachery. 
CONFIDENTIAL,  private.  AFFI'ANCED,  pledged  for  mar- 

DIF'FIDENCE,  distrust.  riage. 

172.  Fi'go,  (fix'um),  to  fix,  to  fasten. 

Fix,  to  make  fast;  to  settle.  Fix'TURE,furniture  or  apparatus 
FIX'EDLY,  firmly;  steadfastly.  not  separate  from  the  building. 
AFFIX',  to  join  to.  PREFIX',  to  put  before. 

CRUCIFIX'ION,  (98),  fastening  TRANSFIX',  to  pierce  through. 

to  a  cross.  [image.  SUFFIX',  to  add  to  the  end  of  a 

CRU'CIFIX,  a  cross  bearing  am     word. 

173.  Fil'ius,  a  son;   Fil'ia,  a  daughter. 


FIL'IAL,  pertaining  to  a  son  or 

daughter. 
UNFIL'IAL,    not    becoming     a 

child;  undutiful. 


AFFIL'IATED, adopted;  received 
as  a  member  of  a  family  or 


association. 


174.   Fl'lum,  a  thread. 

FIL'AMENT,  a  thread ;  a  fibre.   |  FILE,  a  line  of  soldiers. 
FIL'LET,  a  little  band   for  the  FIL'TER,  a  strainer, 
hair. 

175.   Fin' go,  (fiJtum),  to  form;  to  fashion. 

FIC'TION,  an  invention ;  a  false-:  FIG'URE,  form;  a  statute;  a  cha- 

hood.  racter. 

FICTI'TIOUS,  imaginary;  notreal.  FIG'URATIVE,         representing 
EF'FIGY,  image;  likeness.  something  else. 

FEIGN,  to  pretend.  JTRANSFIGURA'TION,  change  o? 

FEINT,  a  pretence.  f     form. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN.  89 

17G.   Fi'nis,  an  end  or  limit. 

FIN'ISH,  to  complete,  to  end.      [DEFINITION,   a  short   descrip- 

FI'NITE,  limited ;  having  an  end.  I      tion. 

IN'FINITE,  unlimited;  immense.  CONFINE',  v.   to    limit;    to   re- 

INFIN'ITY,  infinite  extent.  strain. 

IN'FINITELY,  without  limits.       |CON'FINES,  s.  boundaries. 

lNFiN'iTiVE,thenameofanioder  AFFIN'ITY,     relation;      resem- 

in   grammar,    which    is    not!      blance. 

limited  by  person  or  number. : INDEFINITE,  not  limited;    not 
DEFINE',  to  limit ;  to  explain. 


DEF'INITE,  certain ;  limited. 
DEFINITIVE,  conclusive. 


precise. 

INFINITESIMAL,       indefinitely 
small. 


177.  jPiVmwi,  strong. 


FIRM,  hard;  steady. 
FIRM'AMENT,  the  sky. 
AFFIRM',  to  declare  positively. 
AFFIRMA'TION,  assertion. 


CONFIRM',  to  settle;  to  establish. 
CONFIRM  A'TION,         additional 

proof;  a  religious  rite. 
INFIRM',  weak;  decrepit. 


AFFIRM' ATIVE,  declaring;  op~i INFIRM'ITY, weakness;  afailing. 
posed  to  negative.  |!NFIRM'ARY,  a  hospital. 

178.  Fia'cus,  a  money  bag;  the  exchequer. 

FIS'CAL,  pertaining  to  the  reve-;  CONFISCATE,  to  transfer  private 
nue.  property  to  the  public,  by 

CONFISCATION,  transfer  of  for- 1  way  of  penalty.  [tion. 

feited  goods  to  public  use.  i  CONFIS'CABLE,  liable  to  confisca- 

179.  Fla'gro,  to  burn;  to  be  in  flames. 

FLA'GRANT,  glaring;  enormous. i  CONFLAGRATION,  an  extensive 
FLA'GRANCY,     burning     heat;!      fire;  a  great  burning, 
enormity. 

180.  Flam'ma,  a  flame. 

FLAME,  burning  vapor,    [torch. J!NFLAMMA'TION,  the  act  of  set- 
FLAM'EKAU,  (l!'r.),   a  kind  of      ting  on  fire;  diseased  heat  of 
INFLAME',  to  kindle;  to  irritate.       the  body. 
INFLAM'MABLE,    easily   set   on  INFLAM'MATORY,    having    the 
fire.  !      power  of  inflaming. 

181.   Flec'to,  (flc.x'um},  to  bend. 

FLEX'IBLE,  pliable;  that  may;  FLEX'URE,  the  act  of  bending; 
be  easily  beut;  manageable.  1  a  bending. 


90 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


INFLEXIBLE,  not  to  be  bent;  INFLECT',  to  bend;  to  vary, 
obstinate.  j  INFLECTION,   variation    of  the 


REFLECT',   to   throw  back; 
consider  attentively. 


to 


form  of  words ;  a  modulation 
of  the  voice. 


182.  Fli'yo,  (fltc'tum),  to  beat;  to  dash. 

AFFLICT',    to    give    pain;     to  INFLICT',  to  impose  a  punish- 

grieve. 

AFFLIC'TION,  calamity. 
CON'FLICT,  contest;  struggle. 


ment. 


PROF'LIGATE,  shameless;  aban 
doued 


183.  Flo,  (fla'tum),  to  blow. 


INFLATE',  to  fill  with  air ;  to 
elate  with  notions  of  self-im- 
portance. 


INFLA'TION,  the  act  of  inflating 
or  swelling. 


134.  Flos,  (fa'rt's),  a  flower. 

FLO'RA,  (Lat.),  the  goddess  of  FLORIF'EROUS,(167), producing 

flowers ;  a  list  or  account  of  flowers. 

flowers.  FLOW'ER,  s.  a  blossom. 

EFFLORES'CENCE,  an  appearance  FLOW'ER.  v.  to  blossom. 

resembling  flowers.  FLOUR'IPH,  to  be  in  vigor. 

FLO'RAL,  pertaining  to  flowers.  FLOUR,  the  edible  part  of  wheat 

FLO'RIST,  a  cultivator  of  flowers,  or   other   grain,    bolted   and 

FLOR'lD,bright in  color;  flushed,  sifted;  meal. 


185.  Flu'o,  (jkutuut),  to  flow. 

flowing ;  voluble  ;  j  EFFLU'VIA,  (Lat.  plural  ofeffiu'- 
vium,  a  flowing  or  running 
over),  those  minute  particles 
which  are  always  flying  off 
from  bodies. 


FLU'ENT, 

ready  in  the  use  of  words 
FLU'ENCY,  readiness  of  speech. 
FLU'ID,  anything  that  flows. 
FLUC'TUATE,   (Lat.  Jim-'tus,   a 


wave),    to    move    backwards 

and  forwards. 
FLUCTUATION,  wavering. 
EF'FLUX,  a  flowing  out. 
AF'FLUF.NCE,  plenty ;  riches. 
CIRCUM'FLUENT.  flowing  round. 


CONFLUENCE, 
streams. 


a    junction    of 


IN'FLUX,  a  flowing  in. 
INFLUENCE,  power;    tendency 

to  produce  change. 
INFLUENTIAL,  exerting  power. 
RE'FLUX.  backward  course;  ebb 
REF'LUENT,  flowing  back. 


SUPERFLUOUS. 
enough. 


n 

more 


tlian 


CON'FLUENT,  running  into  one ,  SUPERFLUITY,    plenty   beyond 
another.  necessit3T. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
186.  Fo'lnim,  a  leaf. 


91 


FO'LIAGE,  a  growth  of  leaves. 
FOLIA'CEOUS,      consisting      of 

leaves. 

FO'LIATE,  to  beat  into  leaves. 
FOLIA'TION,    beating    a    metal 

into  foil  or  thin  leaves. 


FOIL,  leaf  metal. 

FO'LIO,  (Lat.),  a  large  book,  in 

which  the  sheets  of  paper  are 

only  once  folded. 
PORTFO'LIO,  (402),  a  case  for 

loose  leaves. 


187.  For'ma, 

FORM,  s.  shape. 

FORM,  v.  to  make ;   to  contrive. 

FORM'AL,  ceremonious ;  solemn. 

FORMAL'ITY,  ceremony. 

FORMA'TION,  the  act  of  forming ; 
manner  or  shape.  [form. 

FORM'ULA,  (Lat.),  a  prescribed 

CONFORM',  to  make  like;  to 
comply  with. 

CONFORM'ITY,  agreement. 

CONFORM A'TION,  the  relative 
form  of  things. 

CRU'CIFORM,  (98),  having  the 
form  of  a  cross. 

DEFORM',  to  disfigure. 

DEFORM'ITY,  unsightly  shape. 

INFORM',  to  instruct;  to  ac- 
quaint. 


form;  beauty. 

INFORM' ANT,  INFORM'ER,  one 
who  gives  intelligence. 

INFORMATION,  intelligence. 

INFORMALITY,  the  absence  of 
form. 

MUL'TIFORM,  (317),  of  various, 
shapes. 

PERFORM',  to  do  or  act ;  to  exe- 
cute. 

PERFORMANCE,  action ;  work. 

REFORM',  to  grow  better. 

REFORM  A'TION,  change  from 
worse  to  better. 

TRANSFORM',  to  change. 

TRANSFORM  A'TION,  change  of 
form. 

UNIFORM'ITY,  (563),  agreement 
with  one  pattern. 


188.  Fors,  (fo^tis),  chance. 


FOR'TUNE,  the  good  or  ill  that 

befalls  man. 
FOR'TUNATE,  successful. 


UNFOR'TUNATE,  unlucky. 
MISFOR'TUNE,  calamity. 
FORTUITOUS,  accidental. 


189.  For'tis,  brave;  strong. 


FOR'TITUDE,  courage;  bravery. 
FOR'TIFY,  (152),  to  strengthen. 
FORT,  a  fortified  place. 
FORTIFICA'TION,  military  archi- 
tecture for  defence. 


FOR'TRESS,  a  fortified  place. 

FORCE,  strength. 

COM'FORT,    to    strengthen;    to 

cheer. 
EF'FORT,  exertion. 


92  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

,  190.  Fos'sa,  a  ditch  or  trench. 

FOSSE,  (Fr.),  a  trench.  FOS'SIL,  a  substance  dug  from 

the  earth. 

191.  Fran' go,  (frac'turn),  to  break. 

FRAC'TION,  a  part.  INFRINGE',  to  break  in  upon; 

FRAC'TIOUS,  breaking  out  into  to  transgress. 

violence.  INFRACTION,  violation  of  a  con- 

FRAC'TURE,  a  breaking;  (as,  of  tract  or  law. 

a  bone) ;  a  breach.  j  IRREF'RAGABLE,  not  capable  of 

FRAG'MENT,  a  broken  part.  being  broken  or  refuted. 


FRAG'ILE,  frail ;  easily  broken. 
FRAGILITY,  brittleness. 
FRAIL'TY,  weakness. 


INFRINGEMENT,   a  breach;   a 
violation ;  a  transgression. 

REFRAC'TORY,   obstinate;   per- 
verse, 
i  SUF'FRAGE,*  a  vote. 


*  Lat.  Suffra'gium. — The  name  was  derived  from  the  custom  of  using  pot- 
sherds in  voting. 

192.  Fra'ter,  a  brother. 

FRATER'NAL,  brotherly.  FRAT'RICIDE,  (41),  the  murder 

FRATER'NITY,  brotherhood.  or  murderer  of  a  brother. 

193.  Fraus,  (frau'dis),  deceit. 

FRAUD,  deceit.  I  DEFRAUD',  to  cheat,  to  impose 

FRAUD'ULENT,  deceitful.  j     upon. 

194.  Fri'gus,  (fri'goris),  cold. 

FRIG' ID,  cold;  without  warmth  REFRIG'ERANT,  a  cooling  medi- 


of  affection. 


cine. 


FRIGID'ITY,  coldness ;  want  of  REFRIG'ERATE,  to  cool. 
liveliness  or  spirit.  )  REFRIG'ERATOR,  a  cooler. 

195.  Frons,  (frmi'tis),  the  forehead. 

Fitx^NT,  the  face  ;  the  forepart.  FRONT'IERS,  the  limits  of  a  ter- 
FRONT'LET,  a  band  worn  upon       ritory;  borders. 


the  forehead. 


AFFRONT',  to  offend. 


FRONT'ISPIRCE.  (504),  a  picture  j  CONFRONT',  to  meet  face  to  face, 
opposite  the  title-page  of  a  1  EFFRONT'ERY,  impudence, 
book. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
196.   Fru'or,  (fru'itus*),  to  enjoy. 


03 


FRUI'TION,  enjoyment. 
FRUC'TIFY,  (152),  (Lat.fruc'tus, 
fruit),  to  render  fruitful. 


FRUIT,  the  produce  of  a  tree  or 
plant. 


197.  Fu'gio,  (fu'gitum),  to  flee. 


FUGA'CIOUS,  volatile ;  fleeting. 
FUGAC'ITY,  instability. 
FU'GITIVE,  running  away. 
CENTRIF'UGAL,  (G-.  44),  having 

a  tendency  to  fly  from  the 

centre. 


REF'UGE,  a  shelter;  a  hiding 
place. 

REFUGEE',  one  who  flies  for  pro- 
tection. 

SUB'TERFUGE,  a  trick;  an  eva- 
sion. 


198.  FuVgeo,  to  shine. 


FUI/GENCY,  brightness. 
FUL'GENT,  shining. 
EFFUL'GENCE,     REFUL'GENCE, 
great  lustre. 


FUL'MINATE,  (Lat./M/Wno),to 
thunder ;  to  send  out ;  (as,  a 
denunciation). 

FULMINA'TION,  denunciation. 


199.  Fu'muSj  smoke. 


FUME,  smoke ;  vapor. 
FU'MIGATE,  to  smoke. 
FUMIGA'TION,    application    of 
medicines  in  vapor. 


FUM'ING,  smoking;  raging. 
PERFUME',  v.  to  scent;  to  im- 
pregnate with  odors,     [neral. 
PERFUM'ERY,  perfumeries  in  ge- 


200.  Fun'do,  (fu'sum),  to  pour  out. 


FUSE,  to  melt. 

FU'SION,  the  act  of  melting,  [ed. 
FU'SIBLE,  capable  of  being  melt- 
CONFOUND',  to  mingle  things; 

to  perplex. 
CONFU'SION,  irregular  mixture; 

tumult. 
DIFFUSE',  to  spread ;  to  scatter. 


EFFU'SION,  a  pouring  out. 

INFUSE',  to  pour  in ;  to  instil. 

PROFUSION,  abundance. 

REFUND',  to  pour  back;  to  re- 
store. 

SUFFUSE',  to  spread  over. 

TRANSFUSE',  to  pour  from  one 
into  another. 


201.  Fun'dus,  a  foundation,  or  bottom. 


FOUND,  to  establish. 
FOUND'ER,  one  who  establishes. 
FOUNDA'TION,     establishment ; 
basis  of  an  edifice. 


FUNDAMENTAL,   lying  at  the 

foundation. 

PROFOUND', deep;  thorough. 
PROFUND'ITY,  depth. 


94 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

202.    Ge'lu,  frost;  ice. 


GEI/ID,  extremely  cold.  j  CONGEAI/ABLE,  susceptible  of 

GEL'ATINE,  an  animal  substance       congelation. 

resembling  jelly.  CONGEAL',  to  turn  by  cold  from 


GELAT'INOUS,     like 
jtiff  and  cohesive. 


gelatine;       a  fluid  to  a  solid;  to  freeze. 
CONGELA'TION,  a  freezing. 


203.    Ge'ro,  (g&ftum),  to  bear;  to  carry  on. 


GES'TURE,   action   intended   to 

convey  ideas. 
GESTICULATE,    to    accompany 

words  with  gestures 
GESTICULATION,   the    act    of 

making  gestures. 
BELLIG'ERENT,  (35),  carrying 

on  war ;  engaged  in  war. 
BELLICOSE',  inclined  to  war. 


CONGES'TION,  an  accumulation 

of  blood  in  some  part  of  the 

body. 
DIGEST',  to  arrange;  to  soften 

or  dissolve. 
INDIGES'TION,  the  state  of  food 

undissolved  in  the  stomach. 
SUGGEST',  to  intimate. 
VICEGE'RENT,  (585),  one  who 

acts  in  the  place  of  another. 


204.    Giy'no,  (genf ituni) ,  to  generate;  to  produce. 


GE'NIAL,  causing  production  or 
growth. 

GE'NIUS,  (Lat.),  natural  disposi- 
tion. 

GENTIL'ITT,  elegance  in  man- 
ners ;  refinement. 

GEN'ERAL,  comprehending 
many  individuals. 

GENER'IC,  belonging  to  a  genus. 

GEN'DER,  sex. 

GE'NUS,  (Lat.),  a  kind  includ- 
ing many  species 

GEN'UINE. 
ated. 

GEN'TILE,  (Lat.  gens,  a  nation), 
one  of  a  nation  ignorant  of 
God. 

GEN'TLE,  soft ;  mild ;  tame. 

GENTEEL',  elegant  in  manners. 

CONGE'NIAL,  of  the  same  kind. 

DEGEN'ERATE,  to  grow  worse. 

ENGEN'DER,  to  produce. 


natural ;  unadulter- 


GEN'ERALIZE,  to  arrange  par- 
ticulars under  heads. 

GEN'ERATE,  to  produce. 

GENERATION,  the  people  living 
at  one  period. 

GEN'EROUS,  noble  minded; 
liberal. 

INDIG'ENOUS,  (Lat.  in'de} 
thence),  native  in  a  country. 

INGE'NIOUS,  having  genius;  in- 
ventive. 

INGENU'ITY,  acuteness ;  power 
to  invent. 

INGEN'UOUS, candid;  open;  fair. 

INGEN'UOUSNESS,  candor. 

PRIMOGENITURE,  (412),  the 
state  of  being  a  first-born. 

PROGEN'ITOR,  a  forefather. 

PROG'ENY,  offspring;  race. 

REGEN'ERATE,  to  renew. 

REGENERATION,  new  birth  to 

'    the  Christian  life. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  95 

205.  Gla'dius,  a  sword. 

GLA'DIATOR,  a  sword-player.     I  GLADIATO'RIAL,  pertaining  to 

I      sword-playing. 

206.  Glvftio,  to  swallow. 


GLUT,  to  fill ;  to  cloy. 
GLUT'TON,  an  excessive  eater. 


GLUT'TONJZE,  to  eat  to  excess ; 
to  gormandize. 


207.    Gra'dior,  Q/res'sws),  to  take  steps;  to  walk. 

GRADA'TION,   regular   advance  CON'GRESS,  a  coming  together; 

step  by  step.  an  assembly  of  legislators. 

GRAD'uAL,(Lat.#ra'<ius,  a  step)/ DIGRESS',  to  wander. 

advancing  by  steps.  j  DIGRESSION,  a  deviation. 

GRAD'UATE,  to  mark  with  de-  E'GRESS,  departure  out  of. 

grees.  i  IN'GRESS,  entrance. 

DEGREE',  a  step;  a  rank.  |PROG'RESS,  advancement;  mo- 

DEGRADE',  to  put  into  a  lower;     tion  forward. 

rank.  i  RET'ROGRADE,  going  backwards. 

DEGRADA'TION,  a  low  condition.  TRANSGRESS',  to  pass  over;  to 
AGGRES'SION,  an  attack.  violate. 

AGGRESS'OR,  one  who  makes  an  TRANSGRES'SION, offence;  crime. 

attack. 

208.    Gran'dis,  great. 


GRAND,  great ;  noble ;  chief. 
GRAND'EUR,  magnificence. 
GRANDEE',  a  man  of  high  rank. 


GRANDIL'OQUENCE,  (270),  lofti- 
ness of  language.          [exalt. 
AG'GRANDIZE,  to  make  great;  to 


209.    Gra'num,  a  grain  of  corn. 

GRAIN,  a  seed  of  corn;  a  minute  GRANIV'OROUS,  (601),  living 

particle.  upon  grain ;  eating  grain. 

GRAN'ARY,  a  storehouse  for  GRAN'ITE,  a  stone  composed  of 

grain.  crystalline  grains  of  several 

GRAN'uLAR,consistingofgrains.  different  minerals. 

210.   Gra'tus,  pleasing;  agreeable;  thankful. 


GRATE'FUL,  thankful;  pleasing. 

GRAT'ITUDE,   desire   to  return 

benefits;  thankfulness,    [sou. 

IN'QRATE,  s.  an  ungrateful  per- 


IN'GRATE,  a.  unthankful. 
INGRAT'ITUDE,  unthankfulness. 
GRA'TIS,  (Lat.  gra'tia,  a  favor), 
for  nothing. 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


GRATUITOUS,    given    without 

necessity  or  reward. 
GRATU'ITY,  a  free  gift,  [delight. 
GRAT'IFY,  (152),  to  indulge ;  to 


GRACE, favor;  pardon;  elegance, 
DISGRACE',  to  put  out  of  favor; 

to  dishonor. 
GRA'CIOUS,  merciful ;  favorable. 


CONGRAT'ULATE,  to  rejoice  with  I  INGRA'TIATE,  to  bring  into  favo* 
another. 

211.    Gra'vis,  heavy;  grievous. 

GRAVE,  serious;  weighty.          jGRiEv'ous,  mournful;  sad. 
GRAV'ITY,  weight ;  seriousness.  GRIEVE,  to  mourn. 
GRAVITA'TION,  tendency  to  the  AGGRIEVE',  to  harass. 


centre  of  the  earth. 
GRIEF,  sorrow;  regret. 


AG'GRAVATE,  to  make  worse. 
AGGRAVATION,  increase  of  evil. 


212.    Grex,  (gre'gis),  a  flock  of  sheep. 


GREGA'RIOUS,  going  in  flocks  or 

herds. 

CON'GREGATE,  to  assemble. 
CONGREGATION,  an  assembly. 


AG'GREGATE,  the  result  of  the 
conjunction  of  many  par- 
ticulars. 

SEG'REGATE,  to  separate  from 
others. 


EGRE'GIOUS,*  eminently  bad. 

*  Compounded  of  e  and  grex;  signifying,  literally,  chosen  from  the  flock ; 
distinguished. 

213.   Guberna'tor,  a  pilot ;  a  director. 

GOV'ERN,  to  direct ;  to  control,  i  GUBERNATORIAL,  belonging  to 

I      a  governor. 

214.    Gus'to,  (gusta'tum),  to  taste. 


GUST,  taste;  relish. f 
GUST'FUL,  well  tasted. 
DISGUST',  aversion  ;  disrelish. 

f  Gust,  signifying  a  blast  of  wind,  is  not  of  Latin  derivation. 


DISGUSTING,  nauseous;  exciting 
strong  aversion. 


215.  Ha'beo,  (hab'itum'),  to  have. 
HAVE,  to  possess.  A'BLE,  powerful ;  fit. 


HAB'IT,  usual  state  of  a  thing ; 


custom. 
HABITATION,  (Lat.  hab'ito,  to 

dwell),  a  place  of  abode. 
HABIT'UAL,  customary. 
ABIL'ITY,|  faculty ;  power. 
HABIL'IMENT,  a  garment. 

I  Supposed  to  be  from  the  Latin  word  JiaVilis,  easily  managed;  suitable. 


DEBIL'ITATE,  to  enfeeble. 


DEBIL'ITY,    feebleness ;    decay 

of  strength;  infirmity. 
EXHIB'IT,  to  show. 
INHAB'IT,  to  dwell  in. 
PROHIB'IT,  to  forbid ;  to  hinder. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 
216.  Hctfreo,  (lux!  mm),  to  stick  to,  to  adhere. 


97 


ADHERE',  to  stick  to. 
HES'ITATE,  to  doubt;  to  delay. 
COHE'SION,  state  of  union  ;  con- 


nection. 


COHE'RENT,  sticking  together,' 

consistent. 
INCOHERENT, 
INHE'RENT,  existing  in;  innate. 


[loose, 
inconsistent; 


217.   Hctfres,  (hcere'dis),  an  heir  or  heiress. 


HER'ITAGE,  property  inherited. 
INHER'IT,  to  possess  by  descent. 
HEIR,  one  who  inherits. 
INHERITANCE,  patrimony;  pos- 
session by  descent. 
HEIR'SHIP,    the    state    of    an 


heir. 


HERED'ITARY,  descending  from 

father  to  son. 

CO-HEIR',  an  heir  with  another. 
DISINHERIT,  to   cut  oft'  from 


succession. 


HEIR'LOOM,  any  movable  owned 


by  inheritance. 
218.  Ila'lo,  to  breathe. 


EXHALE',  to  breathe  out. 
EXHALA'TION,  vapor. 


ANHELA'TION,     shortness     of 

breath;  panting. 

EXHA'LANT,  sending  forth  va-  INHALE',  to  draw  in  with  the 
por.  I      breath. 


219.  Hau'rio,  (haus'tum),  to  draw. 


EXHAUST',  to  draw  out   until 


INEXHAUST'IBLE,  that  cannot 


nothing  is  left.  be  exhausted ;  unfailing. 

220.  Ho' mo,  man. 


HU'MAN,  belonging  to  mankind. 
HUMANE',  having  the  feelings 

proper  to  man. 
INHU'MAN,  barbarous;  cruel. 


HUMAN'ITY,  the  nature  of  man; 

kindness. 

HU'MANIZE,  to  civilize. 
HOM'ICIDE,  (41),  manslaughter 


221.  Ho'nor,  honor. 


HON'OR,  dignity;  respect. 
HON'ORARY,  done  in  honor. 
HON'ORABLE,  worthy  of  honor. 
DISHON'OR,  reproach;  disgrace. 


HON'EST,  without  fraud;  upright 
HON'ESTY,    disposition    to    b* 

honest. 
DISHON'EST,  unjust;  iniquitous. 


222.  Hor'tus,  a  garden. 

HORTICULTURE,  (82);  cultiva- 1  HORTICULTURAL,  pertaining  to 
tion  of  a  garden.  the  cultivation  of  gardens. 


98 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
223.   Hos'pes,  a  host  or  guest. 


HOS'PITABLE,  kind  to  visitors. 
HOSPITALITY,  readiness  to  en- 
tertain strangers  and  friends. 
HOS'PITAL,  a  building  for  the 


sick  or  infirm. 


HOST,  the  master  of  a  feast;  the 

landlord  of  an  inn. 
HOTEL',*  (Fr.),  an  inn. 
HOST'LER,  one  who  takes  care 

of  horses  at  an  inn. 


*  The  word  Hotel  was  once  written  Hostel. 


224.  ffos'tis,  an  enemy. 


HOST,  an  army;  a  multitude. 
HOS'TILE,  adverse;  opposite. 


HOSTILITY,  enmity.          [ings. 
HOSTILITIES,  hostile  proceed- 


225.  Ilu'mus,  the  ground.     Hu'milis,  humble. 


INHUME',  INHU'MATE,  to  bury. 
EXHUME',  to  disinter. 
POST'HUMOUS,  published  after 

the  author's  death. 
HU'MID,  moist;  damp. 
HUMID'ITY,  dampness. 


HUM'BLE,     modest ;     submis- 


sive. 


HUMIL'ITY,  freedom  from  pride. 

HUMILIATION,   abasement    of 

pride.  [wit. 

HU'MOR,  moisture;  turn  of  mind; 


226.  I'dem,  the  same. 


IDEN'TITY,  sameness. 
IDEN'TICAL,  the  same. 


|!DEN'TIFY,  (152),  to  discover  or 
I     prove  sameness. 


227.  Ig'nis,  fire. 


IGNITE',  to  set  on  fire. 
IG'NEOUS,  of  the  nature  of  fire. 


IGNI'TION,   the    state    of    red 
heat. 


228.  Imargo}  (imag'inis),  an  image. 


IM'AGE,  a  representation;  statue; 

picture.  [tion. 

IM'AGERY,  figurative  representa- 


IMAG'INE,  to  fancy. 
IMAGINATION,  fancy;  idea. 
IMAG'INARY, fancied;  visionary. 


229.  Im'pero,  to  command. 


IMPER'ATIVE,  commanding ; 
authoritative;  the  name  of  a 
mode  in  grammar. 

IMPE'RIOUS,  overbearing;  domi- 
neering. 


IMPE'RIAL,  pertaining  to  an  em- 
peror. 

EM'PEROR,  a  monarch. 

EM'PIRE,  the  dominion  of  an 
emperor. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIN.  99 

230.  Ina'nis,  empty. 


INAN'ITY,  emptiness;  vacancy; 
vanity. 


INANI'TION,  emptiness;  exhaus- 


tion. 


231.  In'deXj  (in'dicis),  a  sign;  a  pointer. 

IN'DEX,  s.  a  pointer;  a  table  of |  IN'DEX-HAND,     a     hand     that 

contents.  points  to  something. 

IN'DEX,  v.  to  place  in  an  index  IN'DICES,  (Lat.  plural  of  m'dex), 


or  table. 


algebraic  signs. 


232.  In' f eras j  nether;  subterranean. 
INFE'RIOR,  lower;  less  honorable.  |  INFER'NAL,  hellish. 

233.  In'sula,  an  island. 

IN'SULAR,  belonging  to  an  IN'SULATE,  to  detach  from  sur- 
island.  rounding  objects. 

ISL'AND,  ISLE,  a  portion  of  land  PENIN'SULA,  (375),  land  nearly 
surrounded  by  v  ater.  !  surrounded  by  the  sea. 

FSOLATED,  placed  )y  itself. 

234.  Li'teyer,  whole;  entire. 
IN'TEGRAL,  entire;  whole;  un-  INTKG'RITY,    entireness;    hon- 


broken. 
IN'TEGER,  a  whole  number. 


esty;  purity  of  mind. 


235.  lu'tus  and  In'fra,  within. 

INTE'RIOR,  and  INTER'NAL,  in-;lNTiMArTiON,  (Fr.),  a  hint;  an 
ner,  pertaining  to  the  inside.       obscure    or   indirect   sugges- 

IN'TIMATE,   (Lat.  in'timus,  in-      tion. 

most),  familiar;  acquainted  j  INTRIN'SIC,  (Lat.  secus,  other- 
with  the  private  feelings  and  \  wise),  belonging  to  the  na- 
views  of  another.  j  ture  of  a  thing ;  inherent. 

236.  Pra,  anger. 
IRE,  anger.  |  IRAS'CIBLE,  easily  made  angry. 

237.  I'ter,  (itin'eris),  a  journey.     I'tero,  to  repeat. 


ITIN'ERANT,  wandering;  unset- 
ITIN'ERARY,  travelling,  [tied. 
IT'ERATE,  to  go  or  do  over  again. 
ITERA'TION,  repetition. 


HEIT'ERATE,  to  repeat  again  and 

again. 
ITIN'ERATE,  to  travel  from  place 

to  place 


100 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


238.  Ja'ceo,  to  lie. 

JA'CENT,  lying  at  length.  CIRCUM  JA'CENT,  lying  round. 

ADJA'CENT,   lying  or  situated  INTERJA'CENT,  lying  between, 
next. 

239.  Ja'cio,  (jac'tum~),  to  throw. 

EJAC'ULATE,  to  utter  suddenly; 

(as,  a  prayer). 
EJACULA'TION,  the  uttering  of  a 

short  prayer  in  the  midst  of 

other  occupations. 
AB'JECT,  thrown  away;  worth- 
less; mean. 
AD'JECTIVE,  a  word  added  to  a 

noun  to  qualify  it. 
CONJEC'TURE,  to  guess. 
DEJECT',  to  cast  down ;  to  grieve. 
DEJEC'TION,  lowness  of  spirits. 
EJECT',  to  cast  out;  to  expel. 
INJECT',  to  throw  in. 
INTERJEC'TION,  an  exclamation 

thrown  in  between  the  parts 

of  a  sentence. 


that  to  which  any  ac 
tion  or  thought  is  directed. 

OBJECTIVE,  belonging  to  the, 
object;  acted  on. 

OBJEC'TION,  fault  found.  * 

PROJECT',  v.  to  throw  out;  to 
scheme. 

PROJ'ECT,  s.  a  design ;  con- 
trivance. 

PROJEC'TILE,  a  body  thrown 
forwards. 

REJECT',  to  refuse. 

SUBJECT',  v.  to  put  under;  to 
subdue. 

SUB'JECT,  s.  that  which  is  acted 
upon ;  one  who  is  under  the 
dominion  of  another. 


240.  Jo'cus,  a  joke. 
JOKE,  a  jest;  a  tnerry  trick.        j  JOCULAR'ITY,  merriment. 


JOCOSE',  JOC'ULAR,  merry;  wag- 
gish. 


JOC'UND,  gay;  lively. 


241.  Ju'dico,  (judicattum)f  to  judge. 

JU'DICATORY,  a  tribunal.  i  EXTRAJUDI'CIAL,   out  of    the 

JUDI'CIAL,  pertaining  to  courts'      ordinary  judicial  course. 

of  justice.  |  JUDGE,  to  decide.  [ment. 

JUDI'CIARY,  the  system  of  courts  JUDI'CIOUS,    guided    by   judg- 

of  justice.  [mine.  PREJ'UDICE,     opinion     formed 

ADJU'DICATE,  to  try  and  deter- j      without  due  examination. 
ADJUDGE",  to  decree  judicially.  \  PREJUDICIAL,  hurtful. 

*  Judico  is  compounded  of  jus  and  dico. 

242.  Jun'go,  (JunJtum),  to  join. 

JUNC'TION,  union.  j  JOINT,  (Fr.),  a  joining;  a  con- 

JOIN,  to  unite.  nection  allowing  motion. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


101 


JOIN'ER,  one  who  joins  pieces 

of  wood. 

ADJOIN'ING,  next;  contiguous. 
AD'JUNGT,  something  joined. 
CONJOIN',  to  unite;  to  associate. 
CON'JUGAL,  relating  to  marriage. 
CONJUNCTION,    a     connecting 

word. 
CONJUNCTURE,  concurrence  of 


circumstances. 


DISJOIN',  to  separate. 

DISJUNCTION,  separation;  dis- 
union. 

DISJUNCTIVE,  separating. 

ENJOIN',  to  command. 

INJUNCTION,  precept ;  order. 

SUBJOIN',  to  add  at  the  end. 

SUB'JUGATE,*  to  conquer;  to 
subdue. 

SUBJUNCT'IVE,  conditional. 


Lat.  sub,  under,  &n&ju'gum,  a  yoke. 


243.  Ju'ro,  to  swear. 


ABJURE',    to    renounce     upon 

oath. 

ADJURE',  to  put  one  upon  oath. 
CONJURE',   to  summon  or  call 

upon  one  in  a  solemn  manner. 
CON' JURE,  to  practise  secret  or 

magical  arts. 


JU'RY,  a  set  of  men  sworn  to 

give  a  true  verdict. 
JU'ROR,  a  member  of  a  jury. 
PER'JURE,  to  swear  falsely;  to 

take  a  false  oath. 
PER'.TURY,  false  swearing. 


244.  Jus,  (ju'ris'),  right;  justice;  law. 

JUST,  equitable ;  honest. 
UNJUST',  iniquitous;  dishonest. 
JUST'ICE,  right ;  a  magistrate. 
INJUST'ICE,  wrong. 
JUST'IFY,  (152),  to  clear  from 

guilt. 

JU'RIST,  one  versed  in  the  law. 
ADJUST',  to  set  right. 


IN'JURE,  to  treat  unjustly;  to 
wrong ;  to  hurt. 

INJU'RIOUS,  hurtful. 

JURISDICTION,  (117),  legal  au- 
thority ;  extent  of  power. 

JURISPRUDENCE,  (Lat.  pru- 
den'tia,  knowledge),  the 
science  of  law. 


245.  Ju'venis,  young. 

JU'VENILE,    youthful;    fit    for  JU'NIOR,  (Lat.),  younger  than 

children.    '  another. 

JUVENIL'ITY,  youthfulness.       I 


246.   La'bor,  labor. 


LA'.BOR,  work,  toil. 


LABORIOUS,  diligent  in  work;|      room. 


LAB'ORATORY,  a  chemist's  work- 


tiresome. 


ELABORATE,  finished  with  care. 


102  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

247.  La'bor,  (lap'sus},  to  slide. 

LAPSE,    fall;    trifling   error   or | ELAPSE',  to  glide  away. 

fault.  [gether.  i  RELAPSE',  to  fall  back  again. 

COLLAPSJE',  to  fall  inward  or  to- 1  LA'BENT,  gliding. 

248.  La'pis,  (lap'idis),  a  stone. 


LAP'ID  ARY,  a  worker  in  precious 


stones. 


DILAPIDATION,*  ruin ;  demoli- 


tion. 


*  Primary  meaning,  the  falling  down  of  the  stones  of  a  wall. 

249.  La'tus,  broad. 


LATITUDE,    breadth;    extent; 
distance  from  the  equator. 


LATITUDINA'RIAN,  a  person 
who  indulges  freedom  in 
thinking. 


250.  La'tus,  (lateru),  a  side. 

LAT'ERAL,   pertaining  to    the  EQUILAT'ERAL,  (144),  of  equal 

side.  sides. 

COLLATERAL,   placed  by   the  TRILATERAL,    (549),    having 

side ;  classed  with.  three  sides. 

251.  Laus,  (lau'dis),  praise. 

LAUD,  to  praise ;  to  extol.          I  LAUD'ATORY,  containing  praise- 
LAUD' ABLE,  praise- worthy.          [LAUD'ANUM,")"  tincture  of  opium. 

f  This  word  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived,  in  some  humorous  usago> 
from  laus. 

252.  Le'go,  (Jega'tum),  to  send  as  an  ambassador;  to  appoint'. 


LEG'ATE,  a  deputy;  an  ambas- 
sador, [bassy. 

LEGA'TION,  a  deputation ;  an  em- 

LEG'ACY,  something  left  by  will. 

LEGATEE',  one  who  receives  a 
legacy. 

ALLEGE',  to  adduce;  to  plead 
an  excuse. 


ALLEGATION,  affirmation ;  plea- 

COL'LEAGUE,  a  fellow  ambassa- 
dor or  officer. 

DEL'EGATE,  v.  to  send  on  an 
embassy. 

DEL'EGATE,  s.  a  deputy,  a  com- 
missioner. 


253.  Le'go,  (Jed turn),  to  gather;  to  select;  to  read. 

LECT'URE,  a  discourse  designed  JLEG'IBLE,  that  can  be  read, 
to   communicate    formal    in-  J&E'GEND,  a  narrative  of  fabulous 
struction.  character. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE   LATIN. 


103 


x  LE'GION,  a  chosen  body  of  men. 
LES'SON,  anything  read  or  said 

to  a  teacher. 

COLLECT',  to  gather  together. 
COLLECTIVE,  gathered  into  one 

mass. 
DI'ALECT,    peculiar    mode    of 

speech. 
C  DIL'IGENT,  industrious. 

ELEC'TION,  the  act  of  choosing. 
;  EL'IGIBLE,  fit  to  be  chosen. 


IN'TELLECT,  understanding. 

INTELLIGENT,  able   to  under*  $ 
stand. 

INTEL'LIGIBLE,    that    can    be 
understood  ;  clear ;  plain. 

NEGLECT',  (Lat.  wee,  not),  to 
slight;  to  postpone. 

NEGLIGENCE,  inattention.  0 

RECOLLECT',  to  call  up  in  me- 
mory. 

SELECT',  to  choose  out. 


254.  Le'nis,  mild;  gentle. 


LE'NIENT,  mild;  fitted  to  soothe. 
LEN'ITIVE,  that  which  softens 
or  mitigates. 


LEN'ITY,  mildness  of  temper; 
tenderness;  mercy. 


255.  Lefvo,  to  raise. 

LEV'ITY,     lightness ;     vanity ;  LEV'Y,  to  raise ;  to  collect. 

mirth.  JREL'EVANT,  capable  of  aiding; 

EL'EVATE,  to  lift  up.  applicable. 


ALLE'VIATE,  to  lighten. 


IRRELEVANT,  not  applicable. 


LEV'IGATE,  to  grind  to  powder, i RELIEVE',  to  aid;  to  succor. 


256.  Lex,  (le'yis),  a  law. 

LE'GAL,  lawful.  LEG'ISLATE,  to  enact  laws. 

ILLE'GAL,  unlawful.  ,  PRIVILEGE,*  (413),  a  special 

LE'GALIZE,  to  make  lawful.  right  or  advantage. 

LEGITIMATE,  correctly  derived.  LEGITIMACY,  a  political  term, 
LEGISLATURE,  (167),  the  law-!      signifying  lawful  hereditary 
making  power.  |     succession  in  the  government. 

*  Primary  signification,  a  law  for  the  advantage  of  particular  individuals. 


257.  Lfber,  free. 

LIB'ERAL,  bountiful;  generous,  i  LIB'ERTINE,  one  under  no  moral 
LIB'ERTY,  freedom.  [free.  |      restraint. 

LIB'ERATE,    DELIV'ER,    to   set  ILLIB'ERAL,  mean;  suspicious. 
LIB'ERALIZE,  to  remove  narrow  ILLIBERAL'ITY,  want  of  gene- 
views,  i      rosity. 


104 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
258.  Li'bcr,  (li'bri),  a  book. 


LI'BRARY,  a  collection  of  books. 

LI'BEL,  (Lat.  libel'lus,  a  small 
writing  or  document),  a  de- 
famatory writing. 


LIBRA'RIAN,  one  who  has  the 

care  of  books. 
LI'BELLOUS,  defamatory. 


259.  Li'bro,  (libra* turn),  to  weigh  in  a  balance. 

DELIBERATE,   to   weigh   men- j EQUILIBRIUM,  (144).  equality 
tally.  I     of  weights  in  a  balance. 

260.  Lfcety  to  be  lawful,  or  allowable. 


LI'CENSE,  permission. 
LICEN'TIOUS,     wanton ;     unre- 


strained. 


ILLIC'IT,  unlawful;  improper. 
LICEN'TIATE,  one  who  has  re- 
ceived a  license. 


261.  Lfffo,  (liya'tum),  to  bind. 


LIG'AMENT,  a  band. 
LIG'ATURE,  anythingthatbinds; 

a  bandage. 
ALLE'GIANCE,      acknowledged 

obligation  to  obey. 


OBLIGE',   to  compel;    to  place 

under  bonds  of  duty. 
OBLIGATION,  a  binding  require- 


ment. 


[> 


man. 


RELIG'ION,  our  duty  to  God  and 


262.  LUmen,  a  threshold. 


ELIMINATE,  to  put  out  of  doors; 


to  cast  out. 


PRELIMINARY,      before      the 
threshold;  introductory. 


263.  Lin'gua,  the  tongue;  a  language. 

LAN'GUAGE,     human     speech;  LIN'GUIST,  one  skilled  in  Ian- 
style,  guages. 

264.  Lin'quo,  (lief turn'),  to  leave. 


DELINQUENT,  failing  in  duty. 
DERELIC'TION,  a  forsaking. 
RELINQUISH,  to  abandon. 


REL'IC,  something  left. 
REL'ICT,  literally,  one  left;  a 
widow. 


265.  Li'num,  flax.     Lin'ea,  a  line. 


LIN'EN,  cloth  made  of  flax. 
LIN'SEED,  the  seed  of  flax. 


LIN'SEY-WOOLSEY,     made    of 
linen  and  wool. 


\VORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


105 


LTNT,  down  scraped  from  linen. 
LINE,  (liji'ea),  a  thread  or  cord. 
LIN'EAR,  consisting  of  lines. 
LIN'EAL,  in  a  line. 


LIN'EAMENT,  an  outline  of  the 
face  or  of  a  portion  of  it. 

CURVILIN'EAR,  (104),  having 
curved  lines.  [line. 


LIN'EAGE,  descent;  family  line. ;  DELIN'EATE,  to   draw  an   out- 


266.  Lis,  (H'tis],  strife. 


IJTIGA'TION,  going  to  law. 


jLrr'iGANT,  one   engaged 
law-suit. 


in 


267,  Lit' era,  a  letter. 


LIT'ERATURE,  learning. 
LIT'ERARY,  relating  to  learning. 
LIT'ERAL,  exact  to  the  letter. 
LITERA'TI,  (Lat.),  the  learned. 
ILLITERATE,  unlearned. 
OBLITERATE,  to  rub  out. 


LET'TER,  a  character  represent- 
ing some  sound  ;  an  epistle. 
LiT;ERALLY,exactly  to  the  letter. 
ALLITERA'TION, beginning  seve- 


ral words  in  succession 
the  same  letter. 


with 


268.  Lo'cus,  a  place. 

LO'CAL,  relating  to  place.  j      of  motion  from  one  place  to 

LOCAL'ITY,  situation;  place.  another. 

LO'CATE,  to  place  ALLOCATION,  putting  one  thing 

LOCOMO'TION,  (316),  power  of  |      to  another. 

changing  place.  COLLOCA'TION, placing  together. 

LOCOMO'TIVE,  having  the  power  1  DIS'LOCATE,  to  put  out  of  joint. 


269.  Lori  (jus,  long. 


LONG,  a.  not  short. 
LONG,  v.  to  desire  earnestly. 
LON'GITUDE,    length;    distance 
oast  or  west.  [life. 

LONGEVITY,  (147),  length  of 


PROLONG',  to  lengthen  out. 
OB'LONG,  longer  than  broad. 
ELON'GATE,  to  lengthen. 
ELONGA'TION,  the  state  of  being 
lengthened. 


270.  Lo'quor,  (locu'tus*),  to  speak. 


LOQUAC'ITY,  talkativeness. 
COL'LOQUY,  a  conference. 
COLLO'QUIAL,  relating   to  con- 
versation, [expression. 
CIRC u MLOCu'TiON,a round  about 


ELOCU'TION,  the  art  of  oratorical 
delivery. 


EL'OQUENT, 
powers. 


having    oratorical 
[ing  speech. 


GRANDIL'OQUENCE,(2U8), SWell- 


106  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

EL'OQUENCE,  the  art  of  speaking  SOLIL'OQUY,  (496),  a  speech  in 

well;  oratory.  solitude. 

OB'LOQUY,  censorious  speech.     VENTRIL'OQUIST,    (573),    one 
LOQUA'CIOUS,  full  of  talk;  gar-i     who  can  speak  as  if  from  his 

rulous.  stomach. 

271.  Lu'crum,  gain. 
LU'CRE,  (Fr.),  gain;  profit.        | LU'CRATIVE,  profitable. 

272.  Luc'tor,  (lucta'tus),  to  struggle. 
RELUC'TANCE,  unwillingness.     |RELUC'TANT,  unwilling. 

273.  Lu'do,  (lu'sum),  to  play. 

LU'DTCROUS,  exciting  laughter.  DELU'SION,    deceptive    appear- 
ALLU'SION,  a  reference  to  some-  i      ance. 

thing.  IN'TERLUDE,  a  play  performed 

COLLU'SION,    dishonest    agree-       between  the  principal  exhibi- 

ment  or  compact.  tions. 

ELUDE',  to  escape  by  stratagem. .  PRE'LUDE,  an  introductory  play. 

274.  Lu'na,  the  moon. 


LU'NAR,  relating  to  the  moon. 
LUNE,  a  figure  in  the  form  of  a 
crescent;  a  crescent  or  half- 


moon. 


LU'NACY,  a  sort  of  madness.* 
LU'NATIC,  an  insane  person. 
SUB'LUNARY,  beneath  the  moon ; 
earthly. 


*  The  name  was  derived  from  a  superstitious  notion  that  insanity  was  con' 
nected  with  the  influence  of  the  moon. 


275.  Lu'o,  (lit* turn),  to  wash  away. 

ABLU'TION,  a  washing  or  cleans-  DILUTE',  to  make  thin  or  weak 
ing.  DILU'TION,   a  making  thin   or 

ANTEDILU'VIAN,     (Lat.    dilu'-      weak ;  a  diluted  liquid. 
vium,  a  deluge),  existing  be-  POLLUTE',  (Lat.  pol'luo,  to  de- 
fore  the  deluge.  file),  to  defile;  to  make  un- 

ALLU'VIAL,  deposited  by  iuun-       clean. 

dation.  POLLU'TION,    defilement;    im- 

DILU'VIAN,  relating  to  the  de-       purity, 
luge. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


107 


276.  Lux,  (lii!citf):  and  Lu'men,  (lu'minis),  light. 


LU'CID,  LU'CENT,  bright;  shin- 
ing;-giving  light. 

LU'CIFER,  (167),  the  morning 
star. 

LU'MINOUS,     emitting     light; 


LU'MINARY,  anything  that  gives 

light. 

ELU'CIDATE,  to  explain. 
ILLU'MINATE,  to  enlighten. 
ILLUMINA'TION,  lighting  up. 


shining.  TRANSLU'CENT,    clear;     trans- 

parent. 

277.  Mayis'ter,  a  master. 
MAGISTRATE,  one  having  civil  MAGISTE'RIAL,  having  the  air 


authority. 


of  authority. 


MAGISTRACY,  the  office  or  dig- 1  MAS'TER,  one  having  the  direc- 
nity  of  a  magistrate.  [     tion  or  control. 

278.  Mag'nus,  great;  Ma'jor,  greater. 


MAG'NITUDE,  greatness. 
MAG'NIFY,  (152),  to  make  great; 


to  extol. 


fmind. 


MAGNAN'IMOUS,  (13),  of  noble 


;,  (13),  o 
,   (152), 


MAGNIF'ICENCE 
deur. 

MAIN,  s.  the  gross  j  the  chief 


(152),    gran- 
[part. 


MAIN,  a.  chief;  principal. 


MA'JOR,  a.  greater. 

MA'JOR,  s.  a  military  officer. 

MAJOR'ITY,  the  part  of  any 
number  greater  than  the  sum 
of  all  the  other  parts. 

MAJ'ESTY,  grandeur ;  sove- 
reignty; royal  title. 

MAJES'TIC,  stately;  grand. 


279.  Ma'lm,  bad. 


MALEDIC'TION,  (117),  a  curse. 
MALEFAC;TOR,(152),  a  criminal. 
MAL'ICE,  a  disposition  to  injure 
.    without  cause. 
MALIG'NITY,  extreme  enmity. 
MALI'CIOUS,    intending    ill    to 

others. 
MALEV'OLENT,  (598),  wishing 

ill  to  another. 


MALIG'NANT,  partaking  of  mal- 
ice and  envy. 

MALADMINISTRATION,  (299), 
bad  use  of  power. 

MALIGN',  to  slander;  to  defame. 

MAL'CONTENT,  (530),  a  dissatis- 
fied, restless  member  of  society. 

MALPRAC'TICE,  (G.  191),  evil 
or  illegal  practice  or  conduct. 


280.  Man'do,*  (manda'turri),  to  commit;  to  give  a  charge  or 
command. 

RECOMMEND',  to  commend   to 
another. 

*  MANDA'MUS,  signifying  we  command,  is  the  name  of  a  command  or  writ 
issuing  from  the  King's  Bench  in  England,  and  in  America  from  some  of  the 
higher  courts,  directed  to  any  person,  corporation,  or  inferior  court,  requiring 
them  to  do  some  act  therein  specified. —  Webster, 


MAN'DATE,  an  order. 
COMMAND',  to  govern;  to  order. 


108  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

COUNTERMAND',   to    revoke    a  ]  DEMAND',  to  call  for  with  autho- 
former  command.  ] REMAND',  to  send  back.      [rity. 

281.   Ma'neo,  (man' sum},  to  stay. 

MAN'SION,    place     of    abode  ;  PER'MANENT,  durable ;  lasting. 

bouse.  REMAIN',  to  stay;  to  be  left. 

REMAIN'DER.  the  difference  be-  REM'NANT,  that  which  is  left; 

tween  two  quantities.  residue. 

282.  Ma'nus,  the  hand. 

MAN'UAL,  performed  by  hand ;  MANIP'ULATE,  to  handle. 

a  book  which  rnuy  be  held  in  AMANUEN'SIS,  (Lat),  a  person 

the  hand.  employed  to  write  what  an- 
MANUFAC'TORY,  (152),  a  work- '     other  dictates. 

ing  place.  EMANCIPATE,  (47),  to  set  at 

MANUFACTURE,  anything  made  liberty. 

by  art.  MAINTAIN'. f  (530),  to  support. 

MANUMIS'SION,   (305),  giving  MAN'AGE,  (3).  to  conduct. 

liberty  to  slaves.*                   ~  MANCEU'VRE,|  a  dextrous  move- 

MAN'USCRTPT,  (468),  a  writing.  ment. 

MAN'ACLES,     shackles,     hand-  MANURE'. §  to  apply  fertilizing 

cuffs.  matter. 

*  Literally,  sending  away  from  under  the  hand, 
•f  From  the  French  word  maintenir. 

J  Derived,  through  the  French,  from  manus  and  opera  or  opus,  (349),  and 
therefore  signifying,  literally,  a  work  of  the  hand. 

\  The  word  originally  signified — to  cultivate  by  hand. 

283.  Ma' re,  the  sea. 

MARINE',  belonging  to  the  sea. 'SUBMARINE',  under  the  sea. 
MAR'INER.  a  seaman.  TRANSMARINE',  across  the  sea 


•MAR'ITIME, bordering  on  the  sea; 
relating  to  the  sea;  naval. 


ULTRAMARINE',  (Lat.  ul'tra,  be- 
yond), across  the  sea;  a  blue 


dye-stuff. 

284.  Ma'ter,  a  mother. 

MATER'NAL,    pertaining    to    a  MA'TRON,  a  married  woman  ;  an 

mother.  elderly  lady. 

MAT'RIMONY.  marriage.  MATRIMO'NIAL,    pertaining    to 

MATERN'ITY,  the  character  or      marriage. 

relation  of  a  mother. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 
285.  Matu'rus,  ripe. 


109 


MATURE',  ripe;  well  digested. 
MATU'RITY,  ripeness;   comple- 


tion. 


IMMATURE',  unripe. 
PREMATURE',  ripe  too  soon;  too 
hasty. 


286.  Me'deor,  to  cure. 


MED'ICINE,  any  substance  used 

in  curing  disease. 
MED'ICAL,  relating  to  medicine. 
MEDIC'INAL,  having  the  power 

of  healing. 
MED'ICATED,     mingled     with 

something  medicinal. 


MEDICA'TION,  the  use  of  medi 


cne. 


REME'DIAL,  intended  for  a  rem- 
REM'EDY,  a  cure  ;  reparation. 
REME'DIABLE,  curable. 
IRREME'DIABLE,  incurable. 


287.  Me'dius,  middle. 
ME'DIUM,    (Lat.),   the   middle  IMMEDIATE,   instant;    direct; 


point;  that  which  comes  be- 
tween. 


acting  without  any  interven- 
ing cause. 


ME'DIATE,  v.  to  interpose  be-  INTERMEDIATE,      lying      be- 
tween parties,  for  the  purpose       tween. 
of  effecting  a  reconciliation.     MEDIOC'RITY, middle  state,  rate, 

ME'DIATE,  a.  middle ;  interven-      or  degree ;  moderate  degree, 
ing. 

288.  Mel,  honey.  - 


MELLIFLUOUS,  (185),  sweetty 


flowing;  smooth. 


MELLIF'EROUS,  (167),  produc- 
ing honey;  (as,  melliferous 
plants). 

289.  Me'lior,  better. 

AMELIORATE,  to  make  better ;  I  MELIORATION,  improvement, 
to  improve. 

290.  Mem'ini,  to  remember 

MEM'ORY,  the  faculty  by  which  MEMO'RIAL,  a  monument;  ape- 

we  remember.  i      tition. 

MEM'ORABLE,  worthy  to  be  re-  MEN'TION,  to  speak  of. 

membered.  COMMEM'ORATE,  to  preserve  in 

MEMORAN'DUM,  (Lat.),  a  note       memory  by  some  public  act. 

to  help  the  memory.  |  IMMEMORIAL,  beyond  memory. 

MEM'OIR,  (Jr.  m<?m<9ire),ashort  REMINIS'CENCE,  recollection. 

account.  j  REMEM'BER,  to  bear  in  mind 

MEMEN'TO,  that  which  reminds,  i 


no 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
291.  Mens,  (men'tis),  the  mind. 


MENT'AL,    pertaining     to    the 
mind. 


DEMENTA'TION,  making  frantic. 


292.  Aier'go,  (mer'sum),  to  dip ;  to  sink. 
MERGE,  to  sink,  or  cause  to  be  IMMER'SION,  the  act  of  putting 


swallowed  up. 

EMERGE',  to  rise  out  of. 

EMER'GENCY,    pressing    neces- 
sity.* 


any  thing  below  the  surface 
of  a  fluid. 

SUBMER'SION,  the  state  of  being 
wholly  covered  by  a  fluid. 


*  The  word  is  derived  from  the  idea  of  an  event  suddenly  coming  upon  one, 
as  if  something  had  arisen  unexpectedly  from  the  water. 


293.   Merx,  (me/cis),  merchandise. 


COM'MERCE,  traffic,  exchange. 
MERCHANDISE,  things  bought 

and  sold. 
MER'CHANT,  a  trader. 


MERCANTILE,  pertaining  to  the 

business  of  a  merchant. 
MER'CENARY,  serving  for  pay. 
MER'CER,  one  who  deals  in  silks. 


294.  Me'tior*  (men'sus),  to  measure. 

ADMEASUREMENT,  the  act  or 
result  of  measuring  according 


METE,  to  measure. 
MEAS'URE,  that  by  which  any 
thing  is  reckoned. 


MENSURA'TION,  the  art  of  meas- 
uring. 

COMMEN'SURATE,  of  equal  meas- 
ure, [body. 


DIMENSION,  the   extent   of  a|     vastness. 
*  See  Gr.  137. 


to  rule. 
IMMEASURABLE,  that  cannot  be 

measured. 

IMMENSE',  immeasurably  great. 
IMMENS'ITY,  unlimited  extent; 


295.  MUgro,  (migra'tum),  to  remove ;  to  depart  from  a  place  of 
residence. 


MIGRA'TION,  departure  to  a  dis- 
tant place  of  residence. 

MI'GRATORY,  roving j  unsettled. 

EM'IGRATE,  to  remove  from  a 
place. 

EM'IGRANT,  one  who  removes. 


IMMIGRATION,  the  coming  of 
foreigners  into  a  country. 

IM'MIGRANT,  one  who  comes 
into  a  country  to  reside. 

TRANSMIGRATION,  a  passing 
from  one  state  to  another. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 
296.  Mi'les,  (mil'itls),  a  soldier. 


Ill 


MJLI'TIA,  the  enrolled  soldiers.  jMiL'iTANT,fighting,contending. 
MIL'ITARY,   pertaining   to   sol- 1  M^L'ITATE,  to  act  against, 
diery. 


297.  Mil'le,  a  thousand. 
MILLENNIUM,  (14),  a  thousand  MIL'LEPED,    (380),   an    insect 


years. 


having  many  feet. 


298.  Mi'neo,  to  hang  over. 

IM'MINENT,  impending;  at  hand.  EM'INENT,  high;  distinguished. 
PROM'INENT,  standing  out.         EM'INENCE,  elevation. 


299.   Minister,  a  servant  or  attendant. 


MIN'ISTER,  one  who  is  appoint- 
ed to  transact  business  of 
state  under  the  direction  of 
the  chief  executive;  a  cler- 
gyman.* 

MIN'ISTRY,  the  office  of  a  min- 
ister. 

MIN'ISTRANT,  attendant  upon. 

MINISTERIAL,  pertaining  to  a 
minister. 


ADMIN'ISTER,  to  perform  duties 
in  an  official  station;  to  dis- 
pense; to  bring  that  which  is 
needed. 

ADMINISTRATOR,  one  who 
takes  charge  of  the  property 
of  a  person  dying  without  a 
will. 

ADMINISTRATION,  manage- 
ment; actual  government. 


*  So  called  from  his  being  appointed  to  ierve  the  church  in  the  sacerdotal 
office. 

300.  Mi'nor,  less. 


MI'NOR,  a.  smaller ;  s.  one  not 
of  age 

MINOR'ITY,   the   smaller    num- 
ber, [trait. 

MIN'IATURE,  (Fr.),  a  small  por- 

MINUTE',  a.  small. 

MIN'UTE,  s.  a  portion  of  time. 

MIN'IMUM,    (Lat.),    the    least 
quantity  possible  in  the  case. 

MlN'lON,  a  mean,  low  depend- 
ant. 

8 


MIN'UEND,  the  number  to  be 
diminished. 

MI'NUS,  (Lat.),  a  mathematical 
term  signifying  subtraction. 

MiNu'TLffi,  (Lat.),  small  particu- 
lars. 

DIMIN'ISH,  to  make  less. 

DIMINUTION,  a  growing  less. 

DIMIN'UTIVE,  little. 

DIMIN'UTIVENESS,  smallncss; 
littleness. 


112 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 
301.   Mi'rus,  strange;  wonderful. 


MIR'ACLE,  a  supernatural  event.  AD'MIRABLE,  of  wonderful  ex- 


MIRAC'ULOUS,  performed  super- 

naturally.       [or  high  esteem. 

ADMIRE',  to  regard  with  wonder 


cellence. 
ADMIRA'TION,  wonder  mingled 
with  affection  or  esteem. 


302.  Mis' ceo,  (mizftum),  to  mix. 

Mix.  to  mingle.  iMls'ciBLE,  that  may  be  mixed 

MIX'TURE,  a  compound  formed ,  ADMIX'TURE,     the     substance 
by  mingling.  which    is    mixed    with     an- 


MIS'CELLANY,    a   collection   of 

various  things. 
MISCELLANEOUS,    mixed ;    of 


various  kinds. 


other. 

INTERMIX',  to  mingle  together. 

PROMISCUOUS,   mingled  indis- 
criminately. 


303.  Mi'ser,  wretched. 


MIS'ERT,  wretchedness,  distress.  MI'SERLY,  very  covetous. 
MI'SER,  one  who  makes  himself 


miserable    by   his    niggardli- 


ness. 


MISERABLE,  unhappy. 
COMMIS'ERATE,  to  pity;  to  com- 
passionate. 


304.  Mtti&y  meek ;  mild. 
MIT'IGATE,  to  assuage;  to  ren-  UNMIT'IGATED,  anassuaged;not 


der  more  mild. 


softened  in  severity. 


305.  Miifto,  (miYswrn),  to  send. 


MIS'SION,  the  state  of  being 
sent  by  authority. 

MISSIONARY,  one  sent  to  pro- 
pagate religion. 

MIS'SILE,  something  thrown  by 
the  hand. 

ADMIT',  to  let  in ;  to  allow. 

ADMIS'SION,  ADMITTANCE,  per- 
mission to  enter. 

COMMIT',    to   intrust;    to   per-: 


COM'MISSARY,  a  kind  of  mili- 
tary commissioner. 

COMMIT'TEE,  one  or  more  per- 
sons to  whom  a  matter  is  re- 
ferred  by  a  legislative  body  or 
a  society. 

COMPROMISE,  to  adjust  by  con- 
cession. 

DEMISE',  departure  from  life. 

DISMISS',  to  send  away. 


petrate.  JEM'ISSARY,  one  sent  out  as  a 

COMMISSION,  a  trust;  authority!      secret  agent. 

given;  the  act  of  committing,  j  EMIT',  to  send  forth. 
COMMISSIONER,  one  bearing  a  INTERMIS'SION,  cessation  for  a 

commission.  time. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  .118 

INTERMITTENT,  ceasing  at  in-  PROM'ISE,  to  engage  to  do. 
tervals.  PROM'ISSORY,  containing  a  pro- 

MANUMIS'&ION,  (282),  sending       mise. 

away  from  bondage.  •  REMIT',  to  relax;  to  forgive. 

MIS'SIVE.  sent;  a  letter  or  mes- j REMISS',  slack;  negligent, 
sage  sent.  i  SUBMISSIVE,  humble;  yielding 

OMIT',  to  leave  out.  !  SUBMIT',  to  yield  to  authority. 

PERMISSION,  leave  granted.       [SURMISE',  suspicion. 

PREMISE',  to  state  beforehand.   | TRANSMIT',   to   send    over;    to 

PREM'ISES,     propositions     pre-       suffer  to  pass  through ;  to  de- 
viously proved  or  assumed.      I      liver  to  posterity. 

306.  Mo'duSy  a  manner. 

MODE,  manner.  ,  MOD'ICUM,  (Lat.),  a  small  quan- 

MOOD,  temper  of  mind.  tity. 

MOD'EL,  a  copy  to  be  imitated.    COMMO'DIOUS,  convenient. 
MOD'IFY,  (152),  to  change  the  COMMODITIES,  wares;  goods. 

form  or  character  of  a  thing.  ACCOM'MODATE,  to  supply  with 
MOD'ULATE,  to  vary  the  pitch;      conveniences. 

of  sounds.  I  INCOMMODE',  to  trouble. 

MOD'ERATE,    observing   proper;  MODERA'TOR,  (Lat.),  a  presiding 


bounds;  not  excessive. 
MOD'EST,  restrained  by  a  sense 
of  propriety. 


officer. 


307.  Mo'lior,  (mol?tus)\  to  rear  or  build. 

DEMOL'ISH,  to  throw  down.         DEMOLITION,   the   act   of  de- 
DEMOi/iSHMENT,ruin;  destruc-       molishing. 
tion. 

308.   Mol'lis,  soft. 


MOL'LIFY,  (152),  to  soften;  to 
assuage. 


EMOL'LIENT,  fitted  to  soften  or 


309.  Mo'neOj  (nion'itum),  to  put  in  mind;  to  warn. 

MON'ITOR,    (Lat.),    one     who|  ADMONI'TION,     warning;      re- 
warns  of  duty.  proof. 

MO.N'UMENT,  a  memorial.  PREMON'ITORY,  giving  warning 

MON'ITORY,  calculated  to  givej     beforehand. 

warning.  SUMMON,  (Lat.   submo'neo),  to 

ADMON'iSH,to  remind  of  a  fault,  j      call  by  authority. 


114  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

310.  Mons,  (mon'tis'),  a  mountain. 


MOUNT,  a  hill. 
MOUN'TAIN,  a  large  hill. 
MOUND,  a  heap  or  bank  of  earth. 
AMOUNT',  the  sum. 
DISMOUNT',  to   alight   from   a 
horse. 


PAR'AMOUNT,  superior;  chief. 

PROM'ONTORY,  a  high  land  pro- 
jecting into  the  sea. 

SURMOUNT',  to  rise  above. 

TANTAMOUNT,  (Lat.  tan'tus, 
equivalent),  of  the  same 
amount  or  force. 


311.  Monttrot  (monstra'tuiri),  to  point  out;  to  show. 

MON'STER,  something  deformed  DEMONSTRATIVE,  proving  by 
or  horrible.  irresistible  argument;  point- 

MON'STROUS,  unnatural;  huge,  j      ing  out. 

DEMONSTRATE,  to  prove  rigor-  ;REMON'sTRATE,topresentstrong 
ously.  I  reasons  against  any  measure. 

312.  MoSbus,  disease. 

MOR'BID,  diseased;  .not  sound | CHOLERA-MOR'BUS,  (Gr.  50), 
or  healthful.  I  the  name  of  a  disease. 

313.  Mor'deo,  (morfsum\  to  bite. 

MOR'SEL,  a  piece  bitten  off.         REMORSE'LESS,unpitying;  cruel, 
REMORSE',  sense  of  guilt.          j  REMORSE'LESSLY,  without   re- 


morse. 


314.  Mors,  (mortis) ,  death. 


MOR'TAL,  subject  to  death; 
deadly. 

MORTAL'ITY,  death;  human  na- 
ture. 

I M MOR'TAL,  exempt  from  death. 


IMMOR'TALIZE,  to  render  im- 
mortal. 

MOR'TIFY,  (152),  to  lose  vital- 
ity ;  to  abase. 

MORTIFICA'TION,  vexation;  loss 
of  vitality. 


315.  J/os,  (mo'ris),  custom;  practice. 

MOR'AL,  relating  to  the  practice  MOR'ALIZE,  to  apply  to  moral 

or  conduct  of  men ;  conformed !      subjects. 

to  law  and  rectitude.  MORAL'ITY,  correctness  of  life. 

MOR'ALIST,  one  who  teaches  the  IMMOR'AL.  not  virtuous. 

duties  of  life ;  one  who  prac- ;  DEMORALIZE,  to  render  corrupt 

tises  moral  duties.  in  morals. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


115 


316.  Mo'veo,  (mo'tom),  to  move. 


MOVE,  to  put  out  of  one  place 
into  another. 

MOVE'MENT,  change  of  place. 

MOV'ABLES,  goods ;  furniture. 

MOBIL'ITY,  capacity  of  being 
moved. 

MOB,  a  disorderly  multitude. 

MOMEN'TUM,  (Lat.),  force  of 
motion. 

MO'TIVE,  moving  power;  in- 
ducement. 


MO'TION,  the  act  of  moving. 

COMMO'TION,  tumult;  disturb* 
ance. 

EMO'TION,  disturbance  of  mind. 

PROMO'TION,  advancement  to 
higher  rank. 

PROMOTE',  to  advance;  to  exalt. 

PROMO'TIVE,  tending  to  pro- 
mote. 

REMOVE',  to  put  from  its  place. 

REMOTE',  at  a  distance. 


317.  Mul'tus,  much. 

MULTIFA'RIOUS,  (Lat.  va'rius,  !  MUL'TIPLY,  to  increase  in  num- 
different),  having   great   va-       bers. 


riety. 

MUL'TIFORM,     (187), 
many  forms. 


having 


MUL'TIPLE,   (392),   a   number 


MULTIPLICA'TION,   increase  in 

number. 
MULTIPLICAND',  the  number  to 

be  multiplied. 


which    exactly   contains    an-  JMUL'TITUDE,  a  great  number, 
other  several  times. 


318.  Mun'dus,  the  earth;  the  world. 

MUN'DANE,   belonging    to   thelExTRAMUN'DANE,  beyond  the 
world ;  earthly.  |     material  world. 


319.  Mvlnioy  to  fortify. 

AMMUNITION,        MUNITION, IMU'NIMENT,  a  strong  hold;  a 
materials  used  in  war.  fortress ;  support ;  defence. 


320.  Mu'nus,  (mu'neris),  an  office ;  a  gift, 


MUNICIPAL,  (47),  pertaining 
to  a  corporation. 

MuNiF'iCENCE,(152),  liberality. 

COMMUNE',  (Lat.  con),  to  con- 
verse together. 

COM  MU' NIC  ATE,  to  impart. 


COMMU'NICATIVE,  liberal  in  im- 
parting knowledge. 

COMMU'NITY,  common  posses- 
sion or  enjoyment;  society. 

COMMUN'ION,  fellowship ;  in- 
tercourse. 


116  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

COM'MON,  shared  by  all;  gene- IMMU'NITY,     exemption     from 
ral.*  duty. 


REMUNERATION,  recompense. 


EXCOMMU'NICATE,  to  cu^t  off 
from  church  membership. 

*  A  common  inheritance  is   one  which  all  the  inheritors   own  and  enjoy 
alike.     A  characteristic  is  said  to  be  common  to  our  race,  which  every  human 
being  possesses. 

321.  Mu'rus,  a  wall. 

MU'RAL,  pertaining  to  a  wall.*    IMMURE',  to  enclose  within  walls; 

to  imprison. 

*  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  golden  crown  was  bestowed  on  him  who 
first  mounted  the  wall  of  a  besieged  place  ;  this  was  called  coro'na  mura'lis,  a 
mural  crown. 

322.  Mu'sa,  a  Muse. 

MUSE,  s.  a  heathen  deity  pre-  MUSE'UM,  (Lat.),  a  repository 

siding  over  poetry,  &c.  of  curiosities. 

MUSE,  v.  to  ponder.  Mu'sic,  melody  or  harmony. 

AMUSE',  to  divert.  MUSIC'IAN,  one  skilled  in  music. 

323.   J/z//o,  (vnntn'ftim),  to  change. 

MU'TABLE,  changeable.  IMMU'TABLE,  unchangeable. 

MUTA'TION,  change.  TRANSMUTE',  to   change    to   a 

different  nature. 
TRANSMUTA'TION,   change    of 

substance;  alteration. 


MU'TUAL,     reciprocal;      inter- 
changed. 
COMMUTE',  to  exchange. 


324.    Nas'cor,  (na'tus)^  to  be  born. 

NA'TAL,  relating  to  one's  birth.  NAT'URALIST,  a  student  of  na- 
NA'TIVE.  conferred    by  birth ;       ture. 

original.  NAT'URAL,  produced  by  nature ; 

unaffected. 
INNATE',  born  with  us ;  consti- 


NATIV'ITY,  birth. 
NA'TION,  a  distinct  people. 


NA'TURE,  original  quality;  the       tutional. 

established  course  of  things  PRETERNAT'URAL,      extraordi- 
in  creation  ;  the  visible  crea-  j      nary,  but  not  miraculous, 
tion.  I  SUPERNATURAL,  above  nature. 

325.  Na'to,  to  swim. 
NAT  A'TION,  the  act  of  swimming.  |  SUPERNA'TANT,  floating  above. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
326.  No! vis,  a  ship  or  vessel. 


117 


NA'VY,   the   national  establish- 
ment of  war  vessels. 
NA'VAL,  relating  to  vessels. 


NAU'TICAL,  (Lat.  nau'ta,  a  sail- 
or), pertaining  to  seamen  or 
navigation. 


NAVIGATION,  (3),  travelling  by  CIRCUMNAV'IGATE       to      sail 
ships;  the  art  of  navigating.         round.  [round. 

NAV'IGABLE,  passable  by  ships.  CIRCUMNAVIGA'TION,      sailing 


327.  Nec'to,  (nexfum),  to  tie  or  bind. 


CONNECT',  to  tie  or  join  toge- 
ther. 

CONNECTION,  a  joining;  rela- 
tion. 


DISCONNECT',  to  sever. 
ANNEX',  to  unite  at  the  end. 
ANNEXATION,  the  act  of  joining 
or  annexing. 


328.  Ne'go,  (nega'tum),  to  deny. 


NEGA'TION,  denial. 
NEG'ATIVE,  implying  denial. 


DENY',  (Fr.  denier;  Lat. 

.  #0),  to  contradict ;  to  refuse. 


329.  Nego'tium*  business. 

NEGO'TIATE,  to  transact  busi- 1  NEGOTIABLE,    that    may    be 
ness.  I      transferred  in  business. 

*  Compounded  of  nee,  not,  and  o'tium,  leisure,  ease. 

330.  Neu'ter,  neither  of  the  two. 

NEU'TER,  of  neither  gender.       |  NEU'TRALIZE,   to   render  neu- 
NEU'TRAL,     not     engaged     on  I     tral;  to  destroy  the  peculiar 
either  side.  properties. 


331.  Ni'hil,  nothing. 


NIHIL'ITY,  nothingness. 


ANNIHILA'TION,    reducing    to 
nothing  or  non-existence. 


332.  No' ceo,  to  hurt;  to  harm. 


Nox'ious,  hurtful. 
INNOX'IOUS,  harmless. 
IN'NOCENT,  not  chargeable  with 
mischief. 


IN'NOCENCE,  simplicity,  purity. 
NUI'SANCE,    that    which    does 

injury. 
OBNOX'IOUS,  liable;  exposed  to 

penalty. 


118  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

333.  Nor' ma,  a  rule. 

NOR'MAL.  according  to  a  rule  or  ENOR'MITY,  a  wrong  or  irregu- 
precept ;  elementary.  lar  act ;  atrociousness. 

ENOR'MOUS,  beyond  the  usual  ;ENOR'MOUSLY,  excessively;  be- 
measure ;  huge ;  excessive.  yond  measure. 

334.  Nos'co,  (no'tum),  to  know.     No'men,  a  name. 


XOTE,  a  mark  ;  a  hint. 

XOTA'TION.  (Lat.  iw'ta,  a  mark), 
mode  of  marking. 

NO'TED,  NOTO'RIOUS,  well 
known ;  remarkable. 

NO'TICE,  observation. 

NO'TIFY,  ( 152 ),  to  make  known. 

NO'TION,  idea;  opinion. 

ANNOTATION,  a  comment. 

COG'NISANCE,  notice;  percep- 
tion. 

COGNI'TION,  certain  knowledge 

DENOTE',  to  point  out. 

NO'BLE,  (Lat.  no'bilis),  gene- 
rous; famous. 

NOBIL'ITY,  dignity;  high  rank. 

ENNO'BLE,  to  dignify;  to  ele- 
vate. 

IGNO'BLE,  mean ;  worthless. 


REC'OGNISE,  to  remember  a 
thing  as  one  previously  known. 

RECONNOI'TRE,  (Fr.),  to  survey. 

NOM'INAL,  in  name  only. 

NO'MENCLATURE,  (Lat.  ca'lo,  to 
call),  a  system  of  names ;  the 
terms  or  words  of  an  art  or 
science. 

NOM'INATE,  to  name  for  ap^ 
pointment. 

XAME,  the  term  by  which  we 
distinguish  things. 

XOUN,  a  part  of  speech. 

PRO'NOUN,  a  word  used  instead 
of  a  noun. 

DENOMINATION,  a  class  of 
things  or  persons  called  by 
the  same  name. 

IG'NOMINY,  disgrace,  dishonor. 

MISNO'MER,  a  misnaming. 

335.  No'vus,  new. 

NOV'EL,  a.  new ;  s.  a  tale.  IN'NOVATE,  to  introduce  some- 

NOV'ELIST,  a  writer  of  novels.  |      thing  new. 
NOV'ELTY,  newness.  INNOVA'TION,   introduction   of 

NOV'ICE,  one  new  in  the  busi-       something  new. 
ness.  REN'OVATE,  to  renew. 


336.  Nox,  (noc'tis),  night. 


NOCTUR'NAL,  nightly. 
E'QUINOX,  (See  144). 


EQUINOC'TIAL,  pertaining  to  the 
equinox. 


337.  Nit'bo,  (nup'tum),  to  marry. 

CONNU'BIAL,  pertaining  to  mar-  j  NUP'TIALS,    marriage    ceremo- 
riage.  nies. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 
338.  Nu'Jus,  naked. 


119 


NU'DITY,  nakedness. 


|  DENUDE',  to  make  bare  or  naked 


339.  Nul'lus,  no  one. 
NUL'LIFY.  (152),  to  render  of  |  ANNUL',  to  make  void. 


no  force. 
NUL'LITY,  nothingness. 


DISANNUL,  to  annul. 


340.  Nu'merus,  a  number. 

NUM'BER, multitude;  more  than!  ENU'MERATE,    to    reckon    up 
one  thin£.  singly. 


NU'MEROUS,  containing  many. 

NUMERA'TION,  the  art  of  num- 
bering. 

NUMERICAL,  pertaining  to  num- 
bers. 


INNUMERABLE,  too  many  to  be 
counted. 

i  SUPERNUMERARY,  a  person  or 
thing  beyond  the  usual  num- 
ber. 


341.  Nun' do,  to  announce. 

ANNOUNCE',  to  proclaim;  to  give  NUN'CIO,   an   ambassador  from 
notice.  the  Pope. 

DENOUNCE',  to  declare  against.  PRONUNCIATION,  mode  of  utter- 

DENUNCIA'TION,  public  menace. 

ENUN'CIATE,  to  declare;  to  pro- 
claim ;  to  utter. 


ance. 


RENOUNCE',  to  disown;  to  re- 
ject. 


342.   Oc'ulus,  the  eye. 


OC'ULAR,  perceived  by  the  eye. 

OC'ULIST,  one  skilled  in  diseases 

of  the  eye ;  an  eye-doctor. 


INOC'ULATE,  to  transfer  an  eye 
or  bud  of  a  tree  to  another 
stock. 


343.    O'di,  to  hate. 
0'Dious,hateful;  causing  hatred.  |  O'oiUM)  dislike;  offensiveness. 

344.  Cyieo,  to  emit  odor. 

OLPAC'TORY,  (152),  pertaining  RED'OLENT,  diffusing  a  sweet 
to  the  sense  of  smelling.  scent. 

345.  Om'm's,  every;  all. 


OMNIPOTENT,  (403),  having  all 

power.  [where  present. 

OMNIPRES'ENT,   (520),    every- 


OMNIS'CIENT,  (467),  having  in- 
finite knowledge. 
OM'NIBUS,  (Latin),  for  all. 


120  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

346.    O'nus,  (on'eris),  a  burden. 
EXONERATE,  to  disburden.        |  ON'EROUS,  burdensome. 

347.    Opi'nor,  to  be  of  opinion ;  to  think. 

OPINE',  to  think.  j  OPIN'IONATED,     obstinate     in 

OPIN'ION,  belief;  judgment.       |     opinion. 

348.    Op' to,  (opta'tum),  to  wish. 

OP'TION,  the  power  of  choosing;!  ADOPT',  to  assume;   to  choose 
choice ;  preference.  |     or  take  to  one's  self. 

349.    (Ppus,  (op'eris),  a  work. 


OP'ERATE,  to  act;  to  produce 

effects. 
CO-OP'ERATE,   to  labor  jointly 

with  others. 

CO-OPERA'TION,  joint  effort;  aid. 
INOP'ERATIVE,  inefficient. 
MANOSU'VRE,*  (282),  a  skilful 


OP'ERATIVE,  active. 
OPERATION,  action;  effect 
OP'ERATOR,     one     who     ope- 


rates. 


OP'ERA,  (Lat.),  a  dramatic  com- 
position set  to  music ;  a  mu- 
sical drama. 


movement. 

*  CEuvre  is  a  French  word,  signifying  a  work,  action,  or  performance. 

350.   Or'bis,  a  circle;  a  circular  body. 

ORB,  a  spherical  body.  ORBIC'ULAR,  circular. 

OR'BIT,  the  circular  path  of  a  EXORBITANT,!      extravagant; 
planet.  excessive. 

f  Literally,  departing  from  an  orbit  or  usual  track. 

351.    Or'dOj  (or'dinis),  order. 


OR'DER,  regularity. 
OR'DINANCE,  a  public  command 

or  law. 
OR'DINARY,  in  the  usual  order 


or  manner. 


INOR'DINATE,  excessive. 
EXTRAORDINARY,  beyond  the 

usual  course. 

SUBOR'DINATE,  in  a  lower  rank. 
SUBORDINATION,  subjection. 


352.   Orior,  to  rise  or  spring  from. 

O'RIENT,   rising,   as   the   sun;  ORIENT'AL,  eastern;  belonging 

eastern.  to  the  east.  [ence. 

OR'IGIN,  beginning;  source.       ( ORIG'IN ATE,  to  bring  into  exist- 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN.  121 

ORIG'INAL,  primitive,  first;  hav-;  ABOR'TIVE,  produced  in  an  im- 
ing  new  ideas.  perfect  state ;  ineffectual. 

ORIGINAL'ITY,  the  state  of  being  iExoR'uiUM,  (Lat.  or'dior,  to 
original.  |  begin),  a  formal  preface. 

353.  Or' no,  (orna'tum),  to  embellish. 

OR'NAMENT,  an  embellishment.  SUBORN',*  to  induce  a  person  to 
OR'NATE,  decorated;  beautiful.!      swear  falsely. 
ADORN',  to  beautify. 

*  The  Latin  word  subor'no,  signifies  to  Jit  out  privately. 

354.  O'ro,  (ora'fwm),  to  pray;  to  ask. 

ORA'TION,  a  formal  speech.          O'RAL,    (Lat.    os,    (o'm),    the 
OR'ATOR,  a  public  speaker.  mouth),  pertaining  to  speech. 

OR'ATORY,  eloquence.  'ADORE',  to  worship. 

OR'ISON,  a  prayer.  ADORA'TION,  worship. 

OR'ACLE,  a  place  where  heathen  EX'ORABLE,  to   be   moved   by 

deities   or  priests  were   con-       entreaty. 

suited.  INEX'ORABLE,  not  to  be  moved. 

ORAC'ULAR,  positive;  having  an  PERORA'TION,")*  the  conclusion 

affected  air  of  wisdom.  of  an  oration. 

•f  Literally,  the  going  over  the  oration ;  the  peroration  recapitulates  the 
main  points,  and  presents  the  argument  in  a  small  compass. 

355.    Os,  (os's/s),  a  bone. 


OS'SIFY,  (152),  to  change  into 

a  bony  substance. 
OSSIFICA'TION,     change     into 

bony  substance. 


OS'SIFRAGE,  (191),  the  bone 
breaker  or  sea  eagle  j  a  kind 
of  sea  eagle. 

OS'SEOUS,  bony. 


356.    (/vum,  an  egg. 

O'VAL,  egg-shaped.  OVIP'AROUS,  (363),  producing 

eggs. 

357.  Pdgus,  a  village. 

PA'GAN;|  a  heathen;   an  idol-  PA'GANISM,  the  worship  of  false 
ater.  |      gods. 

J  When  the  Roman  Emperor  Constantino  and  his  successors  forhade  the 
worship  of  the  heathen  deities  in  the  cities,  its  adherents  retired  to  the  vil- 
lages, where  they  could  practise  their  rites  unmolested.  Hence  they  obtained 
the  appellation  paga'ni,  pagans.  The  word  is  now  applied  to  all  nations 
which  are  neither  Christian,  Jewish,  nor  Mohammedan. 


122  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

358.  Pan'do,  (pcm'swm),  to  lay  open. 

EXPAND',  to  open  ;  to  spread.    ;  EXPANSE',  a  wide  extent. 
EXPAN'SION,  the  act  of  expand- 'EXPANS'IVE,  capable  of  being 
iug;  enlargement.  expanded. 

359.  Pan'go,  (perc'tam),  to  drive  in ;  to  fix. 
COMPACT',  close;  dense;  firmly  COMPACT'LY,  closely. 


united. 
COM'PACT,  an  agreement. 


COM'PACTED,    closely    united; 
joined  together. 


360.  Patlium,  a  cloak. 

PALL,  a  covering  for  the  dead.    PALLIA'TION,  mitigation. 
PAL'LIATE,  to  cloak;  to  cover  PAL'LIATIVE,  tending  to  miti- 

with  excuse ;    to  extenuate ;       gate  or  relieve. 

to  mitigate 

361.  Par,  equal;  like. 


PAIR,  two  things  like  each 
other ;  a  couple. 

PAR'ITY,  equality;  resemblance. 

DISPARITY,  inequality. 

COMPARE',  to  examine  things 
with  reference  to  their  like- 
ness or  unlikeness. 


DISPAR'AGE,  (3),  to  cause  dis- 
grace. 

DISPAR'AGEMENT,  an  under- 
valuing; detraction. 

PEER,  an  equal ;  a  nobleman. 

PEER'LESS,  unequalled;  match- 
less. 


PEER' AGE,  the  rank  of  a  peer. 
362.  Pa'reo,  (par'itum),  to  be  present. 


APPA'RENT,  visible ;  evident. 
APPEAR',  to  become  visible;  to 


seem. 


APPARI'TION,  a  spectre,  a  ghost. 


DISAPPEAR',  to  vanish ;  to  with- 
draw. 

TRANSPARENT,  capable  of  being 
seen  through. 


363.  Pa'rio,  (par'tum'),  to  bring  forth. 

PA'RENT,  a  father  or  mother;  PA'RENT AGE, (3), birth, descent. 

that  which  produces.  PAREN'TALLY,    in    a    parental 

PAREN'TAL,  relating  to  parents;  manner;  affectionately. 

tender. 

364.  Pa'ro,  (para' turn),  to  prepare. 

APPARA'TUS,  furniture  or  uten-  SEV'ER,*  to  separate, 
sils  prepared  for  a  particular  PREPARE',  to  makje  ready, 
business.  |  REPAIR',  to  mend. 

*  This  word  was  probably  derived  indirectly  from  the  Latin  word  eeparo. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


123 


REPARATION,     making     good  IMPAIR',  to  injure. 

what  was  injured  or  lost.         ,SEP'ARATE,  to  disunite,  to  part. 

365.   Pars,  (par'tis*),  a  part. 


PART,  a  share. 

PAR'TICLE,  a  little  part. 

PARTICULAR,  having  reference 
to  individual  things;  attentive 
to  minute  matters. 

PARTICIPATE,  (47),  to  have  part 
or  share. 

PARTITION,  division. 

PAR'TY,  a  set  of  persons  en- 
gaged in  one  design. 

PAR'TISAN,  one  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  a  party. 

POR'TION,  a  part  ;  a  share. 

PAR'TIAL,  inclined  to  favor  one 
party  or  side. 

PART'NER,  a  sharer. 


PAR'CEL,  a  number  of  things 
taken-  together';  a  small 
package. 

PARSE,  to  analyze  grammati- 
cally. 

APART'MENT,  a  room  or  sepa- 
rate enclosure. 

COMPART'MENT,  a  portion  of 
any  surface  marked  off. 

DEPART',  to  go  away. 

DEPARTMENT,  a  separate  class 
of  duties  or  of  topics. 

IMPART',  to  communicate;  to 
give  a  share. 

IMPAR'TIAL,  not  partial. 

BIP'ARTITE,  (37),  having  two 
parts. 


366.   Pas' co,  (pas' turn),  to  feed. 
PAS'TOR,  (Lat.  pas' tor,  a  shep-  PAS'TORAL,    relating   to   shep- 


herd), a  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel having  the  care  of  a  con- 
gregation. 
REPAST',  a  meal. 


herds  ;    rural ;    relating  to  a 
pastor. 

PAS'TURE,    a    field    or   ground 
where  cattle  may  graze. 


367.  Pa'ter,  (pa'tris),  a  father 


PATER'NAL,  pertaining  to  a 
father. 

PAT'RiMONY,an,inherited  estate. 

PA'TRIOT,  (Lat.  pa'tria,  one's 
country),  a  lover  of  his 
country. 

PA'TRIARCH,  (G.  18),  the  father 
and  ruler  of  a  family;  (ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  heads 
of  families  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  human  race,  and 
especially  to  the  ancestors  of 
the  people  of  Israel). 


PA'TRON,  a  protector;  one  who 
affords  support. 

PA'TRONAGE,  (3),  special  sup- 
port. 

PATRIC'IAN,  a  Roman  nobleman. 

COMPA'TRIOT,  one  of  the  same 
country. 

EXPATRIATE,  to  banish  from 
one's  country. 

JU'PITER,  the  father  and  king 
of  the  heathen  gods. 

PA'TER-NOS'TER,  (Lat.  nos'ter, 
our),  the  Lord's  prayer. 


124  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

368.   Pa'tior,  (pas'aus^),  to  suffer;  to  endure. 

PA'TIEXCE,  endurance.  \  PAS'SIOXATE,  influenced  by  pas- 

PA'TIENT,  «.  enduring  without       sion. 

complaint  COMPASSION,  pity;  sympathy. 

PA'TIENT,  s.  a  sick  person.          I  COMPAS'SION  ATE,    to   pity;    to 
IMPA'TIENT,  unable  to  bear  pain,       have  compassion  for. 


PAS'SIVE,  suffering;  unresisting. 

PAS'SION,  emotion;  the  suffering 

of  our  Saviour  on  the  cross. 


DISPAS'SIOXATE,  calm. 
IMPAS'SIONED,  characterized  by 
strong  teelins- 


369.  Pax,  (pa'cis),  peace. 


PEACE,  quiet;  rest. 

PACIF'IC,  (152),  peacemaking; 


PAC'IFY,  APPEASE',  to  quiet. 
PACIFICA'TION,  an  appeasing. 


gentle. 

370.  Pec'co,  (pecca'fum\  to  err;  to  sin.* 

PEC'CANCY,  a  bad  quality;  an  PECCADIL'LO,    (Sp.),   a    slight 
offence.  transgression  or  offence. 

*  Pecca'vi,  is  the  perfect  of  the  same  verb,  and  signifies — I  hare  sinned. 

371.  Pet^tus,  (pecf  ton's),  the  breast. 

PEC'TORAL,    pertaining   to   the !  EXPEC'TORATE,     to     discharge 
breast.      .  I     from  the  trachea  or  the  lungs. 

372.  Pt'cus,  a  herd  or  flock;  cattle. 


PEc'uLATE,f  (167),  to  steal  or 
embezzle  public  property. 


PECUL'IAR,;|;  belonging  to;  ap- 
propriate; special. 


PECUNIARY, §  relating  to  money. 

•f  In  early  times,  herds  and  flocks  constituted  the  sole  wealth ;  and  hence 
words  derived  from  pe'cus,  <fcc.,  came  to  represent  property  in  general. 

J  Pecnl'ium,  in  Latin,  signifies  a  treasure  or  stock  of  money  laid  up  by  an 
individual,  every  portion  of  this  stock  would  therefore  be  peciilia'ris,  pecu- 
'liar,  i.  e.,  his  own. 

\  Money  was  first  coined  at  Rome  under  the  reign  of  Servius  Tullius ;  and 
the  figure  stamped  upon  the  coin  was  that  of  the  ox.  Hence,  money  came  to 
be  called  pecun'ia  in  the  Latin  language. 

373.  Pel'lo,  (jwfsum),  to  drive. 

PULSE,    the   throbbing   of   the  I  PULSA'TION,  a  beating  or  throb- 
arteries.  |      bing. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


125 


COMPEL',  to  force;  to  constrain. 

COMPULSION,  act  of  compelling  ; 
force. 

COMPUL'SORY,  driving  by  vio- 
lence. 

DISPEL',  to  drive  away. 

EXPEL',  to  drive  out, 

EXPUI/SION,  a  driving  out. 

IMPEL',  to  urge  forward;  to  ex- 
cite to  any  action. 


IM'PULSE,  force  given  or  com- 
municated instantaneously. 

jlMPULs'iVE,  having  power  to 
impel. 

!  PROPEL',  to  drive  onward. 

|  REPEL',  to  drive  back. 

REPUL'SION,  the  act  or  power 
of  driving  back. 

REPULS'IVE,  fitted  to  repel; 
forbidding. 


374.  Pcn'deOj  to  hang;  Pen' do,  (pen'suni),  to  weigh;  to 
pay  out. 


PEN'DENT,  hanging. 

PEN'DULUM,  (Lat.),  a  vibrating 
body  suspended  from  a  fixed 
point. 

PEN'SION,  a  stated  allowance. 

APPEND',  to  hang  to  another 
thing;  to  annex. 

APPEND'IX,  something  added 
at  the  end. 

COMPENDIUM,  an  abridgment 

COMPEND'IOUS,  brief;  compre- 
hensive. 

COMPENSATE,  to  reward. 

COMPENSATION,  remuneration. 

DEPEND',  to  hang  from;  to  trust 
to. 

DISPENSE',  to  distribute;  to  dis- 
pense with,  to  do  without. 


EXPEND',  to  lay  out 

EXPENSE',  cost;  charges. 

IMPEND',  to  hang  over. 

INDISPENS'ABLE,  that  cannot  be 
omitted  or  spared. 

PEND'iNG,remaining  undecided. 

PERPENDic'uLAR,directlydown- 
wards. 

PEN'DENT,  hanging,  projecting. 

PROPENSITY,  inclination;  ten- 
dency. 

RECOMPENSE,  reward. 

STI'PEND,  (Lat.  stips,  a  piece  of 
money),  wages ;  stated  pay. 

SUSPEND',  to  hang;  to  delay. 

SUSPENSION,  a  hanging;  an  in- 
terruption. 

SUSPENSE',  uncertainty;  a  stop. 


875.  Pe'nc,  almost. 
'PENIN'SULA,  (233),  a  portion ;  PENIN'SULAR,  relating  to  a  pe- 


of  land  almost  surrounded  by 
water. 


ninsula. 


376.   PocSna,  punishment. 


PE'NAL,  enacting  punishment. 
PEN'ALTY,  suffering  or  loss  in 
consequence  of  crime. 


PEN'ANCE,  suffering  voluntarily 
endured  for  the  sake  of  ob- 
taining pardon. 


126  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


PEN'ITENCE,  (Lat.  poejitfeo,  to 

repent),  repentance. 
PENITEN'TIARY,  a  prison. 
IMPEN'ITENT,  not  contrite. 


REPENT',  to  feel  sorrow  or  regret 
for  what  one  has  done, 

SUBPCE'NA,*  a  writ  commanding 
one  to  appear  in  court. 


*  The  word  signifies  under  penalty ;  i.  e.,  penalty  to  be  suffered  if  the  com- 
land  is  disobeyed. 

877    Pen'itus,  inwardly;  deeply. 

PEN'ETRATE,     to     pierce;     to  PEN'ETRATING,  piercing;  sharp; 

discerning. 

IMPENETRABLE,  that  cannot  be 
pierced. 


enter. 


PENETRA'TION,  the  act  of  pierc- 
ing ;  acuteness. 


378.  Pen'na,  a  feather;  a  wing. 
PEN,  a  writing  instrument.          |  PEN'NATE,  winged. 

379.  Perso'na,  the  mask  worn  by  players. f 


PER'SON,  an  individual  human 
being. 

PER'SONATE,  to  represent  by  ac- 
tion or  appearance. 


PERSON'IFY,  (152),  to  represent 
an  inanimate  thing  as  having 
intelligence. 

PERSONALLY,  in  person. 


f  Perso'na  also  signifies  character,  person,  Ac. 

380.  Pes,  (pe'dis),  a  foot. 

PED'AL,  a  key  designed  to  be  EXPEDITION,  haste ;  an  enter- 
moved  by  the  foot.  prise  on  which  one  undertakes 

PED'ESTAL,  the  base  on  which  a  I      a  journey. 

pillar  or  statue  is  placed.  EXPE'DIENT,  tending  to  promote 

PEDES'TRIAN,  going  on  foot.  the  object;  advisable. 

BI'PED, (37), a  two-looted  animal.  EXPE'DIENCY,  fitness    of  mea- 

QUAD'RUPED,    (426),    a    four-       sures    to   secure  a   desirable 
footed  animal.  end. 

PED'LER,  a  travelling  foot  trader.  IMPEDE',  to  hinder;  to  obstruct. 

PED'DLE,  to  travel  as  a  pedler.    IMPEDIMENT,  hindrance 

PED'IGREE,  genealogy.  EX'PEDITE,  to  hasten. 

381.  Pe'to,  (pet i' turn),  to  seek. 

PET'ULANT,  peevish;  fretful  in  AP'PETITE,  hunger;  longing, 
respect  to  what  is  wished  for  CENTRIP'ETAL,  (Gr.  44),  tend- 
from  others.  ing  towards  the  centre. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


12T 


COMPETE',  to  rival. 
COMPETENCE,  a  sufficiency. 
COMPETITION,  rivalry ;  contest. 
IMPET'UOUS,  headstrong;  forci- 


ble. 


lM'pETUS,(Lat.),force  ofmotion. 
REPEAT',  to  try  again;    to  re- 
cite. 
REPETITION,  the  act  of  doing 


or  uttering  a  second  time. 
382.  Pflo,  to  pillage;  to  rob. 


COMPILE',  to  select  and  put  to- IPn/LAGE,  (3),  to  plunder;  to- 
gether, i    rob. 

383.  Pin' go,  (pic' turn),  to  paint. 

PICT'URE,  a  painting;  a  repre-  PIG'MENT,  paint;  color. 

sentation.  DEPICT',  to  paint;  to  describe. 

PICTURESQUE',  like  a  picture,    i 

384.  Pi'o,  (pia'tum),  to  appease  by  sacrifice. 


EX'PIATE,  to  atone  for. 
EXPIA'TION,  atonement. 


EX'PIATORY,  having  power  to 
atone. 


385.  Pis'cis,  a  fish. 
PIS'CATORY,  relating  to  fishes.  |  PIS'CINE,  of  the  fish  kind, 

386.  Pla'ceo,  to  please. 


PLAC'ID,  quiet;  mild. 
COMPLA'CENCE,  satisfaction. 
IMPLA'CABLE,  (Lat.  pla'co,  to 
appease),  not  to  be  appeased. 


PLEAS'URE,  (Fr.  plaisir),  satis- 
faction; enjoyment. 
COM'PLAISANCE,  civility. 
DISPLEASE',  to  offend. 


PLANT,  a  vegetable. 
PLANTATION,  a  place  planted. 
PLAN'TAIN,  an  herb ;  a  tree. 
IMPLANT',  to  set;  to  insert. 
IMPLANT'ED,  deeply  fixed. 


387.  Plarita,  a  plant. 

SUPPLANT',  to  displace  by  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  person 
ejected. 

TRANSPLANT',  to  remove  and 
plant  in  another  place. 


388.  Plafnus,  even;  level;  evident. 


PLANE,  to  make  smooth. 
PLAIN,  a  level   region;   mani- 


fest. 


9 


EXPLAIN',  to  make  plain  or  in- 


telligible. 


[planatiqn. 


EXPLANATORY,  containing  ex- 


128  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

389.  Plau'do,  (plau'sum),  to  clap;  to  applaud. 


PLAUD'IT,  applause. 
PLAUS'IBLE,  right  in 


[ance. 


appear- 

APPLAUD',  to  join  in  applause. 
APPLAUSE',  expression  of  appro- 
bation by  clapping  the  hands, 
&c. 


EXPLODE',  to  drive  out  in  dis- 
grace; to  burst  with  a  loud 
report. 

EXPLO'SION,  violent  bursting. 

EXPLO'SIVE,  liable  to  cause  ex- 
plosion. 


390.  Plebs,  (jpldbis),  the  common  people. 


PLEBE'IAN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
common  people. 


PLEBE'IAN,  s.  one  of  the  com- 
mon people. 


391.  Ple'o,  (pie' turn),  to  fill;  Ple'nus,  full. 


PLE'NARY,  full ;  complete. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY,  (403),  in- 
vested with  full  powers. 

PLEN'ITUDE,  fulness. 

PLEN'TEOUS,  abundant. 

PLE'ONASM,  a  redundancy  of 
words. 

PLEN'TY,  abundance ;  exu- 
berance. 

ACCOM'PLISH,  (Fr.  accompttr*), 
to  finish  entirely. 


COMPLETE',  full ;  perfect. 
COMPLEMENT,  full  quantity. 
DEPLE'TION,  an  emptying. 
EX'PLETIVE,  something  added 

to  fill  up. 

IM'PLEMENT,  a  utensil ;  a  tool. 
REPLENISH,  to  fill  again. 
REPLETE',  filled. 
SUPPLY',  to  fill  up ;  to  furnish. 
SUPPLEMENT,  an   addition   to 

supply  defects. 


392.  Ptfco,  (plica'tum},  to  fold.     Pled  to,  (plex'urn),  to  twine 
or  weave. 


ACCOMPLICE,  one  united  with 
another  in  a  plot. 

APPLY',  to  put  one  thing  to 
another. 

APPLICATION,  the  act  of  apply- 
ing ;  the  thing  applied. 

COMPLICATED,  entangled;  in- 
terwoven with  other  things. 

COMPLEX'ION,  the  hue  of  the 
skin  and  features;  general 
appearance  of  a  thing. 

COMPLY',  to  yield. 

DISPLAY',  to  unfold ;  to  show ; 
to  exhibit. 


DUPLIC'ITY,  (134),  doubleness 

of  heart  or  speech. 
DU'PLICATE,  a  second  thing  of 

the  sort. 

EXPLIC'IT,  plain ;  clear. 
INEXPLICABLE,  that  cannot  be 

explained  or  interpreted. 
I IM'PLICATE,  to  involve;  to  show 

a  connection. 
]  IMPLIC'IT,  relying  upon ;  frusta 

ing  without  reserve. 
IMPLY',  to  express  some  opinion, 

although   not  in  direct   lan- 
guage. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


129 


INEXPLICABLE,  not  to  be  ex- 
plained. 

MULTIPLICATION,  (317),  in- 
crease ;  repeated  addition  of 
a  quantity  to  itself. 

PERPLEX',  to  entangle;  to  in- 
volve. 

PLI'ANT,  easily  bent. 

REDUPLICA'TION,  (134),  dou- 
bling. 


SIM'PLE,  (Lat.  si'ne,  without), 
plain  ;  artless  ;  single. 

SIMPLICITY,  innocence;  plain- 
ness. 

SIM'PLIFY,  (152),  to  render  less 
complex ;  to  make  easier. 

SUP'PLICATE,*  to  entreat. 

TRIP'LE,  (549),  three-fold.   . 

TRIP'LET,  three  verses  rhyming 
together. 


*  Lat.  sup'plex,  for  subplex;  literally,  bending  beneath;  kneeling  before  one. 
393.  Plo'ro,  (plora'tum),  to  cry;  to  bewail. 


DEPLORE',  to  regret ;  to  bewail. 
DEPLOR'ABLE,         lamentable ; 
wretched. 


EXPLORE'^  search ;  to  examine. 
IMPLORE',  to  call  upon;  to  be- 
seech. 


394.  Plum'bum,  lead. 

PLUMB,  PLUM'MET,   a   leaden  ;PLUMB'ER,  one  who  works  lead, 
weight  at  the  end  of  a  line.     PLUMBA'GO,  black  lead ;   gra- 
PLUMB,  ad.  perpendicularly.  phite. 

395.  Plus,  (plu'ris),  more. 

PLU'RAL,  containing  more  than  SUR'PLUS,  what  remains  beyond 

one.  the  necessary  quantity. 

PLURAL'iTY,f  greater  number.    NON'PLUS,J  to  bring  to  a  stand. 

f  A  candidate  is  said  to  have  a  plurality  of  votes,  when  he  has  more  than 
any  other  single  candidate. 
J  Literally,  no  more. 

396.  Po'lio,  (poli'tum),  to  polish.§ 

POL'ISH,  to  smooth;  to  bright-  POLITE',   elegant  in   manners 3 
en.  |     well-bred. 

See  Gr.  187. 


397.  Po'mufti,  an  apple. 

Po  Mr  ACE,  the  substance  of  apples  |  POMEGRAN'ATE,||  (209),  a  kind 
or  of  similar  fruit  crushed  by 
grinding. 


of  fruit. 
POM'MEL,  a  knob  or  ball. 


Literally,  an  apple  having  many  grains  or  seeds. 


130  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

398.  Pon'dus,  (pon'deris),  a  weight. 


POUND,  a  weight. 
PON'DEROUS,  heavy. 
PON'DER,  to  weigh  mentally. 


PREPON 'DERATE,  to  outweigh. 
IMPON'DERABLE,    not    having 
perceptible  weight. 


399.  Po'no,  (pos'itum'),  to  put  or  place. 


POSI'TION,  place ;  situation.      L 

POS'ITIVE.  distinctly  laid  down. 

POST,  station. 

POS'TURE,  situation;  attitude. 

POSTPONE',  to  put  off;  to  delay. 

AP'POSITE,  proper;  fit. 

COMPO'NENT,  forming  part  of  a 
composition. 

COMPOSE',  to  put  together. 

COMPOS'ITOR,  a  setter  of  types. 

COMPO'SURE,  calmness ;  tran- 
quillity. 

v  DECOMPOSE',  to  separate   into 
the  constituent  parts. 

DEPOT7,  (Fr.)3  a  place  of  de- 
posit. 

DEPOSI'TION,  that  which  is  laid 
or  thrown  down ;  written  tes- 
timony. 

DEPOSE',  to  put  down. 

DEPOSITORY,  the  place  where 
anything  is  lodged. 

DISCOMPOSE',  to  disorder;  to 
disturb. 

DISPOSE',  to  place  in  order. 


EXPOSE',  to  lay  open. 
EXPOS'ITOR,  an  explainer. 
EXPOSITION,  explanation. 
IMPOSE',  to  put  upon ;  to  cheat. 
IMPOSITION,  a  cheat. 
IM'POST,  a  tax  laid  on  imported 

merchandise. 

IMPOS'TURE,  fraud ;  imposition. 
INTERPOSE',  to  put  between 
OPPOSE',  to  resist. 
OP'POSITE,  situated  in  front  or 

over  against. 
PREPOSI'TION,  a  word  placed 

before  another. 

PROPOSE',  to  offer  to  considera- 
tion. 

PUR'POSE,  intention ;  design 
REPOSE',  to  rest ;  to  rely. 
REPOSITORY,  a  place  for  storing 

anything. 
SUPPOSE',  to   imagine  or  state 

something  possible,  but  not 

known  to  be  true. 
TRANSPOSE',  to   put  each  into 

the  place  of  the  other. 


400.  Pop'ulus,  the  people ;  Pul'lico,  to  publish. 

PEO'PLE,  persons ;  a  nation.        DEPOP'ULATE,  to  deprive  of  in- 
PoPULArTioN,the  whole  number      habitants. 

of  people  in  a  country  or  dis-  PUB'LIC,  general;  national. 

trict.  PUBLICITY,  general  notoriety. 

POP'ULACE,  the  common  people.  PUB'LISH,  to  make  known;  to 


POP'ULAR,  suitable  to  people  in 

general. 
POP'ULOUS,  full  of  people. 


send  out  to  the  public. 
PUBLICA'TION,  a  publishing;  a 
book. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 
401.  Por'ta,  a  gate. 


131 


POR'TAL,  a  gate ;  an  entrance. 
POR'TICO,  a  covered  walk;  an 

entrance. 
POR'TER,  a  doorkeeper. 


PORT'-HOLE,  a  gun  hole  in  a 

ship's  side. 
PORT,  a  harbor;  a  place  where 

vessels  may  enter. 


402.  For' to,  to  carry. 

POR'TER,  a  carrier.  |  OPPORTUNITY,  fit  time ;  occa- 

PORT'ABLE,  easily  carried.  sion. 

PORTMAN'TEAU,  (282),  a  kind, OPPORTUNE',  well  timed. 


of  valise. 

COMPORT',  to  agree ;  to  suit. 
DEPORT'MENT,  conduct. 
EXPORT',  to  send  abroad. 
IMPORT',  to  bring  into  a  country. 


INOPPORTUNE',  unseasonable. 
PORTFO'LIO,  (186),  a  case  for 

carrying  loose  papers. 
PUR'PORT,  meaning. 
PORT'LY,  corpulent. 


IMPORT'ANT,  weighty;  moment-: REPORT',  rumor;  an  account. 

ous.  j  SUPPORT',  to  bear  up ;  to  prop. 

IMPORTUNE',  to  tease ;  to  molest.  TRANSPORT',  to  carry  from  place 
IMPORTU'NITY,  urgent  solicita-  to  place. 

tion. 


403.  Pos'sum,  (pot'ui),  to  be  able. 


POS'SIBLE,  that  can  be  done. 
PO'TENT,  powerful. 
IM'POTENT,  powerless. 
OMNIPOTENT,    (345),    having 
infinite  power. 


PLENIPOTENTIARY,  (391),  hav- 
ing full  power. 

PO'TENTATE,  one  having  kingly 
power. 

POTEN'TIAL,  relating  to  power. 


404.  Pos'terus,  following ;  coming  after. 


POSTE'RIOR, 
after. 


later  ;      coming 


POSTER'ITY,  succeeding  genera- 


tons. 


POS'TERN,  primarily,  a  back 
door  or  gate;  hence,  any 
small  door  or  gate. 

PREPOS'TEROUS,*  absurd. 


*  Literally)  having  that  first  which  ought  to  be  last ;  inverted  in  order. 

Webster. 


405.  Pos'tulo,  (postula'tum'),  to  demand. 


132  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

406.  Po'tOj  (pota'tum  or  po'tum),  to  drink. 


PO'TION,  a  draught;  a  dose. 
POTA'TION,     a     drinking;      a 
draught. 


COMPOTA'TION,  a   drinking 


gether. 


[with  another. 


COMPOTA'TOR,  one  who  drinks 


407.  Pre'cor,  (preca'tus),  to  entreat. 

DEP'RECATE,  to  pray  for  deliver-  j  IM'PRECATE,  to  invoke  calamity 
ance  from  any  evil;  to  dread 
or  regret. 


to  rest  upon  any  one. 
PRECA'RIOUS,*  uncertain;    not 
sure  to  be  retained. 


*  Original  signification,  asked  for,  and  therefore  dependent  on  the  will  of 
another. 


PREY,  plunder 


PRED'ATORY,  plundering 


408.  Free? da,  prey;  booty. 

DEPREDA'TION,   a  robbing;    a 


spoiling 
DEP'REDATOR,  a  robber. 


409.  Prehen'do,  (prehen'suni),  to  seize. 


APPREHEND',  to  lay  hold  on ;  to 
suspect  with  fear. 

APPRENTICE,  (Fr.  apprenti),  a 
learner  of  an  art  or  trade. 

APPRISE',  to  inform,  to  give 
notice. 

COMPREHEND',  to  include. 

ENTERPRISE,  that  which  is  un- 
dertaken. 

IMPREG'NABLE,  (Fr.  imprena- 
ble),  not  to  be  stormed  or 
taken. 


INCOMPREHENSIBLE,  not  to  be 
understood. 

PRIS'ON,  (Fr.),  a  place  of  con- 
finement. 

PRIZE,  that  which  is  taken  in 
contest. 

REPRI'SAL,  seizure  of  property 
in  war. 

REPREHEND',  to  blame;  to  chide. 

REPREHEN'siBLE,blame-worthy. 

SURPRISE',  astonishment  at 
something  unexpected. 


410.  Pre'mOj  (pres'swm),  to  press. 


PRESS,  to  squeeze ;  to  urge. 
IMPRESS',  to  imprint;  to  stamp. 
IMPRES'SION,  a  print;  a  mark 

made  by  pressure. 
COMPRESS',  toj  force  together. 
COMPRESS'IBLE,     yielding      to 

pressure. 
DEPRESS',  to  bear  down. 


EXPRESS',  to  squeeze  out;  to 
declare. 

OPPRESSION,  cruelty;  severity. 

PRINT,  (Fr.  imprinter),  to  stamp 
with  letters  or  figures. 

REPRESS',  to  force  back. 

SUPPRESS',  to  subdue;  to  con- 
ceal. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 
411.  Pre'tium,  price,  reward. 


133 


PRICE,  value;  rate;  reward. 
PRE'CIOUS,  valuable;  costly. 


APPRECIATE,  to  estimate  justly. 
DEPRE'CIATE,  to  undervalue. 


412.  Primus,  first. 


PRIME,  a.  first  rate. 

PRIME,  v.  to  put  on  the  first 
coat  in  painting. 

PRIM'ER,  a  child's  first  book. 

PRIME' VAL,  (147),  original;  an- 
cient. 

PRINCE,  (Lat.  prin'ceps'),  a 
sovereign  or  his  kinsman. 

PRI'MARY,  first;  original. 

PREM'IER,  (Fr.),  the  first  min- 
ister of  state. 

PRIM,  nice;  formal. 


PRIM'ROSE,  (Lat.  rosa,  a  rose), 
a  rose  which  opens  very  early 
in  the  spring. 

PRINCIPLE,  (47),  element; 
cause ;  ground  of 


original 
action. 


PRINCIPAL,  chief;  capital. 

PRI'OR,  (Lat.),  former;  antece- 
dent. 

PRIOR'ITY.  precedence. 

PRIMOGENITURE,  (204),  state 
of  being  first  born. 


413.  Prfvus,  single;  one's  own. 


PRI'VATE,  secret;  particular. 

PRI'VACY,  secrecy;  retirement. 

PRIVILEGE,  (256),  peculiar  ad- 
vantage. 

PRIVA'TION,  a  taking  away; 
absence  of  what  is  necessary 
for  comfort. 


PRIV'Y,  secret;  sharing  in  a 
secret. 

PRIV'ILY,  in  a  secret  manner. 

PRIVATEER',  a  vessel  fitted  out 
by  private  owners,  to  plunder 
the  vessels  of  a  hostile  nation. 

DEPRIVE',  to  take  away  from. 


414.  Pro'bo,  (proba'tum,')  to  approve ;  to  try.     Pro'bus,  honest. 


PROB'ITY,  honesty;  integrity. 
PROBE,  to  search  into. 
PROS' ABLE,  likely. 
PROBA'TION,  trial. 
PROVE,  to  try,  to  test.      [with. 
APPROVE',  to  like ;  to  be  pleased 


\PPROBA'TION,  the  act  of  ap- 
proving. 

DISPROVE',  to  confute. 
IMPROVE',  to  make  better. 
REPROVE',  to  blame ;  to  censure. 
REP'ROBATE,  lost  to  virtue. 


415.  Pro'pe,  near.     Prox'imus,  nearest;  next. 


PROPIN'QUITY,    (Lat.  propin'- 

quitas),  nearness. 
PROX'IMATE,  nearest;  next. 
PROXIM'ITY,   immediate    near- 


ness, 


APPROXIMATE,  APPROACH', 
(Fr.  approcher'),  to  come 
near. 

REPROACH',  (Fr.  reprocher),  to 


censure. 


134 

416.  Pro'prius,  belonging  to ;  peculiar. 


APPROPRIATE,  v.  to  take  for 


one  s  own  use. 


APPROPRIATE,  a.  suitable,  fit. 
PROP'ER,    fit;    suitable:    also, 
belonging  to;  peculiar. 


PROP'ERTY,  that  which  belongs 

to  a  person  or  thing. 
PROPRIETOR,  an  owner  of  pro. 

perty.  [ownership. 

PROPRI'ETT,  suitableness :  also, 


417.  Pu'er,  a  boy. 
PU'ERILE,  boyish.  |  PUERIL'ITY,  boyishness. 

418.  Pug'nus,  the  fist. 

PUGNA'CIOUS,  (Lat.  pug'na,  a  I  IMPUGN',  to  attack;  to  reproach. 

battle), quarrelsome;  disposed |  REPUG'NANCE, aversion;  dislike. 

to  fight.  [fists.  I REPUG'NANT,  adverse;  antago- 

PU'GILIST,  a  fighter  with   the)     nistic. 

419.  Pul'vis,  (jnifvm*),  dust. 


PUI/VERIZE,  to  reduce  to  pow- 
der. 


PULVERIZATION,   the    act  of 
pulverizing. 


420.  Pun'go,  (pundtum),  to  sting. 
PUN'GENT,  stinging;  acute.       | PUNCTUALITY,  scrupulous  ex- 


PUNCT'URE,  a  hole  pierced. 

PUNCTUA'TION,  (Lat.jpwnc' 
a  point  or  dot),  the  art  of 
pointing  written  language. 

PuNCTiL'ious,exactin  behavior. 


actness  in  regard  to  time 
COMPUNC'TION,   the    sting   of 


conscience. 


EXPUNGE',  to  cross  out  or  ef- 
face. 


421.  Pu'niOj  (puni'tum),  to  punish. 


PUN'ISH,  to  inflict  pain  for  evil 
conduct. 

PU'NITIVE,  awarding  or  inflict- 
ing punishment. 


IMPU'NITY,  freedom  from  pun- 
ishment; freedom  or  exemp- 
tion from  evil  consequences. 


422.   Pu'to,  (puta'tum),  to  think. 

ACCOUNT',  (Fr.  compte),  a  reck- 1  AM'PUTATE,  to  cut  off.* 
oning;  a  narrative.  |  COMPUTE',  to  count  or  reckon. 

*  The  primary  signification  of  the  Latin  word  puto  is  to  lop  off  or  prune  f 
it  also  signifies  secondarily,  to  adjust  accounts  ;  to  reckon. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


135 


COUNT,  to  enumerate. 
DEPUTE',  to  send  as  a  substitute. 
DEP'UTY,  one  appointed  to  act 

for  another. 
DEPUTATION,    the    person    or 

persons  deputed. 


DISPUTE',  to  contend  in  argu- 
ment. 

IMPUTE',  to  set  to  the  account 
of;  to  ascribe. 

REPUTA'TION,  character;  pub- 
lic estimation. 


423.   Qua'lis,  such  as ;  of  what  kind. 


QUAL'ITY,    character;    nature; 

degree  of  excellence. 
QUAL'IFY,  (152),  to  render  fit. 


QUALIFICATION,  fitness;  modi- 
fication. 
DISQUALIFY,  to  render  unfit. 


424.   Quan'tus,  how  great ;  as  gr  2at  as. 


QUAN'TITY,  that  property  of 
anything  which  may  be  in- 
creased or  diminished. 


QUAN'TUM  SUFFI'CIT,  (Lai),  a 
sufficient  quantity  or  amount. 


425.   Qua'tio,  (quas'surn),  to  shake. 


QUASH,  to  crush ;  to  annul. 
CONCUS'SION,*  a  violent  agita- 


tion; a  shock. 


Discuss'jfto  examine ;  to  debate. 
PERCUS'SION,     a     striking;     a 
stroke. 


*  From  concu'tio,  which  is  compounded  of  con  and  qua'tio. 
j-  From  discii'tio,  signifying  to  shake  apart  or  in  pieces. 

426.   Quatfuor^fom ;   Quad'ra,  a  square.  • 


QUAD'RANT,  a  quarter  of  a  cir- 
cle ;  an  instrument. 

QUADRAT'IC,  pertaining  to  the 
square  or  second  power  of  a 
quantity. 

QUADRAN'GULAR,  (12),  having 
four  angles. 

QUAD'RATE,  to  suit;  to  corres- 
pond (followed  by  with). 

QUADRILAT'ERAL,  (250),  four- 
sided. 

QUAD'RUPED,  (380),  a  four- 
footed  animal. 

QUADRUPLE,  (392),  fourfold. 


QUAR'ANTINE,  J  the  term  during 
which  a  vessel  suspected  of 
infection  is  kept  at  a  distance 
from  the  port  or  city. 

QUART,  the  fourth  part  of  a 
gallon. 

QUART' AN,  coming  every  fourth 
day  (as,  a  quartan  fever). 

QUART'ER,  to  divide  into  four 
equal  parts  or  quarters. 

QUAR'TO,  (Lat.),  a  book  in  which 
every  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 

QUAR'TERLY,  every  quarter. 


Literally,  the  space  of  forty  days. 


136 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


SQUAD'RON,*  a  division  of  a  |  SQUARE,  (Fr.  quarrf),  having 
fleet:  a  detachment  of  ships  I  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
of  war.  I  angles. 

*  Primary  signification,  a  square  or  square  form. 

427.    Que'ror,  (ques'tus),  to  complain. 


QUAR'REL,  (Fr.  quereller),  to 
contend  angrily;  co  find  fault; 
to  cavil. 


QUER'ULOUS,  disposed  to  mur- 
mur or  complain. 


428.   Quadra,  (guoBstitumj)  to  seek;  to  ask. 


QUEST,  search;  inquiry. 

QUE'RY,  QUES'TION,  an  asking; 
a  doubt. 

ACQUIRE',  to  obtain. 

ACQUISITION,  the  thing  ac- 
quired ;  the  act  of  acquiring. 

CON'QUER,  (Fr.  conquerir},  to 
subdue;  to  gain  by  force. 

CON'QUEST,  the  act  of  conquer- 
ing. 

DISQUISITION,  a  systematic  ex- 
amination of  a  subject. 

Ex'QUisiTE,f  nice;  excellent. 

INQUIRE',  to  ask  a  question. 


INQUIS'ITIVE,  apt  to  ask  ques- 


tions 


curious. 


INQUISI'TION,  an  investigation 
or  trial. 

INQUISITO'RIAL,  pertaining  to 
the  Catholic  court  of  inquisi- 
tion. 

PER'QUISITE,  a  fee;  an  allow- 
ance beyond  the  stated  wages. 

REQUEST',  to  solicit;  to  entreat. 

REQUIRE',  to  demand. 

REQUISITION,  a  demand. 

REQ'UISITE,  required;  neces- 
sary. 


•{•  Literally r,  sought  out  from  among  others ;  whence,  choice ;  select. 

429.    Qui'es,  (quicftis),  rest. 

QUIET,  tranquil ;  at  rest.  I  DISQUI'ET,  to  disturb. 

QUIES'CENCE,  a  state  of  repose;  RE'QUIEM,|    (in    the    Romish 


quietude. 
ACQUIESCE',  to  assent;  to  rest 
satisfied. 


church),  a  hymn  or  mass 
sung  for  the  dead,  for  the  rest 
of  the  soul. 


J  So  called  from  the  first  word  of  the  form  used. 


430.   Quin'que,  five. 

QUINTESSENCE,  (520),  the  fifth  j  QUINTUPLE,  (392),  five-fold, 
essence;  the  essence  highly j QUINTIL'LION,    a   million   four 
refined.  times  multiplied  by  a  million. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 
431.   Quotj  how  many;  as  many. 


137 


QUO'TA,  (Lat.),  a  just  part  or 

share. 
QUOTID'IAN,  (118),  daily;  (as, 


QUO'TIENT,  the  number  which 
shows  how  often  the  divisor 
is  contained  in  the  dividend. 


a  quotidian  fever). 

432.  Ra'bies,  madness. 
RAB'ID,  mad ;  (as,  a  dog).         |  RAVE,  to  be  delirious  or  furious. 

433.  Ra'dius,  a  rod;  a  spoke. 


RA'DIUS,  the  semi-diameter  of  a 

circle. 
RAY,  a  line  of  light. 


RA'DIATE,  to  emit  rays. 
RA'DIANCE,  effulgence. 
IRRA'DIATE,  to  illuminate. 


434.  Ra'diXj  (rad'icis),  a  root. 

RAD'ICAL,    pertaining    to    the  ERADICATE,  to  root  out. 
root;*  deep  seated. 

*  The  word  radical,  when  used  in  a  political  sense,  denotes  a  disposition 
to  go  to  the  root  in  respect  to  the  constitution  of  society,  and  to  set  out  anew 
with  first  principles,  rejecting  artificial  arrangements. 

435.  Ra'do,  (ra'swm),  to  shave. 


ABRADE',  to  rub  or  wear  off. 
ABRA'SION,  the  act  of  rubbing 

off. 

ERASE',  to  rub  out;  to  obliterate. 
ERA'SURE,  the  act  of  erasing. 


RAZE,  to  demolish;  to  destroy 

utterly. 
RA'ZOR,     an     instrument     for 

shaving. 
RAZEE',  to  cut  down  or  reduce 


to  a  lower  class;  (as,  a  ship). 

436.  Ra'mus,  a  bough  or  branch. 

RAM'IFY,  (152),  to  branch  out;  j  RAMIFICA'TION,   division   into 
to  be  divided  and  subdivided.  |     branches. 

437.  Ra'pio,  (rap'tum),  to  snatch. 


RAP'INE,  plunder. 
RAPA'CIOUS, 
greedy. 


plundering ; 


RAPT,  carried  away  by  feeling 

or  enthusiasm. 

RAPT'URE,  ecstasy;  transport. 
RAPT'UROUS,  ecstatic. 


ENRAPT'URE,  to  put  into  ec- 
stasy ;  to  delight. 
RAP'ID,  swift. 

RAV'AGE,  (3),  to  lay  waste. 
RAV'ISH,  to  bear  away  with  joy 


or  transport 
SURREPTI'TIOUS. 


[stealth, 
done      by 


138 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


438.  Re'go,  (reef turn),  to  direct;  to  rule.     Rec'tus,  straight. 

RE'GAL,   (Lat.  rex,  (re'gis),  a  RE'GENT,  a  governor. 

king),  kingly.  REC'TOR,  a  director;  a  pastor. 

CORRECT',  to  make  right.  RECTILIN'EAR,   (265),  consist- 

CORRECTION,  a  making  right;       ing  of  right  lines. 

taking  away  faults.  jREc'TiTUDE,    virtue;    upright- 

DIRECT',  v.  to  guide;  to  order. 

DIRECT',  a.  straight;  not  wind- 
ing. 

DIRECT'LY,  immediately. 

ERECT',  upright;  perpendicular. 

INCOR'RIGIBLE,  bad  beyond  cor- 


rection. 


INTERREG'NUM,  (Lat.  rec/num, 
a  reign),  the  time  in  which  a 
throne  is  vacant  between  two 
reigns. 

REC'TIFY,  (152),  to  set  right. 


ness. 


REG'ICIDE,  (41),  the  murderer 
of  a  king. 

REG'IMEN,  a  system  of  regula- 
tions; a  course  of  diet. 

REG'ULAR,  agreeable  to  rule. 

REG'ULATE,  to  adjust  methodi- 
cally. 

REIGN,  to  exercise  royal  autho- 
rity. 

RIGHT,  fit;  just;  true. 


439.  Re' or,  (ra'tus),  to  think;  to  judge. 


RATE,  v.  to  determine  value 
according  to  a  standard. 

RATE,  s.  mode  of  estimating. 

RAT'IFY,  (152),  to  sanction;  to 
confirm. 

RATIFICATION,  the  act  of  rati- 
fying ;  confirmation ;  agree- 
ment 


RATIONA'LE,  (Lat.),  a  series  of 

reasons  assigned. 
RA'TIONAL,  agreeable  to  reason. 
IRRA'TIONAL,  not  rational. 
REAS'ON,     (Fr.     raisem),     the 

faculty    of    judging,    which 

man  possesses. 
RA'TION,  a  fixed  allowance 


440.  Re'po,  (rep1  turn),  to  creep. 

REP'TILE,  a  creeping  animal.     I  RE'PENT,  creeping;  (as,  a  rep- 
tile, or  plant.) 

441.  Res,  a  thing. 


RE'AL,  actually  existing. 
REAL'ITY,  actual  existence. 


RE'ALIZE,  to  bring  into  actual 
existence ;  to  consider  as  real. 


442.  Ri'deo,  (ri'sum),  to  laugh. 

RID'ICULE,  s.  a  laughable  repre-  RID'ICULE,  v.  to  make  sport  of. 
sentation.  RIDIC'ULOUS,  worthy  of  ridicule. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


139 


DERIDE',  to  laugh  at  in  a  con- 
temptuous manner. 
DERIS'ION,  contempt. 


RIS'IBLE,  pertaining  to  laughter; 

exciting  laughter. 


443.  Ri'geo,  to  be  stiff,  as  with  cold. 

KJG'IP,  stiff;  strict;  exact.          RIG'OR,  austerity;  severity. 
RIGID'ITY,  stiffness;  harshness.  RIG'OROUS,  severe;  exact. 

444.  Ri'gOj  (riga'tunC),  to  water. 
IRRIGATE,  to  water,  as  a  garden.  |  IRRIG'UOUS,  watered;  watery. 

445.  Ri'vus,  a  stream. 


RIV'ULET,  a  little  stream. 
KJV'ER,  a  large  stream. 
ARRIVE',*  to  come  to  or  reach. 


DERIVE', f  to  deduce  or  draw 

from  some  source. 
Ri'vAL,J  a  competitor. 


*  Literally,  to  come  to  the  shore  or  bank.      Webster. 

•(•  This  word  signifies,  primarily ,  to  draw  a  rivulet  from  the  main  stream 
or  reservoir. 

J  Among  the  Romans,  those  whose  lands  were  separated  by  a  brook  were 
called  riva'les ;  the  word  rival  seems  to  have  originated  in  the  idea  of  con- 
tention as  occurring  between  such  proprietors. 

446.  Ro'bur,  (rol'oris),  an  oak;  strength. 


CORROBORATE,  to  confirm;  to 
make  more  certain. 


CORROB'ORATIVE,    tending    to 

confirm. 
ROBUST',  strong;  vigorous. 


447.  Ro'go,  (roga'tum),  to  ask. 


AB'ROGATE,§  to  repeal;  to  annul. 

AR'ROGATE,  to  claim. 

AR'ROGANCE,  claiming  much 
for  one's  self;  pride;  con- 
ceitedness. 

AR'ROGANT,  haughty;  conceited. 

DER'OGATE,  to  detract;  to  dis- 
parage. 

DEROG'ATORY,  tending  to  de- 
tract from  the  estimation  in 


INTERROGATION,  the  act  of 
questioning;  a  question. 

INTERROG'ATIVE,  containing  a 
question. 

PREROG'ATIVE,||  an  exclusive 
privilege. 

PROROGUE',^]"  to  put  off;  to  ap- 
point at  a  future  time. 

REINTER'ROGATE,  to  interro- 
gate or  question  again. 

SUR'ROGATE,  a  deputy. 


which  anything  is  held. 

g  Literally,  to  propose  or  seek  freedom  from. 

||  A  privilege  sought  or  asked  which  places  the  person  before  others,  or 
gives  superiority. 

^  To  ask  or  propose  with  respect  to  future  time. 


140  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

448.  Ro'ta,  a  wheel. 

KO'TARY,  turning;  (as,  a  wheel  ROTUND'ITY,  roundness;  sphe. 

on  its  axis).  ricity. 

ROTA'TIOX,  rotary  motion.          j  ROTUND'O,  (Lat.)}  a  round  build- 
ROTE,  a  round  of  words ;  repe-       ing. 


tition  of  mere  words. 
ROTUND',  round;  spherical. 


ROUTINE',  (Fr.),  a  round  of 
business. 


449.  Ru'diSj  unpolished;  uncultivated. 


RUDE,     rough;      coarse;     un- 
finished. 
ER'UDITE,*  learned. 


RU'DIMENT,  an  elementary  truth 

or  principle. 
RUDIMENT' AL,  initial;  primary. 


*  Compounded  of  e,  from,  and  rudis,  and  signifying,  literally,  brought  out 
from  ignorance  or  rudeness. 

450.  Ru'ga,  a  wrinkle. 
COR'RUGATE,  to  wrinkle.  |  RU'GOSE,  wrinkled. 


451.  Rum'pOj  (rup'tuni),  to  break. 


RUP'TURE,  a  breaking. 
ABRUPT7,    broken    off    short; 

having  a  sudden  termination; 

unconnected. 


CORRUPTIBLE,  capable  of  be- 
coming corrupt. 

DISRUPTION,  the  act  of  break- 
ing asunder. 


PANK'RUPT,     (It.     banc'o,     a  ERUP'TION,  a  bursting  out. 
bench),  a  trader  who  cannot  INTERRUPT',  to  break  in  upon 
pay  his  debts.  the  progress  of  anything. 

CORRUPT',     decomposed;     de-  j  INTERRUPTION,   a   hindrance: 


based;  impure. 


stop. 


452.  RuSj  (ru'ris),  the  country. 


RU'RAL,  belonging  to  the  coun- 
try. 
RUS'TIC,  plain;  unpolished. 


RUSTIC'ITY,  the  qualities  of  a 

countryman. 
RUS'TICATE,  to  reside  for  a  time 

in  the  country. 


453.  Sa'cer,  consecrated. 


SA'CRED,  holy;  inviolable. 

CON'SECRATE,  to  devote  to  sa- 
cred purposes. 

DES'ECRATE,  to  abuse  or  pervert 
a  sacred  thing. 


EX'ECRATE,  (Lat.  ex'secror,  to 
utter  imprecations),  to  detest 

SACERDO'TAL,  (Lat.  sacer'dos,  a 
priest),  belonging  to  the  priest- 
hood. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIN. 


141 


SAC'RAMENT,  a  religious  cere- 
mony. 

SAC'RILEGE,  (253),  a  violation 
of  what  is  sacred. 


SAC'RIFICE,  (152),  a  religious 
offering ;  a  surrender  of  some 
good  for  the  sake  of  an  ulte- 
rior object. 


454.   Sa'gus,  wise;  discerning. 


SAGE,  wise;  prudent. 
SAGAC'ITY,  discernment ;  acute- 


ness. 


SAGA'CIOUS,  discerning. 
PRE'SAGE,  to  forebode ;  to  fore- 
show. 


455.  Sal,  (so'fts),  salt. 

SAL' AD,  (Fr.  salade),  raw  herbs  j  SALINE',  partaking  of  the  quali- 
dressed  with  salt,  &c. 

SAL'ARY,*  a  fixed  annual  com- 
pensation for  services. 


ties  of  salt. 
SALT,  a  substance  used  for  sea- 
soning; the  chloride  of  sodium. 


*  The  Latin  word   sala'rium^  signifies,  properly,  money  for  salt  j   hence, 
allowance  for  expennes.     Leverett. 


456.  Sa'lio,  (saftwwi),  to  leap;  to  spring. 

ASSAIL',  to  attack.  I  IN'SULT,  an  affront. 

ASSAIL'ANT,  one  who  makes  an  RESULT',  to  fly  back  or  rebound; 


attack. 


to  follow  as  an  effect. 


DES'ULTORY,   leaping ;    passing  SAL'LY,  to  rush  out  suddenly. 

immethodically  from  one  sub-  (  SA'LIENT,     leaping ;     shooting 

ject  to  another. 
EXULT',  to  rejoice  greatly. 


INSULT',  to  treat  with  contempt 
or  abuse. 


out. 
SALM'ON,  a  leaping  fish. 


SAL'TATORY,  adapted  to  leap- 
ing; skipping;  dancing. 


457.   Sa'lus,  (salu'tis),  health ;  safety. 


SAL'UTARY,  healthful ;  advanta- 
geous. 

SAFE,  free  from  danger. 

SALU'BRITY,  tendency  to  pro- 
mote health.  [or  success. 

SALUTE',  to  greet ;  to  wish  health 

SALUTA'TION,  a  greeting. 

SALVA'TION,  preservation  from 
destruction. 


SALU'TATORY,  containing  salu* 
tations ;  greeting ;  (applied 
to  an  oration  which  introduces 
the  exercises  of  commence- 
ment in  colleges). 

SALVE,  an  ointment, 

SAVE,  to  preserve ;  to  rescue. 

SAV'IOUR,  one  who  rescues. 


142 


THE  SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


458.   San'cio,  (sane' turn),  to  consecrate;  to  ordain  or  establish. 

SAINT,  a  person  sanctified.  SANC'TION,    confirmation ;    ap- 

SANC'TIFY,  (152),  to  make  holy.       proval. 

SANCTIMO'NIOUS,    having    the !  SANC'TITY,  (Lat.  sanc'tus,  holy), 


appearance  of  sanctity;  saint- 
ly; seeming  holy. 


sacredness;  holiness. 
SANC'TUARY,  a  sacred  place. 


459.   San'guiSj  (san'guinis),  blood. 


SAN'GUINARY,  bloody. 
SAN'GUINE,  ardent  in  feeling; 
confident. 


CONSANGUINITY,    relationship 
by  blood. 


460.   Sa'nus,  sound;  healthy. 


SANE,  sound;  having  reason. 
SAN'ITY,  soundness;  reason. 
INSANE',  disordered  in  mind. 


INSAN'ITY,  derangement;  mad- 
ness. 
SAN'ATIVE,  tending  to  heal. 


461.   Sa'pio,  to  have  flavor  or  taste;  to  be  wise. 


SA'PIENT,  wise;  discerning. 
SA'PIENCE,  wisdom. 
SAPORIF'IC,    (152),    producing 


taste. 


INSIP'ID,  tasteless. 
SA'VOR,  taste  or  odor. 
SA'VORY,  pleasing  to  the  organs 
of  taste  or  smell. 


SAPONACEOUS,  soapy 


462.   SapOj  (sapo'nis),  soap. 

SAPON'IFY,  (152),   to  convert 
into  soap. 


463.   Sa'tis,  enough. 

SA'TIATE,  to  feed  to  the  full ;  SAT'URATE,  to  add  an  ingredient 
to  fill  beyond  natural  desire,  j  until  no  more  can  be  absorbed. 

SATI'ETY,  an  excess  of  gratifica-  SAT'ISFY,  (152),  to  gratify  wants 
tion ;  fulness  producing  dis- 1  or  demands  to  the  full  extent, 
gust.  I|!NSA'TIABLE,  not  to  be  satisfied. 

464.   Sca'la,  a  ladder. 
ScALE,to  climb;  (as,  by  a  ladder).  |  SCAL'ABLE,  that  may  be  scaled. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM  THE   LATIN. 
465.  Scan' do,  (scan' sum),  to  climb;  to  mount. 


143 


ASCEND',  to  climb  or  go  up. 

ASCENT',  the  way  by  which  one 
ascends. 

DESCEND',  to  go  down. 

CONDESCEND',  to  stoop ;  to  de- 
scend from  the  dignity  of  rank 
or  character. 


CONDESCENSION,  voluntary  de- 
scent from  rank,  &c. 

TRANSCEND',  to  rise  beyond;  to 
surmount. 

SCAN,  to  examine  with  critical 
care ;  to  examine  a  verse  by 
counting  the  feet. 


466.   Scin'do,  (scis'sum'),  to  cut;  to  divide. 


SCIS'SORS,  small  shears. 
EXSCIND',  to  cut  off. 


I  RESCIND',  to  abrogate;   to  re- 
voke. 


467.   Sci'o,  to  know;   Scien'tia,  knowledge. 


SCI'ENCE,  knowledge. 

SCIENTIFIC,  (152),  pertaining 
to  science. 

SCI'OLIST,  a  smatterer;  one  who 
knows  many  things  superfi- 
cially. 

CONSCIENCE,  the  knowledge  of 
right  and  wrong. 


CONSCIOUSNESS,  the  knowledge 
of  what  passes  in  one's  own 
mind. 

CONSCIENTIOUS,  obedient  to  the 
dictates  of  conscience. 

OMNIS'CIENCE,  (345),  know- 
ledge of  all  things. 

PRESCIENCE,  foreknowledge. 


468.  Scri'bo,  (scrip' turn),  to  write. 


SCRIBE,  a  writer ;  a  secretary. 

SCRIB'BLE,  to  write  carelessly. 

SCRIPT'URE,  a  writing.* 

SCRIV'ENER,  one  who  draws 
contracts  or  other  writings. 

SCRIP,  a  small  writing  or  certi- 
ficate. 

SUBSCRIBE',  to  write  under- 
neath; to  sign  with  one's 
own  hand. 

DESCRIBE',")"  to  give  an  account 
of. 


PRESCRIBE',  to  give  a  written 
direction;  to  give  a  rule  of 
conduct. 

PROSCRIBE',};  to  censure  and 
condemn  as  unworthy  of  re- 
ception. 

TRANSCRIBE',  to  write  a  copy 
of  anything. 

CIRCUMSCRIBE',  to  limit;  to 
enclose  by  a  boundary. 

INSCRIBE',  to  write  upon ;  to 
dedicate  in  a  short  written 
address. 


ASCRIBE',  to  attribute  to. 

*  Used  only  in  reference  to  the  Sacred  Writings  contained  in  the  Bible, 
f  Literally,  to  write  concerning. 

J  Primitive  signification,  to  write  the  name  of  a  person  on  the  list  of  those 
who  are  placed  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law. 
10 


144  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

CONSCRIP'TION,   a   compulsory  MAN'USCRIPT,  (282),  that  which 
enrolment   of  men   for  mill-!     -is  written  with  the  hand. 


tary  or  naval  service. 
SUPERSCRIPTION,  that  which  is 
written  on  the  outside. 


POST'SCRIPT,  something  written 
after  a  letter  has  been  con- 
cluded and  signed. 


469.   Scru'tor,  (scruta'tus),  to  examine. 


SCRU'TINY,  close  examination. 
SCRUTINIZE,  to  examine  closely. 


INSCRU'TABLE,     unsearchable; 
not  to  be  understood. 


470.   Se'co,  (sec* turn),  to  cut. 
SE'CANT,   in  geometry,   a   line  DISSECT*,  to  cut   in  pieces  in 


which  cuts  another  or  divides 


such  a  manner  as  to  show  the 


it  into  two  parts.  [tion. !      several  constituent  parts. 

SEC'TION,  a  part;  a  distinct  por-ilN'sECT,  a  small  animal. 
SECT,  a  party  holding  peculiar  |  INSEC'TION,  a  cutting  in. 


sentiments  in  philosophy  or 

religion. 
SEG'MENT,  a  part  cut  off. 
BISECT',  (37),  to  separate  into 

two  equal  parts. 


INTERSECTION,  the  point  where 

lines  cut  each  other. 
VENESEC'TION,   (Lat.  ve'na,   a 

vein),  the  act  of  opening  a, 


vein. 


471.   Sec'ulum,  an  age. 

SEC'ULAR,    pertaining    to    the  j  SECULARIZE,  to  make  worldly, 
present  world. 

472.  Se'deo,  (sesfsum),  to  sit. 
SED'ENTARY,  accustomed  to  sit- '  POSSESS',   (403),   to  hold ;   to 


ting. 


own. 


SES'SION,  a  sitting.  I  PRESIDE',  to  be  set  over;  to  di- 

SED ATE',  settled;   calm;  sober. ; RESIDE',  to  dwell.  [rect. 

SED'IMENT,  that  which  settles.  •<  RES'IDUE,  the  remaining  part. 
ASSID'UOUS,  diligent  in  appli-j  SUBSIDE',  to  sink  away. 

cation.*  SuBSiD'iARY,aiding;  furnishing 

INSID'IOUS,  \_properly,  lying  in!     supplies. 

wait],  deceitful;  treacherous.  SUB'SIDIZE,  to  purchase  the  as- 
ASSESS',  to  fix  the  value  of  pro- j      sistance  of  another. 

perty  for  the  purpose  of  taxa-  SUPERSEDE'^  to  take  the  place 

of;    to  set  aside  by  having 


tion. 
ASSESS'OR,  one  who  assesses. 


superior  influence. 


*  Literally,  sitting  close  to  work, 
f  Literally,  to  sit  above. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 
473.   Se'men,  (sem'inis),  seed. 


145 


SEM'INARY,  a  place  of  educa-  DISSEM'INATE,  to  scatter  abroad; 
tion.*  (as,  seed). 

*  Because  the  seeds  of  knowledge  are  there  planted. 

474.   Sem'i,  (an  inseparable  particle),  half. 

SEM'I-AN'NUAL,  (14),  half !  SEM'I-DIAM'ETER,  (Gr.  137), 
yearly.  half  the  diameter. 

SEM'I-CIRCLE,  (71),  half  of  a  SEM'I-TONE,  (Or.  218),  half  a 
circle.  tone. 


475.   Se'neXj  aged — Se'nior,  older. 


SE'NIOR,  one  more  advanced  in 
years  or  in  the  course  of  ap- 
pointment or  station. 

SE'NILE,  pertaining  to  old  age. 


SEN'ATOR,  a  member  of  a  sen- 

ate.f 
SEIGN'IOR,  a  nobleman;  a  title 

of  honor. 


•f-  The  Romans  called  their  highest  legislative  body  the  Senate,  from  its 
having  been  composed  at  first  of  the  older  men. 

476.   Sen'tWj  (sen'sum),  to  perceive ;  to  think. 


SEN'TIMENT,  thought ;  opinion ; 
notion. 

SENTIMENT' AL,  reflective. 

SEN'TIENT,  having  the  faculty 
of  perception. 

SEN'TENCE,  a  judgment  pro- 
nounced upon  a  criminal;  a 
complete  expression  in  words. 

SENSE,  the  faculty  of  perceiving 
by  the  senses  or  by  the  intel- 
lect; meaning. 

SENS'UAL,  pertaining  to  the 
senses. 


SENSITIVE,  easily  affected. 

SENS'IBLE,  able  to  perceive;  in- 
telligent; perceptible  by  the 
senses. 

ASSENT',  to  agree  to. 

CONSENT',  to  yield. 

DISSENT',  to  differ  in  opinion; 
to  refuse  assent. 

PRESENTIMENT,  apprehension 
of  something  future. 

RESENT',  to  manifest  anger  in 
consequence  of  a  supposed 
injury. 


477.   Sepe'lioj  (sepul'tum),  to  bury. 

SEP'ULCHRE,  a  tomb  or  place  of  I  SEP'ULTURE,  burial;  the  act  of 
burial.  I     interring. 


146 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


478.   Sep'temj  seven. 


SEPTEM'BER,       the       seventh 

month.* 
SEPTEN'NIAL,   (14),   of  seven 

years. 


SEp'TUAGiNT,f  (Lat.  septua- 
gin'ta,  seventy),  a  Greek  ver- 
sion or  translation  of  the  Old 
Testament. 


*  Reckoning  from  March,  which  was  once  accounted  the  first  month  in  the 
year. 

•f  So  called  because  it  was  made  by  seventy  (or  more  exactly  seventy-two) 
interpreters.  The  date  of  its  execution  was  about  280  B.  C. 

479.   Se'quor,  (secu'tus),  to  follow. 


SE'QUEL,  the  succeeding  part. 

SE'QUENCE,  a  following;  suc- 
cession. 

CON'SEQUENCE,  that  which  fol- 
lows from  any  act  or  event. 

CONSEC'UTIVE,  following  in 
regular  order. 

EX'ECUTE,  (Lat.  ex'sequor),  to 
carry  into  effect. 

OBSE'QUIOUS,  complying  in  a 
servile  manner. 


PER'SECUTE,  to  pursue  with  in- 
juries and  vexation. 

PROS'ECUTE,  to  follow  with  a 
view  to  accomplish;  to  bring 
to  trial. 

OB'SEQUIES,  funeral  solemnities. 

ENSUE',  to  follow  as  a  conse- 
quence. 

PURSUE',  to  follow;  to  chase. 

SUBSEQUENT,  occurring  at  a 
later  period. 


480.  Se'rOj  (ser'tum),  to  knit  together ;  to  connect. 


SE'RIES,  (Lat.),  a  succession  of 
things. 


SER'MON,  (Lat.  se/mo,  speech),  EXERT',  to  put  forth;  to  put  into 

a  discourse. 
ASSERT',  to  declare ;  to  affirm. 


DESERT',  to  forsake. 
DISSERTA'TION,  a  treatise. 


action. 


INSERT',  to  set  in  or  among. 
ASSERT'OR,  a  vindicator. 

481.   Ser'pOy  to  creep. 
SER'PENT,  a  creeping  animal.     |  SER'PENTINE,  winding;  spiral. 

482.  Ser'ra,  a  saw. 


SER'RATED,  notched  like  a  saw;| 
having  the  margin  cut  intoj 


teeth  pointing  forwards;  (as, 
a  leaf). 


483.   Ser'vOj  (serva'turri),  to  watch;  to  preserve.     Ser'vus,  a 
slave  or  servant. 


SERVE,  to  attend  at  command ; 
to  wait  on. 


SERV'ANT,  one  who  serves. 
SERF,  a  kind  of  slave. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIN. 


147 


SERV'ICE,  labor  performed  for 

another. 

SER'VILE,  slavish. 
SER'VITUDE,  slavery. 
SERVIL'ITY,  mean  dependence. 
CONSERVATORY,  a  place  whore 

anything  is  preserved. 
DESERVE',  to  merit. 
OBSERVE',  to  watch;   to  have 

regard  to. 


PRESERVE',  to  save. 

RESERVE',  to  keep  back;  to 
keep  in  store. 

SUBSER'VIENT,  useful  as  an  in- 
strument in  promoting  some 
end. 

RES'ERVOIR,  (Fr.),  a  place  for 
containing  what  is  kept  in 
store;  particularly  a  cavity 
for  holding  a  fluid. 


484.   Seve'rus,  severe. 


SEVERE',  sharp;  strict;  exact. 
SEVER'ITY,    sharpness ;    strict- 
ness, [pursuit. 
PERSEVE'RANCE,  constancy  in  a 


PERSEVERE',  to  persist  in  an 
attempt. 

ASSEVERA'TION,  a  solemn  af- 
firmation. 


485.  Sex,  six. 


SEXAGENA'RIAN,  (Lat.  sexa- 
gin'ta,  sixty),  one  at  the  age 
of  sixty  years. 


SEX'TANT,  the  sixth  part  t)f  a 
circle;  an  instrument  for 
measuring  angles. 


486.  Si'dus,  (sid'eris),  a  star. 
SIDE'REAL,  pertaining  to  stars.  I 


487.  Sig'num,  a  sign ;  a  seal. 


SIGN,  s.  a  token ;  a  mark. 
SIGN,  v.  to  write   one's   name 
under  any  form  or  document. 
SIG'N  AL,  that  which  gives  notice. 
SIG'NIFY,  (152),  to  express;  to 


mean. 


IN  SIGNIFICANT,  wanting  mean- 
ing ;  unimportant. 
ASSIGN',  to  allot;  to  appoint. 


CONSIGN',  to  deliver  over;  to 


commit. 


DESIGN',  to  purpose ;  to  plan. 
DESIGNATE,  to  point  out. 
DESIGNATION,  a  name. 
EN'SIGN,  a  standard;  a  badge. 
RESIGN',  to  yield ;  to  give  up. 
SIG'NET,  a  seal. 


488.  Sim'ifa,  like. 


SIM'ILAR,  like;  resembling. 
SIM'ILE,  an  illustrative  compari- 
son. 
SIMILARITY,        SIMIL'ITUDE, 


SEM'BLANCE,RESEM'BLANCE, 
likeness;  comparison. 
ASSIM'ILATE,  to  make  like ;  to 
cause  to  resemble. 


148 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


DISSEM'BLE,  to  hide  under  a 

false  appearance. 
DISSIMULATION,  hypocrisy. 
DISSIM'ILAR,  unlike. 
FAC-SIM'ILE,   (152),   an   exact 


imitation. 


RESEM'BLE,  (Fr.  ressemller'),  to 

be  like. 
SIMULTANEOUS,   (Lat.  si'mul, 

together),  at  the  same  time. 
SIMULATION,    pretence ;     dis- 


guise. 
489.   Sinis'ter,  left. 


SINISTER,   left    handed;    dis-  SIN'ISTROUSLY,  wrongly;  per- 
honest.  versely. 

490.   JSHnus,  a  fold;  a  bosom. 


SINUOS'ITY,  a  bending  or  curv- 
ing in  and  out. 


INSINUATE,   to   introduce    by 
slow,  gentle,  or  artful  means. 
INSINUATION,  a  hint. 


491.  Sis' to,  or  sto,  (sta'tum),  to  stand;  to  place;  to  set  up. 

CON'STABLE,!  an  officer  of  the 

peace. 
DESIST',  to  stand  off;  to  stop. 


STATE,  condition. 
STA'TION,  a  standing  place. 
STATIONARY,  fixed;  settled. 


STAT'URE,  the  height  of  a  person. 

STAT'UE,  an  image  set  up. 

STA'BLE.  a  house  for  beasts  to 
stand  in. 

STABILITY,  steadiness. 

AR'MISTICE,  (25),  a  cessation 
from  hostilities ;  a  truce. 

ARREST',  to  stop. 

ASSIST',  to  stand  by ;  to  help. 

CIR'CUMSTANCE,*  something  at- 
tending a  fact  or  case. 

CONSIST',  to  stand  together;  to 
be  composed  of. 

CONSISTENT,  compatible;  con- 


gruous, [tinual. 

CON'STANT,    unchanged ;    con- 
CON'STITUTE,  to  form  or  com- 
pose. 

CONSTITUTION,  established  sys- 
tem. 


DES'TITUTE,     not     possessing; 

needy. 

DIS'TANT,  remote;  far  off. 
DIS'TANCE,  space  between  two 

objects. 

ESTAB'LISH,  to  settle  firmly. 
EXIST',  to  be. 
EX'TANT,  now  in  being. 
INSIST',  to  stand  upon ;  to  urge. 
IN'STANT,  pressing;  present;  a 

point  of  time. 

IN'STANCE,  urgency;  example. 
INSTATE',  to  set  or  place. 
IN'TERSTICE,   a    narrow    space 

between  things.        [the  way. 
OB'STACLE,  that  which  stands  in 
PERSIST',  to  persevere. 
PROS'TITUTE,   to   devote    to  a 

base  purpose. 
KESIST',  to  withstand. 

*  Literally,  that  which  stands  around  or  near. 

f  Lat.  co'mes  stab'uli,  overseer  of  the  stable;  an  office  which  existed  under 
the  Roman  emperors. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN. 


149 


RESTITUTION,  giving  back. 

SOI/STICE,  (493),  the  tropical 
point 

STAT'ICS,  that  branch  of  mechan- 
ics, which  treats  of  bodies  at 
rest. 

STA'MEN,  (Lat.),  the  fixed,  firm 
part  of  a  body  which  gives  it 
strength. 

STAND,  to  be  erect;  to  remain 
fixed. 


SUBSTITUTE,  that  which  is  put 
in  the  place  of  something  else. 

SUBSIST',  to  be ;  to  continue. 

SUBSISTENCE,  being;  support. 

SUB'STANCE,  being;  body. 

SUBSTANTIAL,  not  imaginary; 
solid. 

SUPERSTITION,  false  religion; 
belief  in  omens  and  prognos- 
tics. 


492.   So'ciusj  a  companion. 


SO'CIABLE,  agreeable  as  a  com- 
panion ;  familiar. 

SOCI'ETY,  a  union  of  persons 
for  any  particular  purpose. 

SO'CIAL,  pertaining  to  society. 


ASSOCIATE,   CONSO'CIATE,    to 


unite. 


ASSOCIATION,  CONSOCIA'TION, 

union;  alliance. 
DISSO'CIATE,  to  disjoin. 


493.  Sol,  (so'tis),  the  sun. 

SO'LAR,  pertaining  to  the  sun.    j  IN'SOLATE,   to   expose    to  the 

heat  of  the  sun. 


494.  Sol'idus,  solid. 


SOL'DER,  to  unite  by  a  metallic 


cement. 


SOI/ID,  not  fluid;  strong;  com- 
pact. 

SOLID'ITY,  firmness;  hardness. 

SOLID'IFY,  (152),  to  make  solid. 

CONSOLIDATE,*  to  form  into  a 
compact  mass. 

*  Con' sols,  in  England,  are  stocks  formed  by  the  consolidation  of  different 
annuities. 

f  The  Romans  had  a  gold  coin  called  the  Sol'idus  or  Sol'dus ;  it  is  supposed 
that  the  word  soldier  was  derived  from  the  mode  of  military  payment. 


SOLD'IER/J*  a  man  engaged  in 

military  service. 
SOLD'IERY,  the  body  of  military 


men. 


495.   So'lor,  (sola'tus),  to  comfort ;  to  soothe. 


CONSOLE',  to  comfort ;  to  cheer. 

DISCONSOLATE,  destitute  of  con- 
solation; dejected;  not  expect- 
ing comfort. 


INCONSOL'ABLE,  not  to  be  con- 
soled. 
SOL' ACE,  alleviation;  comfort. 


150 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
496.  So'lus,  alone;  only. 


SOLE,  single;  only. 
SOL'ITARY,  living  alone. 
SOL'ITUDE,    a    state    of    being 
alone ;  a  lonely  place,      [less. 
DES'OLATE,  laid  waste;  cheer- 


DESOLA'TION,  destitution ;  ruin. 
SOLIL'OQUY,  (270),  a  speech  to 

one's  self  alone. 
SO'LO, (It.), a  passage  of  music  for 

a  single  instrument  or  voice. 


497.  Sol'voj  (solu'tum),  to  loose. 


SOLVE,  to  explain. 

SOLU'TION,  the  process  of  dis- 
solving; explanation. 

SOL'UBLE,  capable  of  being  dis- 
solved. 

SOL'VENCY,  ability  to  pay. 

SOL'VENT,  a  fluid  which  dis- 
solves a  substance. 


ABSOLVE',  to  clear;  to  acquit  of 
a  crime. 

AB'SOLUTE,  complete;  uncondi- 
tional, [sion. 

ABSOLUTION,  acquittal;  remis- 

DIS'SOLUTE,  loose  in  morals. 

DISSOLVE',  to  melt;  to  break  up. 

RESOLVE',  to  determine. 


498.  Som'nus,  sleep. 

SOMNAM'BULIST,  (8),  one  who  I  SOMNIF'IC,  (152),  causing  sleep, 
walks  in  sleep  |  SOM'NOLENCY,  drowsiness. 


499.   So'nuSj  a  sound. 


SOUND,  a  noise. 
SONO'ROUS,  giving  sound. 
CON'SONANT,  sr  a  letter  that  can 

be  sounded  only  in  connection 

with  a  vowel 


CON'SONANT,  a.  consistent. 
RESOUND',  to  send  back  sound. 
RES'ONANT,  resounding. 
U'NISON,  (563),  agreement  of 
sound. 


500.  So'por,  drowsiness;  lethargy. 

SoPORiF'ic,(152);  causing  sleep.  ]  SOPORIF'EROUS,  (167),  inducing 

sleep. 


501.  Sors,  (sor'tis),  a  lot;  chance;  a  share. 


ASSORT',  to  separate  into  classes. 
CON'SORT,   s.    a   companion;    a 

wife  or  husband. 
CONSORT',  v.  to  associate. 


RESORT',  to  betake;  to  repair. * 
SORT,  a  kind;  a  species. 
SORTI'TION,    selection,    choice, 
or  determination  by  lot. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM  THE   LATIN. 
502.   Spar' go,  (spar' sum),  to  strew ;  to  scatter. 


151 


SPARSE,  thinly  scattered. 
ASPERSE',    to    bespatter    with 

calumny. 
ASPER'SION;  calumny. 


DISPERSE',  to  scatter;  to  dissi 

pate. 
INTERSPERSE',   to    scatter    bfr 

tween. 


503.  Spa'tium,  space. 


SPACE,  room ;  extension. 


EXPA'TIATE,  to  move  at  large ; 


SPA'CIOUS,  roomy;  extensive.  to  enlarge  in  discourse. 

504.  Spe'cio,  (spec' turn),  to  look ;  to  see. 


AS'PECT,  appearance;  view. 

CIR'CUMSPECT,  watchful;  cau- 
tious. 

CONSPIC'UOUS,  easily  seen;  pro- 
minent. 

DESPISE',  to  look  down  upon";  to 
abhor. 

DES'PICABLE,  worthy  of  con- 
tempt. 

EXPECT',  to  look  or  wait  for. 

INSPECT',  to  look  on  or  into ;  to 
examine. 

PERSPECTIVE,*  appearance  re- 
presented on  a  plane  surface. 

PERSPICAC'ITY,  acuteness  of  dis- 
cernment. 

PERSPICU'ITY,  clearness;  free- 
dom from  obscurity. 

PROS'PECT,  view  of  objects 
within  the  reach  of  the  eye. 

PROSPECTIVE,  regarding  the 
future. 

RESPECT',  regard. 

RESPECT'ABLE,  worthy  of  regard. 


RESPECTIVE,  particular. 

RE'TROSPECT,  a  looking  back  on 
things  past. 

SPE'CIAL,  ESPE'CIAL,  particu- 
lar; uncommon. 

SPE'CIES,  a  sort  or  kind. 

SPE'CIE,  coin. 

SPECIF'IC,  (152),  designating 
the  peculiar  properties. 

SPEC'IFY,  to  mention  particu- 
lars. 

SPEC'IMEN,  a  sample. 

SPE'CIOUS,  apparently  right ; 
having  a  fair  or  plausible  ap- 
pearance. 

SPEC'TACLE,  a  sight ;  a  show. 

SPEC'TACLES,  glasses  to  assist 
the  sight. 

SPECTA'TOR,  one  who  looks 
on. 

SPEC'TRE,  an  apparition. 

SPECULATE,  to  contemplate ; 
to  theorize. 

SUSPECT',  to  mistrust. 


Primary  signification,  a  glass  through,  which  objects  are  viewed. 


505.  Spe'ro,  to  hope. 


DESPAIR',  hopelessness 


DES'PERATE, 
reckless. 


without     hope ; 


DESPERA'DO,  a  desperate  fellow. 


PROS'PER,  to  be  successful. 
PROSPERITY,    successful    pro- 
gress, [ful. 
PROSPEROUS,  thriving;  success- 


152 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


506.   Spi'ro,  to  breathe. 


SPIR'IT,  an  immaterial,  intelli- 
gent being;  courage. 

SPIR'ITUAL,  immaterial ;  mental. 

SPIR'ACLE,  a  breathing  hole. 

ASPIRE',  to  aim  at  something 
elevated. 

ASPIRA'TION,  a  breathing  after. 

ASPI'RANT,  one  who  aspires  or 
aims  at  something  elevated; 
an  ambitious  candidate. 

CONSPIRE',  to  agree  together. 

CONSPIR'ACY,  a  plot ;  treason. 

EXPIRE',  to  breathe  out;  to 
die. 


INSPIRE',  to  breathe  into;  to  in- 
fuse into  the  mind. 

INSPIRATION,  a  drawing  in  of 
the  breath;  a  supernatural  in- 
fusion of  ideas  into  the  mind. 

INSPIR'IT,  to  animate;  to  enliven. 

PERSPIRE',  to  send  out  moisture 
from  the  skin. 

RESPIRE',  to  breathe;  to  catch 
breath. 

TRANSPIRE',  to  pass  out  in  va- 
por; to  escape  from  secrecy. 

SUSPIRA'TION;  a  sigh;  a  deep 
breath. 


507.  Splen'deo,  to  shine. 


SPLEN'DID,    shining ;    magnifi- 
cent; showy. 


SPLEN'DOR, brilliancy;  elegance. 
RESPLEN'DENT,  very  bright. 


508.   Spon'deOj  (spon'&um),  to  promise. 
SPON'SOR,  one  who  promises  for  DESPOND',  to  be  cast  down  ;  to 


another. 
SPON'SAL,  relating  to  marriage. 
SPOUSE,  a  husband  or  wife. 
ESPOUSE',  to  marry;  to  take  to 

one's  self.  . 
CORRESPOND',  to  answer;  to  be 


congruous ; 
by  letters. 


to   communicate 


lose  courage. 

RESPOND',  to  answer. 

RESPONSE',  a  reply. 

RESPONSIBLE,  accountable;  an- 
swerable. 

IRRESPONSIBLE,  not  liable  or 


able    to    answer    for 
quences. 


conse- 


509.  SteTla,  a  star. 


CONSTELLA'TION,  a  cluster  of 
fixed  stars. 


STEL'LAR,  starry;  pertaining  to 


stars. 


510.   tSter'no,  (stra'turti),  to  spread;  to  strew. 

STRA'TUM,  (Lat.),  (pi.  stra'ta),  CONSTERNA'TION,  great  surprise 

a  layer,  as  of  earth.  and  terror. 

STRAT'LFIED,  (152),  placed  in  PROS'T RATE,  lying  flat. 

strata.  [layer.  PROSTRA'TION,  loss  of  vigor. 

SUBSTRA'TUM,  (Lat.),  a  lower ' 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM    THE   LATIN.  153 

511.   Stil'la,  a  drop. 

INSTIL',  to  pour  in  gradually ;  DISTILLA'TION,  the  act  of  dis- 
to  teach  slowly.  tilling. 

DISTIL',  to  fall  by  drops ;  to  ex-  DISTILL'ERY,  a  place  where  dis- 
tract  by  heat   and  evapora-       tilling  in  carried  on. 
tion.  I  STILL,  a  vessel  for  distillation. 

512.   JSti'po,  (stipa'tum),  to  fill  up;  to  stuff. 

CON'STIPATE,  to  stop,  by  filling  CONSTIPA'TION,  a  crowding  to- 
a  passage.  |      gether ;  condensation. 

513.   Stirps,  (stir'pis),  a  root  or  stock. 

EXTIR'PATE,   to   root  out;    to  EXTIRPATION,        eradication; 
destroy  totally.  total  destruction. 

514.  Strin'gO)  (struttum),  to  bind. 

STRICT,  rigorously  nice ;  exact ;  |  DIS'TRICT,  circuit  of  authority. 

RESTRAIN',  to  withhold ;  to  re- 


severe. 


STRICT'URE,  a  contraction ;  cri- 


press. 


tical  censure.  RESTRICT',  to  limit;  to  confine. 

ASTRIN'GENT,    binding;     con-  RESTRICTION,  limitation. 


tracting. 

CONSTRAIN',  to  compel. 
CONSTRAINT',  confinement. 


STRAIGHT,  not  crooked. 
STRAIT,  narrow;  compressed. 
STRAIN,  to  extend  with  force. 


515.   Stru'o,  (struc'tum),  to  build;  to  construct. 


STRUCT'URE,  an  edifice;  a  build- 
ing. 

CONSTRUCT',  to  form ;  to  build. 

CON STRUC'TION,  structure;  con- 
formation. 


OBSTRUCT',  to  hinder;  to  block 

up. 
DESTROY',  to  lay  waste;  to  put 

an  end  to. 
DESTRUCTIVE,   that   destroys^ 


CON'STRUE,  to  interpret ;  to  ex-      ruinous ;  mischievous. 

plain.  [by  precept. 'DESTRUCTION,  waste;  ruin. 

INSTRUCT',  to  teach,  to  inform  SUPERSTRUCTURE,  an  erection 
INSTRUMENT,   a   tool;    means]     upon  something  else. 

employed. 


154  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

516.    Sua'deo,  (sua'sum),  to  advise. 
PERSUADE',  to  bring  over  to  an  |  DISSUA'SIVE,    tending    to   dis- 


opmion. 


suade. 


DISSUADE',  to  exhort  or  advise  SUA'SION,  the  act  of  persuad- 
against  any  proposed  course.  |     ing. 

517.  Sua'vis,  sweet;  pleasant. 

SUAV'ITY,  softness;  agreeable-  INSUAV'ITY,  unpleasantness, 
ness. 

518.   Su'doj  (suda'tum),  to  sweat. 

EXUDE',   to   flow   out    in    the  SUDORIF'IC,     (152),     exciting 
manner  of  sweat.  perspiration. 

519.   Su'ij  of  one's  self. 

SU'ICIDE,  (41),  self-murder.        SUICI'DAL,  destructive  to  one's 

self. 

520.   Sum,  I  am;  Es'se*  to  be;  Ens,  (en'tis),  being;  Futu'rus, 
about  to  be. 

NONEN'TTTY,  anything  not  ex-  j  FU'TURE,  to  be  hereafter. 

isting ;  nothing.  FUTU'RITY,  time  to  come. 

ES'SEXCE,  the  peculiar  nature  AB'SENT,  not  present. 

or  quality  of  anything.  PRES'ENT,  at  hand;  near;  before 

ESSEN'TIAL,  necessary  to  the  ex-      the  face. 

istence  of  a  thing;  pertaining ; REPRESENT^  to  exhibit;  to  de- 

to  elementary  or  constituent  j      scribe. 

principles.  IIN'TEREST,  concern;  advantage. 

*  Es'se,  is  the  present  infinitive  of  the  verb  Sum,  Em  the  present  participle, 
and  Futu'rus  the  future  participle. 

521.   Su'mo,  (sump'twn),  to  take. 


ASSUME',  to  take  ;  to  claim. 

ASSUMP'TION,  a  taking;  a  sup- 
position. 

CONSUME',  to  waste ;  to  destroy. 

CONSUMPTION. waste;  a  disease. 

PRESUME'  to  suppose;  to  ven- 
ture. 


PRESUMP'TION,  confidence ;  ar- 
rogance ;  strong  probability. 

RESUME',  to  take  back;  to  begin 
again. 

SUMP'TUOUS,  expensive. 

SUMP'TUOUSLY,  expensively; 
splendidly. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 
522.   Su'per,  above;  over. 


155 


SUPE'RIOR,  higher  in  place  or  INSU'PERABLE,  not  to  be  over- 
excellence,  come  or  surmounted. 
SUPERLATIVE,  (167),  highest  SUPERCIL'IOUS,  (Lat.  supercil'- 

ium,    the    brow),    haughty; 


overbearing. 
SUPREME',  highest  in  authority; 

greatest. 


in  degree ;  most  eminent. 
SUPERB',       (Lat.       super'bus), 

grand;  splendid. 
SUPERABUNDANCE, (Lat.  abun'- 

do,   to    abound),   more   than  I  SUPREM'ACY,  highest  power. 

enough;  excessive  quantity.  |  t 

,  (surrec'tum),  to  rise. 

RESURREC'TION,  a  rising  again. 
SURGE,  n.  billow;  a  rolling  swell 
of  water. 


523. 


INSUR'GENT,  rising  in  opposition 
to  the  government. 

INSURRECTION,  a  rising  in  re- 
bellion. 


524.   Taber'na,  a  shed;  a  shop. 


TAB'ERNACLE,  a  temporary  habi- 


tation. 


TAV'ERN,  (Fr.  taverne),  an  inn; 
a  drinking  place. 


525.    Ta'ceo,  (tac'itum),  to  be  silent. 

TAC'IT,  silent ;  implied  but  not .  TAC'ITURN,    habitually    silent ; 

not  free  to  converse. 


526.    Tan'go,  (tac'turn),  to  touch. 

TAN'GENT,  a  line  touching   a  !CONTA'GION,  communication  of 

curve.  disease  from  body  to  body. 

TAN'GIBLE,  that  can  be  touched '  CON'TACT,  touch ;  close  union. 


or  taken  hold  of. 

TACT,  peculiar  skill,  faculty  or 
aptness. 

INTACT',  (Lat.  intacftus,  un- 
touched), uninjured. 


CONTIG'UOUS,  touching;  having 
no  intervening  space. 

CONTIGU'ITY,  contact. 

CONTINGENT,  accidental;  de- 
pending on  an  uncertainty. 


527.    Te'go,  (tec'tum),  to  cover. 
INTEG'UMENT,  that  which  na-j  DETECT',  to  discover  in  spite  of 


turally  invests  or  covers  ano- 
ther thing. 
PROTECT',  to  cover;  to  defend. 


concealment. 
DETECTION,  discovery. 


156  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

* 

528.    Tem'piu,  (tem'poris},  time. 

TIME,  measure  of  duration.         TEM'PER,  v.  to  moderate.")" 
TEM'PORAL,  relating   to  time;  TEM'PER,  s.  disposition. 

not  eternal.  TEM'PEST,  storm ;  commotion. 

TEMPORARY, lasting  only  a  time.  TEM'PORIZE,  to  comply  with  the 
CONTEMPORARY,*  living  at  the       time  or  occasion ;   to  delay ; 

same  time.  to  procrastinate. 

TENSE,  (Fr.  temps),  an  inflec-  TEM'PERANCE,  moderation. 

tion  of  verbs  by  which  time  INTEM'PERANCE,  excess. 

is  denoted.  DISTEM'PER,  disease. 

EXTEMPORA'NEOUS,    produced  TEM'PERAMENT,  native  consti 

at  the  time ;  not  premeditated. .      tution. 

*  For  the  sake  of  easier  pronunciation,  this  word  is  often  changed  to  cotetn- 
porary,  which  Dr.  Webster  considers  the  preferable  word. 
"f  The  primary  signification  seems  to  be,  to  appoint  a  time  or  limit. 


529.    Ten'do,  (ten' sum  or  ten' turn),  to  stretch;  to  go  towards; 
to  aim  at. 


TEND,  to  move  towards;  to 
watch. 

TEND'ENCY,  direction  towards 
any  result ;  inclination. 

ATTEND',  to  listen ;  to  have  re- 
gard to. 

ATTEN'TION,  regard. 

CONTEND',  to  strive;  to  con- 
test. 

DISTEND',  to  fill  out;   to   ex- 


INTENS'ITY,  vehemence. 

OSTENSIBLE,  (Lat.  osten'do,  to 
show),  seeming. 

OSTENTA'TION,  ambitious  dis- 
play. 

PORTEND',  to  forebode ;  to  fore- 
token. 

PORTENT'OUS,  ominous. 

PRETEND',  to  hold  out,  as  a  faLs? 
appearance. 


pand.  PRETENCE',  a  feigning  or  pre- 

DISTEN'TION,  expansion  by  fill-i      tending. 

ing.  PRETEN'SKXST,  a  claim. 

EXTEND',  to  spread;  to  enlarge.  SUBTEND',  to  extend  under. 
EXTENT',  compass ;  size.  SUPERINTEND',  to  have  the  di« 

EXTENS'IVE, large;  widespread. |     rection  of. 
INTEND',  to  purpose.  JTEN'DON,  a  cord. 

INTEN'TIOX.  s.  design.  |  TENSE,  stretched  to  stiffness. 

INTENT',  a.  fixed  on;  eager  IU'TEN'SION,  tightness. 

pursuing.  TENT,  a  covering  stretched  on 

INTENSE',  strained;  vehement ;|     poles. 

ardent.  I 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 


157 


530.    Te'nco,  (ten' turn),  to  hold;  to  keep. 


TEN'URE,  a  holding. 

TEN'ABLE,  that  can  be  held  or 
maintained. 

TENA'CIOUS,  holding  fast. 

TEN'ET,  an  opinion  held. 

ABSTAIN',  to  refrain  from. 

AB'STINENCE,  the  act  of  refrain- 
ing. 

CONTAIN',  to  hold;  to  compre- 
hend. 

CON'TENTS,  s.  that  which  is 
contained  within  any  limits 
or  boundaries. 

CONTENT',*  a.  satisfied. 

CONTIN'UE,  to  remain. 

CONTIN'UAL,  uninterrupted. 

CONTINUITY,  unbroken  connec- 
tion. 

COUNTENANCED  the  visage  or 
look. 

DETAIN',  to  keep  back. 

DETEN'TION,  restraint;  confine- 
ment. 

ENTERTAIN',  to  receive  with 
hospitality;  to  cherish. 


LIEU  TEN' ANT,  (Fr.  lieu,  place), 
an  officer  who  supplies  the  place 
of  a  superior  in  his  absence. 

MAINTAIN',  (282),  to  uphold. 

OBTAIN,  to  gain ;  to  get. 

PERTAIN',  to  belong  to. 

PER'TINENT,  applicable. 

IMPER'TINENT, inapplicable;  ill- 
mannered. 

PERTINA'CIOUS,  adhering  reso- 
lutely; obstinate.  [stinacy. 

PERTINAC'ITY,  inflexibility;  ob- 

RETAIN',  to  hold ;  to  keep. 

RETEN'TIVE,  having  the  power 
to  retain. 

SUSTAIN',  to  hold  up;  to  support. 

SUS'TENANCE,  support. 

TEN'ANT,  one  who  holds  or  oc- 
cupies a  house  and  lands. 

TEN'DRIL,  the  clasper  of  a  vine. 

TEN'EMENT,  a  dwelling  or  habi- 
tation. 

TEN'ON,  the  end  of  a  stick  of 
timber  fitted  to  a  mortise. 

TEN'oR,(Lat.),  continued  course. 


*  Literally,  held,  restrained. 

f  Primary  sig.,  the  contents  of  a  body. 


531.    Ten' to,  (tenta'tum),  to  try. 


ATTEMPT',  v.  to  endeavor. 
ATTEMPT',  s.  an  endeavor. 


TEMPT,  to  solicit  or  incite. 
TEMPT'ING,  attractive. 


532.    Ten'uis,  slender. 


ATTEN'UATE,  to  make  slender. 


EXTEN'UATE,  to  lessen ;  to  pal- 
liate. 


533.    Ter'go,  (ter'sum'),  to  scour;  to  make  clean. 

TERSE,  elegant  in  style  without  I  TERSE'NESS,  neatness  of  style; 
pompousness.  elegance  and  conciseness. 


158 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
534.    Terminus,  a  bound  or  limit. 


TERM,  a  limit;  a  limited  time;  DETERMINATE,    limited;    defi- 

a  word  or  expression.  nite. 

TERMINATE,  to  bring  to  an  end.  j  EXTERMINATE,  to  drive  away; 


CONTERM'INOUS,  having  a  com- 
mon boundary. 
DETERMINE,  to  fix;  to  decide. 


to  destroy  utterly. 
INDETER'MINATE,  not  definite. 
INTERMINABLE,  boundless. 


535.    TefrOj  (trftum*),  to  wear  by  rubbing. 


TRITE,  worn  out. 

CON'TRITE,  broken-hearted  for 


sm. 


DETRIMENT,  damage;  injury. 

DETRIMENTAL,  causing   detri 

ment;  injurious;  hurtful. 


536.    TeSra,  the  e^rth. 

INTER',  to  bury  in  the  earth,      j  TERRAQUEOUS,  (19),  consisting 
MEDITERRANEAN,   (287),    the       of  land  and  water. 

sea    between     Europe    and  TERRES'TRIAL,  pertaining  to  the 

Africa.  earth. 

SUBTERRA'NEAN,  beneath   the  TER'RIER,   a  dog    that    hunts 

surface  of  the  earth.  under  ground. 

TER'RACE,   a   raised    bank    of  j  TER'RITORY,  a  district  j  a  tract 

earth ;  a  flat  roof.  of  land. 


537.    TeSreo,  (teSritum),  to  affright. 

TER'RIFY,  (152),  to  frighten 
TERRIF'IC,  causing  terror. 


DETER',  to  stop  by  fear. 
TER'ROR,  fear;  dread. 
TER'RIBLE,  frightful;  dreadful. 


538.    TeJtis,  a  witness. 


ATTEST',  to  bear  witness;  to 
certify. 

ATTESTA'TION,  solemn  declara- 
tion. 

CONTEST',  to  strive;  to  litigate. 


DETEST',  to  abhor. 


[will. 


IN  TEST' ATE,*  not  having  made  a 


PROTEST',  to  make  a  formal  de- 
claration. 

PROT'ESTANT,f  one  who  joins 
in  a  protest. 

TEST'AMENT,  a  will. 

TESTA'TOR,  one  who  makes  a 
will. 


*  A  will  was  called  by  the  Latins  testamen'tum. 

f  Martin  Luther  protested  against  a  decree  of  Charles  V.,  and  the  diet  of 
Spires ;  his  followers  are  therefore  called  Protestants. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN. 


159 


TEST'IFY,  (152),  to  bear  witness. 
TESTIMONIAL,  a  certificate. 


TESTIMONY,  that  which  is  af- 
firmed by  a  witness. 


539.    Tex'o,  (tex'tuni),  to  weave. 
CONTEXT',  knit  or  woven  toge-|TEXT,  a  composition  on  which 


ther. 

CON'TEXT,  the  connected  pas- 
sages. 

PRE'TEXT,  a  pretence;  an  osten- 
sible reason,  assumed  to  con- 
ceal the  true  one. 


a  commentary  is  written ;   a 

passage  of  Scripture. 
TEXT-BOOK,   a  book   used    in 

teaching. 
TEXT'URE,  a  web ;  that  which 

is  woven,  or  the  manner  of 


540.    Tim'eo,  to  fear. 


TIM'ID,  fearful. 

TIM'OROUS,  cowardly;  fullof  fear. 


INTIM'IDATE,  to  render  fearful; 
to  deter. 


541.    Tin' go,  (tine1  turn},  to  dip;  to  dye. 
TINGE,  to  infuse  or  impregnate  TINC'TURE,  a  liquid  containing 


slightly. 
TAINT,  stain;  infection. 
TINT,  a  slight  coloring. 


the  principal  qualities  of  some 
substance ;  a  slight  quality 
added  to  anything. 


542.    Tol'lo,  to  lift  up;  to  bear  away. 


EXTOL',  to  praise  highly. 


TOL'ERATE,  (Lat.  tol'ero),  to  en- 
dure. 


543.    Toi'peo,  to  be  numb  or  stupid. 


TOR'PID,  inactive ;  stupid. 
TOR'POR,  sluggishness;  want  of 
activity  or  feeling. 


TORPE'DO,  (Lat),  a  machine 
invented  for  blowing  up  ships 
by  submarine  explosion. 


544.    Tor'queo,  (to/tarn),  to  twist. 


CONTOR'TION,    a    twisting     or 

writhing. 

DISTORT',  to  twist  out  of  shape. 
EXTORT',  to  wrest  or  force  from 


one. 


EXTOR'TION,  illegal   exaction; 
unreasonable  demand. 
11 


RETORT',  to  throw  back  a  cen- 
sure or  objection. 

TOR'MENT,  extreme  pain. 

TORT'URE,  pain  inflicted  by  an- 
other; agony. 

TORT'UOUS,  crooked;  winding 


160 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
545,  To'tus,  whole;  all. 


TO'TAL,  the  whole.  TO'TALLY,  wholly;  entirely. 

FACTO'TUM,  (152),  one  who  can  SURTOUT',  (Fr.   sur  tout,  over 
perform  all  kinds  of  service,    i      all),  an  overcoat. 


546.    Tra'do,  (trad'itum),  to  deliver. 
TRADI'TION,     that     which     is  TRAI'TOR,  (Fr.  traitre),  one  who 


handed  down  from  age  to  age 
by  oral  communication. 


delivers 
enemy. 


his   country   to   its 


547.    Tra'ho,  (trad turn),  to  draw. 


AB'STRACT,  a.  separate;  exist- 
ing in  the  mind  only. 

ABSTRACT',  v.  to  draw  from;  to 
separate. 

ATTRACT',  to  draw  to ;  to  allure. 

ATTRACTIVE,  engaging. 

CONTRACT',  to  draw  together. 

DETRACT',  to  take  from  the  re- 
putation or  value  of  anything. 

DETRACTION,  slander. 

DISTRACT',  to  draw  apart;  to 
separate;  to  throw  into  con- 
fusion. 

DISTRAC'TION,  confusion;  de- 
rangement of  reason. 

EXTRACT',  to  draw  out. 

PORTRAY',  to  delineate. 

POR'TRAIT,  a  likeness. 


PROTRACT',  to  prolong. 

RETRACT',  to  draw  or  take  back. 

SUBTRACT',  to  deduct. 

SUB'TRAHEND,  the  number  to 
be  deducted. 

TRACE,  a  mark  left  by  anything 
passing. 

TRACK,  a  foot-print;  a  path. 

TRACT,  a  region ;  a  small  trea- 
tise. 

TRACT'ABLE,  that  may  be  easily 
led,  managed,  or  taught. 

TRAIL,  to  draw  along  on  the 
ground. 

TRAIT,  a  feature ;  a  line. 

TREAT,  (Fr.  trailer),  to  use;  to 
discuss. 

TREAT'Y,  a  contract  or  league. 


NOTE. — The  words  draw,  drag,  betray,  seem  to  be  of  the  same  family  with 
traho. 

548.    Tre'mo,  to  shake. 

TREM'BLE,  to  quake;  to  totter.  ITRE'MOR,  a  trembling. 
TREMEN'DOUS,  fitted  to  excite j TREM'ULOUS,  shaking;  quiver- 
trembling;  terrible.  ing. 


549.    Tret,  (tri'a),  three. 


TRIP'LE,  (392),  three-fold. 
TRI'AD,  the  union  of  three. 


TRI'ANGLE,  (12),  a  figure  hav- 
ing three  angles. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


161 


TRI'DENT,  (111),  an  instrument  TRJ'O,  a  passage  in  music  for 
having  three  prongs.  three  performers.  [stool. 

TRIN'ITY,  (563),  a  union  of  TRI'POD,  (380),  a  three  legged 
three  in  one.  iTRiv'iAL,  (584),  unimportant. 


550.    Trib'uo,  (tribii'tum\  to  render  or  give. 


TRIB'UTE,  a  tax  paid  to  a  con- 
queror. 

TRIB'UTARY,  paying  tribute. 

ATTRIB'UTE,  to  ascribe. 

CONTRIB'UTE,  to  give  in  com- 
mon with  others. 


DISTRIB'UTE,  to  divide;  to  dis- 
pense. 

RETRIBU'TION,  reward  or  pun- 
ishment. 

RETRIB'UTIVE,  repaying  ;  bring- 
ing reward  or  punishment. 


551.    Tru'do,  (tru'sum),  to  thrust;  to  push. 
ABSTRUSE',  difficult  to  be  com-jlNTRu'siVE,    entering   without 


prehended  or  understood. 
ABSTRUSE'NESS,quality  of  being 

abstruse. 
INTRUDE',  to  thrust  one's  self 

in ;  to  encroach. 


right. 

OBTRUDE',  to  thrust  in  or  on. 

OBTRU'SIVE,  bold;  coming  un- 
invited. 

PROTRUDE',  to  thrust  forward. 


552.  Tu'ler,  a  swelling ;  an  excrescence. 

PROTU'BERANCE,  a  prominence;  TU'BERCLE,  a  small  tumor, 
a  swelling. 

553.  Tu'eor,  (tui'tus),  to  view;  to  guard. 

INTUI'TION,  immediate  percep-jTu'TELAR,  protecting. 

tion  of  truth.  TU'TOR,  an  instructor  or  guar- 


TUI'TION,  instruction ;  guardian- 
ship. 


dian. 


554.    Tu'meo,  to  swell. 


TU'MID,  swollen ;  pompous. 

TU'MOR,  a  swelling. 

CONTUMACY,  stubbornness; 
contempt  of  authority. 

CON'TUMELY,  insolence ;  con- 
temptuous language. 

CONTUMA'CIOUS, obstinate;  per- 
verse. 


TOMB,  (Lat.  tu'mulm,  a  mound), 
a  grave ;  a  place  of  burial. 

ENTOMB',  to  put  into  a  tomb ; 
to  bury. 

ENTOMB'MENT,  burial ;  sepul- 
ture. 

TU'MULT,  a  commotion. 


162  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

555.  Tun' do t  (tu'suni},  to  beat;  to  bruise. 
CONTU'SION,  a  bruise.  |  OBTUSE',  blunted ;  dull. 

556.  Tur'ha,  a  crowd  ;  a  bustle. 

DISTURB',  to  disquiet.  |  TROUB'LE,  perplexity. 

DISTURB' ANTCE.  confusion.  TUR'BID,  muddy,  not  clean. 

PERTURBA'TION,  disquiet  or  agi-  TUR'BULENCE,  insubordination ; 
tation  of  mind.  violence. 


IMPERTURB'ABLE,  not  to  be  dis- 


TUR'BULENT,  tumultuous. 


quieted. 

557.  TuT>geo,  to  be  inflated. 

TUR'GID,  bloated  ;  tumid ;  pomp-  j  TURGI  D'ITY,  bombast ;  inflated 
ous.  I     style. 


558.  Tur'ris,  a  tower. 


TUR'RET,  a  little  tower. 


TUR'RETED,  furnished  with  tur- 


rets. 

559.  Ul'timus,  last. 

UL'TIMATE,     furthest ;  final ;  ULTIMA'TUM,  a   final   proposi- 

last.  tion. 

UL'TIMATELY.   finally;  in   the|ULTE'RioR,(Latincomparative), 

end.  I     further. 

560.  Urn' bra,  a  shade. 


UMBRA'GEOUS,  shady. 
UM'BRAGE,  suspicion  of  injury; 


offence. 


UMBREL'LA,  a  shade  or  screen 
carried  in  the  hand. 


561.  Un'da,  a  wave. 


UN'DULATE,  to  have  a  motion 

like  that  of  waves. 
UN'DULATING,  rising  and  falling. 
ABOUND',  (Lat.  abuji'ila),  to  be 

in  great  plenty. 


ABUND'ANCE,  plenty. 
INUN'DATE,  to  flow   upon;    to 

overflow. 
REDUND'ANT,  literally,  flowing 

back;  superfluous. 


UN'GUENT,  ointment. 
UNC'TION,  an  anointing. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN.  163 

562.   Un'guo,  (iinc'tuin),  to  anoint. 

UNC'TUOUS,  oily;  having  an  oily 


consistency. 


563.  U'nus,  one. 


U'NITY,  oneness. 
UNITE',  to  make  one;  to  join. 
DISUNITE',  to  separate. 
REUNITE',  to  unite  again. 


UNIQUE',  (Fr.),  sole;   without 

another  of  the  kind. 
U'NISON,    (499),    concord    of 

sounds ;  perfect  harmony. 


UNANIM'ITY,   (13),  agreement  U'NIT,  a  single  thing. 

in  opinion.  JU'NIVERSE,*  (579),  the  whole 

UNIFORM'ITY,  (187), sameness;  system  of  created  things. 

regularity.  UNIVERS'AL,  all;  whole;  com- 

U'NiON,conjunction;  agreement.  I  prehending  the  whole. 

*  The  Latin  word  univer'sus  signifies  literally — turned  into  one,  collected 
into  one  whole. 


564.  U'tor,  (W'SMS),  to  use. 


UTIL'ITY,  profitableness;  advan- 


USE,  to  employ. 


[tage. 


ABUSE',  to  use  improperly. 
DISUSE',   cessation    of   use    or 

practice. 

MISUSE',  to  treat  ill. 
PERUSE',  to  read. 
U'SAGE,  custom;  treatment. 


USE'FUL,  beneficial;  profitable. 
U'SUAL,  customary;  ordinary. 
U'SURY,    illegal    or    exorbitant 

interest. 
USURP',  (Lat.  usur'po),  to  seize 

without  right. 
UTEN'SIL,  that  which  is  used; 

an  instrument. 


565.  Va'do,  (va'sum),  to  go. 


EVADE',  to  escape ;  to  elude. 
EVA'SION,  an  artifice  to  elude. 
INVADE',  to  enter  as  an  enemy. 


PERVADE',  to  pass  through ;  to 

permeate. 
WADE,  to  walk  in  water. 


566.  Va'gus,  wandering. 


EXTRA V'AGANT,  going  beyond 

proper  limits. 
EXTRA V'AGANCE,  excess. 
VAG'ABOND,    ( Lat.    vagdbun'- 

dus),  a  wanderer;  an  outcast. 


VAGA;RY,  a  wandering  of  the 

thoughts. 
VA'GRANT,  wandering;  having 

no  home. 
VAGUE,  unsettled;  indefinite 


164 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


567.  Va'leo,  to  be  strong 

AVAIL',  to  be  of  use ;  to  have 

effect. 
AVAIL' ABLE,  that  may  be  used 

with  success  or  advantage. 
CONVALESCENT,        recovering 

health  and  strength. 
EQUIVALENT.  (144),  of  equal 

force  or  value. 
INVAL'ID,  a.  of  no  force. 
IN'VALID.  x.  an  infirm  person. 
INVALIDATE,  to  lessen  the  force 

of.  [influence. 

PREVAIL',  to  overcome;  to  gain 


;  to  have  force  or  value. 

PREV'ALENT,  victorious ;  having 
influence  extensively. 

VALEDIC'TORY,*  (117),  a  fare- 
well address. 

VALETUDINA'RIAN,  a  person 
seeking  health. 

VAL'IANT,  brave;  strong. 

VAL'ID,  effectual;  having  force. 

VAL'OR,  bravery;  prowess. 

VAL'UE,  worth ;  importance. 

VALUA'TION,  apprizement. 

INVAL'UABLE,  precious  above 
estimation. 


*  From  va'le,  farewell,  and  di'co,  to  speak. 


568.   Ve'ho,  (vec'titm'),  to  carry. 
VE'HICLE,  a  carriage.  INVEIGH',  to  rail  against;  to  re- 


CON'VEX,  swelling;  spherical. 
CONVEY',  to  carry. 


proach. 
IN VEC'TIVE,  censure;  reproach. 


569.  VeTlo,  (vul'sum),  to  pluck;  to  tear. 

AVUL'SION,  a  rending;  separa-  CON VUL'SION,  violent  muscular 
tion  of  parts  from  each  other.       contraction. 


570.  Ve'lo,  to  cover;  to  conceal. 


VEIL,  a  curtain ;  a  covering. 
DEVEL'OP,  to  unfold ;    to    dis- 
close. 
ENVEL'OP,  to  wrap  up. 


REVEAL',  to  disclose ;  to  make 

known. 
PIEVELA'TION,  a  disclosing  what 

was  before  hidden. 


VEND,  to  sell. 
VEND'ER,  a  seller. 
VENDUE',  an  auction. 


571.  Yen' do,  to  sell. 

VE'NAL,  (Lat.  ve'neo,  to  be  sold), 
mercenary ;  that  may  be  ob- 
tained for  money. 


572.  Ve'nio,  (yen* turn),  to  come. 


A-DfVENT,  a  coming ;  appro- 
priately, the  coming  of  our 
Saviour. 


ADVENT'URE,  an  enterprise  of 
hazard. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


165 


AV'ENUE,  a  passage. 

CIRCUMVENT',  to  come  round; 
to  deceive  by  stratagem. 

CONTRAVENE',  to  hinder;  to 
oppose;  to  baffle. 

CONVENE',  to  assemble. 

CONVENTION,  a  coming  toge- 
ther. 

CON'VENT,  a  household  of 
rnonks  or  nuns. 

CONVENIENT,  fit ;  suitable ; 
commodious. 

CONVENTIONAL,  agreed  upon. 

COV'ENANT,  a  mutual  agreement 
or  stipulation. 


EVENT',  that  which  happens  or 
takes  place. 

EVENT'UALLY,  in  the  event  or 
issue. 

INTERVENE',  to  come  between. 

INVENT',  literally,  to  come 
upon ;  to  devise. 

PREVENT',*  to  hinder,  to  ob- 
struct. 

REV'ENUE,  the  income  of  the 
government. 

SUPERVENE',  to  come  in  addi- 
tion. 

VEN'TURE,  to  run  a  hazard ;  to 
dare. 


*  Literally,  to  come  before ;  it  is  used  in  this  sense  in  the  New  Testament, 
1  Thess.  iv.  15. 

573.  Veriter,  (ven'tris),  the  belly. 


YENTRIL'OQUIST,  (270),  lite- 
rally, one  who  speaks  from 
the  stomach  or  belly. 


VENTRIL'OQUISM,  a  modifying 
of  the  voice  so  that  it  seems  to 
come  from  different  directions. 


574.    Ven'tus,  the  wind. 


VENT,  s.  an  air-hole. 

VENT,  v.  to  let  out ;  to  pour  out. 


VEN'TILATE,  to  afford  free  cir- 
culation of  air. 


575.   Ver'bum,  a  word. 


VERB'AL,  spoken;  expressed  in 

words. 

VERB,  a  part  of  speech. 
VERBOSE',  full  of  words. 
VERB'IAGE,  superabundance  of 

words. 


AD'VERB,*  a  part  of  speech. 
PROV'ERB,  a  maxim;   a  brief 

saying. 
VERBA'TIM,  (Latin),  word  for 

word. 


*  Literally,  a  word  joined  to  another  word. 


576.  Ve'reor,  to  fear. 


REVERE',  to  regard  with  fear 

and  respect. 
REV'ERENT,     impressed     with 


reverence. 


REVEREN'TIAL,  feeling  or  ex- 
pressing reverence. 

REV'EREND,  worthy  of  reve- 
rence; a  clerical  title. 


166  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

577.    Ver'go,  to  turn  or  tend  towards. 


VERGE,  to  tend ;  to  incline. 
CONVERGE',  to  tend  to  one  point. 


DIVERGE',  to  separate  or  recedo 
more  and  more. 


578.  Ver'mis,  a  worm. 

VERMIC'ULAR,  pertaining  to  or  VER'MIFUGE,  (197),  a  medicine 
resembling   a   worm   or   the       which  destroys  worms  in  ani- 


motion  of  a  worm. 


mal  bodies. 


VER'MIFORM,  (187),  having  the  j  VERM'IN,  noxious   animals,  in- 
shape  or  form  of  a  worm.  sects,  &c. 

579.  Ver'to,  (ve/sum),  to  turn. 


AD VERT;,  to  turn  the  attention  to. 

INADVERT'ENCE,  heedlessness. 

AD' VERSE,  opposed ;  hostile. 

ADVERSITY,  calamity;  affliction. 

AD'VERSARY,  an  enemy. 

ADVERTISE',  to  publish  a  notice. 

ANIMADVERSION,  (13),  a  criti- 
cism ;  a  censure. 

AVERT',  to  turn  away. 

AVER'SION,  disinclination;  dis- 
like. 

CON'TROVERT,  to  oppose  in 
argument. 

CON'TROVERSY,  disputation. 

CONVERT',  to  change  from  one 
state  to  another. 

CONVERSE',  to  discourse  or  asso- 
ciate with. 

CON'VERSE, familiar  intercourse; 
an  opposite  proposition. 

DIVERT',  to  turn  off;  to  amuse. 


DIVER'SION,  amusement. 
DI'VERSE,  different;  various. 
DIVERS'ITY,  difference. 
DIVERS'IFY,  (152),  to  vary. 
DIVORCE',  a  legal  dissolution  of 
the  bonds  of  matrimony. 

*  A  furrow  was  anciently  called  ver'su8v  because  at  the  end  of  it  the  plougk 
was  turned  round;  hence,  a  line  in  writing,  from  its  resemblance  to  a  furrow, 
received  the  same  name. 


IRREVERSIBLE,  that  cannot  be 
revoked  or  changed. 

INVERT',  to  turn  into  the  con- 
trary position. 

lNVERSE'LY,in  an  inverted  order. 

INVER'SION,  change  of  order; 
change  of  place. 

PERVERT',  to  turn  to  a  wrong 
use. 

PERVERSE',  obstinately  wrong. 

PERVER'SION,  a  wrong  use  or 
interpretation. 

REVERT',  to  turn  back. 

REVERSE',  to  change  to  an  op- 
posite direction. 

SUBVERT',,  to  overthrow  from 
the  foundation. 

SUBVERSIVE,  tending  to  over- 
throw. 

TRANSVERSE',  lying  across. 

TRAV'ERSE,  to  cross;    to  pass 


over. 

YERS'ATILE,  easily  turned  from 
one  employment  to  another. 

VERSE,*  a  line  of  poetry;  a 
short  division  of  any  compo- 
sition. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


167 


VER'SION,*  a  translation. 
VERT'EBRA,  (Lat.  plural  vertf- 
ebraf),  a  joint  of  the  spine. 


VEn'TEX,f  (Lat.),  the  top. 
VERT'ICAL,  over  head. 
VERT'IGO,  (Lat.),  giddiness 


VOR'TEX,  (Lat.),  a  whirlpool. 

*  Literally,  a  turning  from  onejanguage  into  another, 
f  The  turning  point. 

580.   Ve'rus,  true. 


VER'ITY,  truth. 

VERAC'ITY,  habitual  observance 

of  truth. 

VERA'CIOUS,  observant  of  truth. 
VER'DICT,  (117),  the  report  of  a 


VER'IFY,  (152),  to  prove  to  be 


true. 


VER'ITABLE,  true 
VER'ILY,  truly 


581.  Vestig'ium,  a  foot-ste 
VES'TIGE,  a  track  j  a  trace.        |  INVESTIGATE, 

582.  Ves'tis,  a  garment. 


INVEST',  to  clothe. 

VEST,  to  put  in  possession  of; 


to  furnish  with. 


VEST'URE,  a  robe. 
VEST'RY,  a  room  in  which  the 
sacerdotal  vestments  are  kept. 


583.   Ve'tus,  (veferis),  old;  ancient. 


VET'ERAN,  an  old  soldier. 


INVET'ERATE,  fixed  by  long  con- 
tinuance. 


584.  Vi'a,  a  way. 


DE'VIATE,  to  turn  aside  from 


the  path. 

DE'VIOUS,  wandering. 
OB'VIATE,^  to  remove. 
OB'VIOUS,§  evident. 
PER'VIOUS,||  penetrable. 


IMPER'VJOUS,  not  to  be  pene- 


trated or  passed  through. 
PRE'VIOUS,  antecedent. 
TRIV'IAL,^[  (549),  unimportant. 
VI'ADUCT,   (133),   a  structure 

supporting  a  carriageway  or 

railway. 

\  Properly,  to  meet  in  the  way  and  oppose  or  conquer  ;  hence  to  put  out 
of  the  way  an  obstacle. 

g  Meeting  one  in  the  way. 

||  Admitting  a^way  or  passage  through. 

^f  The  Romans  worshipped  some  of  their  minor  deities  at  places  where 
three  roads  met  ;  which  deities  were  thence  called  Di'i  Triv'ii.  Thus  the 
word  trivial  derived  the  signification  seeondary,  unimportant, 


168 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
585.   Vi'cis,  change;  succession. 


VIC'AR,  a  substitute. 
VICA'RIOUS,  acting  for  another. 
VICEGE'RENT,  (203),  a  deputy. 


VICE-PRES'IDENT,  (472),  one 
who  takes  the  place  of  the 
president. 


586.  Vidfeo,  (vfsum),  to  see. 


VIS'ION,  sight. 
VIS'IBLE,  that  can  be  seen. 
VIS'IONARY,  imaginary. 
VIS'IT,  to  go  to  see. 
VIS'UAL,  pertaining  to  sight. 
VI'SOR,  a  mask. 
VIS'AGE,  the  countenance. 
Vis'TA,(Lat.),a  view  or  prospect 
VIEW,  (Fr.  vue),  to  look  at. 
VI'DE,  (Latin),  see. 
EV'IDENT,  apparent;  clear. 
INVISIBLE,  not  to  be  seen. 


PROVIDE',*  to  prepare. 

PROV'IDENCE,  forethought;  pru- 
dence. 

PROVISION,  that  which  is  pro- 
cured or  prepared  beforehand. 

PROVI'SO,  (Lat.),  an  exception 
provided  for. 

PRU'DENT,  cautious;  wise. 

PURVEY'OR,  a  provider. 

REVISE',  to  examine  again. 

SUPERVISION,  oversight. 

SURVEY',  to  look  over  carefully. 


*  Literally,  to  look  out  beforehand. 

587.  Vfgeo,  to  flourish;  to  thrive. 
VIG'OR,  strength;  energy.          |  INVIG'ORATE,  to  strengthen. 


588.  Vin'co,  (vie' turn),  to  conquer. 


CONVINCE',  to  persuade. 
CONVIC'TION,  the  state  of  being 

convinced;  belief. 
CONVICT',  to  prove  one  to  be 

guilty. 
CON'VICT,     a     person      found 

guilty. 

EVINCE',  to  make  evident. 
INVIN'CIBLE,  unconquerable. 


PROV'INCE,  a  country  subject  to 
a  foreign  power ;  a  district  or 
division  of  a  country. 

VAN'QUISH,  to  conquer. 

VIC'TOR,  a  conqueror. 

VIC'TORY,  success  over  an  ene- 
my. 

VIC'TIM,  a  living  being  sacri- 
ficed. 


589.  Vin'dex,  (vin'dicis),  a  defender  or  avenger. 


VIN'DICATE,  to  defend ;  to  sus- 
tain. 
VINDICATIVE,  revengeful. 


REVENGE',  to  return  an  injury. 
VEN'GEANCE,  (Fr.),  recompense 
of  evil. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
590.   Vi'mim,  wine. 


169 


VINE,  the  plant  which  produces  I  VI'NOUS,   having   the  qualities 
grapes.  1      of  wine. 


VIN'EGAR,  vegetable  acid. 
VINE'YARD,     a    plantation    of 
grape-vines. 


VINT' AGE,  the  gathering  of  the 
crop  of  grapes. 


591.   Vir,  a  man. 

VI'RILE,  masculine.  [man.   VIR'TUE,    (Lat.    vir'tus),    em* 

VIRA'GO,  (Lat.),  (3),  a  bold  wo-       ciency ;  excellence. 

592.  Vi'rus,  poison;  venom. 


VIR'ULENCE,  malignancy. 


VIR'ULENT,  malignant;  venom- 
ous. 


593.  Vi'to,  to  shun;  to  avoid. 
INEVITABLE,  unavoidable.         |  INEV'ITABLY,  certainly. 

594.   Vi'trum,  glass. 

VIT'REOUS,  resembling  glass.      |  VIT'RIFY,  (152),  to  convert  into 

[glass. 
595.  Vi'vo,  (vie1  turn),  to  live. 


CONVIV'IAL,  festal;  social. 
REVIVE',  to  live  again ;  to  arouse. 
SURVIVE',  to  outlive,    [of  food. 
VI'AND,  (Fr.  viande),  an  article 


VI'TAL,   (Lat.   vi'ta,  life),  per- 
taining to  life. 
VIVAC'ITY,  liveliness. 
VIV'ID,  lively;  bright.       [life. 


VICT'UALS,  food ;  provisions.      !  VIV'IFY,  (152),  to  endue  with 
596.  Vo'co,  (voca'tum),  to  call. 


AD'VOCATE,  a  pleader. 
AVOCA'TION,   a  calling  or  em- 
ployment. 

CONVOCATION,  an  assembly. 
EQUIV'OCAL,    (144),    ambigu- 


ous. 


EQUIV'OCATE,  to  use  ambiguous 

expressions. 
INVOKE',  to  pray  to. 
INVOCATION,  a  solemn  address 

or  prayer. 


PROVOCATION,  a  calling  out;  an 

incitement. 

REVOKE',  to  call  back;  to  repeal. 
IRREVOCABLE,  that  cannot  be 

repealed. 
VO'CAL,  (Lat.  vox,  (vo'cis),  the 

voice) ,  pertaining  to  the  voice ; 

uttered  by  the  voice. 
VOCAB'ULARY,     (Fr.-    vocabu- 

laire),  a  list  of  words. 
VOCAB'ULIST,  the  writer  of  a 

vocabulary;  a  lexicographer. 


170 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


VOCA'TION,  a  business  or  pro- 
fession. 

VOCIF'ERATE,  (167).  to  cry  out 
loudly. 


VOICE,   (Fr.   voix),   sound    ut- 
tered by  the  mouth. 
VOUCH,  to  attest;  to  affirm. 
VOW'EL,  a  simple  sound. 


597.   Vo'lo,  (volaf turn),  to  fly. 

TOL'ATILE,  easily  evaporated;  VOL'LEY,   a  flight  of  shot;    a 
gay;  fickle.  burst   or   emission   of  many 

things  at  once. 


598.  Fo'fo,towill;  to  wish. 

BENEV'OLENCE,  (38),  good  will.  Voi/UNTARY,actingfrom  choice. 
MALEV'OLKNCE,  (279),  ill  will.,  VOLUNTEER', s.  a  voluntary  sol- 
dier. 

599.   Volup'tas,  pleasure. 

VOLUP'TUOUS,  given  to  luxury  VOLUP'TUARY,  a  person  devoted 
and  pleasure.  to  pleasure. 

600.  Vol'vo,  (volu'tum),  to  roll. 


DEVOLVE',  literally,  to  roll  down; 

to  deliver  over ;  to  pass  from 

one  to  another. 

EVOLVE',  to  unroll ;  to  unfold. 
INVOLVE',  to  envelop;  to  infold. 
REVOLT',  to  renounce  allegiance. 


REVOLVE',  to  roll  in  a  circle. 

REVOLU'TION,  rotation;  an  en- 
tire change. 

VOL'UBLE,  rolling;  fluent. 

VOL'UME,  primarily ,  a  roll ;  a 
book. 


601.  Vftro,  to  devour. 


DEVOUR',  to  eat  up  greedily. 
VORAC'ITY,  greediness  of  appe- 


tite. 


flesh. 
602.  Vb'veo,  (vo'tum),  to  vow. 


VORA'CIOUS,  ravenous. 

C ARNIV'OROUS,  (50),  feeding  on 


Avow*,  to  declare  openly. 
DEVOTE',   to   dedicate;   to   set 
apart.  [devoted. 

DEVOTEE',  one  who  is  wholly 
DEVOUT;,  earnest  in  worship. 


VO'TARY,  one  devoted   or  ad- 
dicted. 

VOTE,  suffrage;  a  ballot. 
VOT'IVE,  given  by  vow. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE    GREEK.  171 

603.  Vul'yus,  the  common  people. 


VUL'GAR,  common ;  unrefined. 
VULGAR'ITY,  grossness  or  clown- 


ishness. 


VUL'GARISM,  a  vulgar  phrase  or 

expression. 
DIVULGE',  to  make  public. 


604.  Vul'nus,  (vul'neris),  a  wound. 


VULNERABLE,    that    may    be 
wounded. 


INVUL'NERABLE,  that  cannot  be 
wounded. 


CHAPTER  III. 

WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK. 

Greek  Alphabet. 

Letter.  Sound.  Name. 

A      a       ....a Alpha. 

#     /3  <?....     b Beta. 

F     Y       •     •     •     •      g Gamma. 

Ad       ....d Delta. 

E     e       ....      e  as  in  met     .      .  Epsilon. 

Z     C       .     .     .     .     z Zeta. 

H    ij       ....      e  as  in  me      .  Eta. 

0     0$    .     .     .     .      th Theta. 

It  .     .     .     i Iota. 

K    x       .     .     .     .      k Kappa. 

AX       ....      1 Lambda. 

M    fj.  .     .     .      in Mu. 

N    v       .     .     .     .     n Nu. 

3     $       ....      x Xi. 

0     o       ....      o  as  in  not      .     .  Omicron. 

n     -is    .     .     .     .      p Pi. 

P     p       ....      r      .....  Rho. 

2     ff,q  final  .s Sigma. 

T     r       .     .      .     .      t Tau. 

T     u       ....      u  or  y    ....  Upsilon. 

0     <p  .     .      ph Phi. 

X    %       .     .     .     .      ch Chi. 

W    i>>      .     .     .     .      ps Psi. 

Q     10      .     .     ...      o  as  in  no  .     .     .  Omega- 


172  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

Gamma  has  always  the  hard  sound  of  r/,  as  in  yire. 

Kappa  is  represented  by  c  in  English  words,  although  in  Greek  it  has  but 
one  sound,  that  of  our  k. 

Upsilon  is  represented  by  y  in  English  words  ;  in  Greek  it  has  always  the 
sound  of  u  in  mute. 

Chi  is  represented  in  English  by  ch  having  the  sound  of  k;  as  in  chronic. 

In  Greek  words,  as  in  Latin,  there  are  always  as  many  syllables  as  there 
are  vowels  and  diphthongs. 

The  accents  placed  over  the  Greek  letters  need  not  be  regarded  in  pronun- 
ciation. 

An  inverted  comma  placed  over  a  letter  denotes  that  the  sound  of  our  h 
precedes  that  letter.  Thus,  the  word  1%  is  pronounced  hex.  A  comma  not 
inverted  does  not  affect  the  sound  of  the  vowel  over  which  it  is  placed.  For 
information  respecting  accentual  marks,  Ac.,  see  the  Greek  grammars. 


1,  Acade'mia,  (dxad^/u'a),  a  place  near  Athens,  where  Plato 
taught  philosophy. 


ACAD'EMY,  a  high  school. 


ACADEM'IC,  belonging  to  a  school 
or  college. 


2.  Ach'os,  («/o<r),  pain. 
ACHE,  to  suffer  pain.  |  ACH'ING,  painful. 

3.  Ak'me,  (ax/i^),  the  summit. 
4.  AJcou'o,  (dxouw),  to  hear. 


ACOUS'TICS,    the     science     of  |  OTACOUS'TIC,    (Gr.    fora,    the 
sounds.  I      ears),  fitted  to  aid  the  hearing. 

5.  Ak'ron,  (lixpov),  the  extremity. 
ACROP'OLIS,  (187),  the  height  ACROS'TIC,   (208),   a   kind   of 


or  citadel. 


poetical  composition. 


6.  Adel'phos,  (ddeA^o?),  a  brother. 
This  word  is  used  in  forming  botanical  terms. 

7.  A'er,  (artp),  the  air. 


AE'RIAL,  consisting  of  air. 
A'EROLITE,   (127),   a  meteoric 

stone. 
A'ERONAUT,    (145),    one   who 

sails  in  the  air. 


AEROSTA'TION,  (204),  aerial 
navigation. 

AEROL'OGY,  that  branch  of  phi- 
losophy which  treats  of  the 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE    GREEK.  17o 

8.  A'  <jo,  («V«>),  to  lead. 

DEM'AGOGUE,  (67),  a  leader  of  i  PED'AGOGUE,  (163),  a  school. 
the  people.  |      master. 


9.  A'yon,  («^wv),  a  contest. 
AG'ONY,  anguish.  |  AG'ONIZE,  to  writhe  with  pain, 

10.  Al'yos,   (<%«<?),  pain. 


CEPH'ALALGY,  (45),  the  head- 


ache. 


ODONTAL'GIA,  (153),  the  tooth- 
ache. 


11.  Allax'is,  (attars'),  a  change. 


PAR'ALLAX,    an     astronomical  PARALLAC'TIC,    pertaining    to 


term. 


the  parallax. 


12.  Al'pha,  (alipa),  the  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet. 

AL'PHABET,  (34),  a  list  of  the  ALPHABETICAL,  pertaining  to 
letters  of  a  language.  the  alphabet. 

13.  An'emos,  (ave/zo?),  the  wind. 


ANEMOM'ETER,  (137),  a  wind-  1  ANEM'ONE,  the  wind-flower. 
gauge.  | 

14.  An'er,  («v^,  avc^o^),  a  man. 


AN'DROID,  (122),  a  machine  in 
human  form. 


ANDROPH'AGUS,  (170),  a  man- 
eater. 


15.  Anggel'lo,  (a^^Aw*),  to  bring  tidings. 
AN'GEL,    a   spirit ;    a   spiritual  EVAN'GELIST,  (89),  a  preacher 


messenger. 


of  the  gospel. 


*  The  first  gamma  has  the  sound  of  ny  when  the  letter  is  doubled. 


16.  An'thos,  (wOos),  a  flower. 


ANTHOL'OGY,  (128),  a  discourse  j  HELIAN'THUS,  (105),  the  sun- 
on  flowers.  flower. 


174  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

17.   Antkro'poSj  (avOpwxos),  man. 


MIS'ANTHROPE,  (139),  a  hater  j  PHILANTHROPIST,     (175),     a 
of  mankind.  friend  of  the  human  race. 


18.  Ar'che,  (apyj^),  the  beginning;  government. 

AR'CHITECT,  (Gr.  rgxrajv,  a 
builder),  one  skilled  in  build- 
ing. 

AR'CHIVES,  records. 

PA'TRIARCH,  (Gr.  Trarf^,  a  fa- 
ther), the  father  and  ruler  of 
a  family. 


AN'ARCHY,  want  of  government. 

AR'CHAISM,  an  ancient  phrase. 

ARCHAN'GEL,  the  highest  angel. 

ARCHEOL'OGY,  (128),  a  dis- 
course on  antiquity. 

AR'CHETYPE,  (222),  the  original 
or  model. 


19.  Ark'tos,  (a/>xro?),  a  bear. 

ARC'TIC,*  northern.  |  ANTARCTIC,")-  southern. 

*  Literally,  pertaining  to  the  constellation  called  the  Bear, 
•j"  Opposite  to  the  north  or  north  pole. 

20.  Ar'ffos,  (d^o?),  inactive. 

LETH'ARGY,  (125),  drowsiness ;  [  LETHAR'GIC,  inactive, 
stupidity. 

21.  Aris'tos,  (apiaroc-),  best. 

ARISTOC'RACY,  (60),  the  rule  or  j  AR'ISTOCRAT,  one  who  favors 
government  of  the  nobility.  an  aristocracy. 

22.  Arith'mos,  (<z/>:fyto<?),  number. 


ARITH'METIC,    the   science   of 
numbers. 


LOG'ARITHM,    a    mathematical 
term. 


23.    Arr/ma,  (ajoo>(aa),  spicy  flavor. 
AROMAT'IC,  fragrant;  spicy.       |  AR'oMATiZE,togiveaspicytaste. 

24.  Asfkeo,  (aaxiu)},  to  exercise ;  to  train. 
ASCET'IC,    a.    self  mortifying;  :AscET/lc,    s.    one   who    retires 


austere;     retired     from    the 
world. 


from  the  world  and  devotes 
himself  to  religious  discipline. 


WORDS   DERIVED   TROM   THE   GREEK.  175 

25.  As'  Iron,  (atrrpov),  a  star. 

AS'TERISK,  a  mark  like  a  star.     AS'TRAL,  star-like. 
ASTROL'OGY,  divination  by  the  ASTRON'OMY,  (149),  the  science 
stars  I      of  the  stars. 

26.  Aih'los,  (aOXoq),  a  combat. 

ATHLET'IC,  pertaining  to  active  I  ATH'LETE,  a  contender  for  vio 
sportsj  vigorous.  I     tory. 

27.  Atmos,  (dr/io?),  vapor;  steam. 


AT'MOSPHERE,  (Gr.  ffydipa,  a  ATMOSPHER'IC,    pertaining    to 
sphere),  the  air,  &c.,  above  us.       the  atmosphere. 


28.  Au'los,  (aw^o<r),  a  pipe. 

HYDRAU'LIC,  (119),  transmit-  HYDRAU'LICS,  the  science  of  the 
ting  water  through  pipes. 


motion  and  force  of  fluids. 


29.  Au'tos,  (awro^),  one's  self. 


AU'TOCRAT,   (60),   a    despotic 

ruler. 
AU'TOGRAPH,  (99),  one's  hand 


writing. 


machine. 


a    self   moving 


AUTON'OMY,   (149),  the   right 
of  self-government. 


30.   Bal'lo,  (pdMca'),  to  cast  or  throw. 


EM'BLEM,*  a  representation. 
HYPER' BOLE,f  an  exaggeration. 
PAR' ABLE,  a  similitude. 


PROB'LEM,J     a    question    pro- 
posed. 
SYM'BOL,  a  sign. 


*  The  Greek  word  £/*#X/?/*a  signifies  anything  inserted ;  hence,  mosaic  work, 
or  a  picture. 

•\  A  casting  over  or  heyond. 

1  Something  cast  or  placed  before  one. 

31.  Bapti'zoj  (/3a7m'C«>),  to  baptize. 


BAP'TISM,   a   Christian    sacra- 
ment, [tism. 
BAPTIS'MAL,  pertaining  to  bap- 


PE'DOBAPTIST,  (Gr.  7ra?<r,  a 
child),  one  who  holds  to  infant 
baptism. 


32.   Ba'sis,  (/3a<rcs),  a  foundation. 

BASE,  s.  the  foundation;  a.  mean.)  DEBASE',  to  render  mean  or  vile. 
12 


176  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

33.  Ba'ros,  (pdpos),  weight 

BAROM'ETER,  (137),  an  instru- 1  BAR'YTONE,     having    a    grave 
ment  for  measuring  the  pres- 1      deep  sound, 
sure  of  the  atmosphere. 

34.  JSe'ta,  (^TO),  the  second  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
(see  12.) 

35.  BiUlos,  (Polos'),  a  book. 


BIBLIOG'RAPHY,  (99),  a  history 
or  description  of  books. 


BI'BLE,  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
BIB'LICAL,   pertaining    to    the 
Bible. 

36.  Bi'os,  (#'«?),  life. 

AMPHIB'IOUS,*      having     the  j  BIOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  history 
powerof  living  in  two  elements.  ]      of  a  person's  life. 

*  Literally,  having  double  life. 

37.  Botfane)  (/JoravTj),  an  herb  or  plant. 


BOT'ANIST,  one  skilled  in  bot- 
any. 


BOT'ANY,  the  science  of  vege- 
tables. 

38.  Bou'coloSj  (flouxolos^),  a  herdsman. 
BUCOL'IC,  a.  pastoral.  |Bucoi/ic,  s.  a  pastoral  poem. 

39.  Ka'kos,  (xaxlq),  bad. 

CACHEX'Y,  (Gr.  ££:$-,  condition),  I  CACOPH'ONY,  (176),  harshness 
a  deranged  state  of  the  body.  |     of  sound. 

40.  Kalup'to,  (xaXbircto),  to  cover;  to  veil. 


APOC'ALYPSE,  a  revelation. 


APOCALYP'TIC,  pertaining  to  a 
revelation. 


41.  Kan'on,  (xavcyy),  a  rule. 


CAN'ON,  a  rule  or  law;  a  cata- 
logue of  saints. 


CAN'ONIZE,    to   declare    one   a 
saint. 


42.  Kafo,  (xat'o;,  xautra;),  to  burn. 
CAUS'TIC,  burning;  corroding.    CAU'TERY,  a  burning  or  searing. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK. 
43.  Karelia,  (xapdlai),  the  heart. 


177 


CAR'DIAC,    pertaining    to    the  I  PERICAR'DIUM,    a    membrane 
heart.  I      enclosing  the  heart. 

44.  Ken'tron,  (xlvrpov),  a  central  point. 


CEN'TRE,  the  middle  point. 

CONCEN'TRATE,  to  bring  toge- 
ther ;  to  bring  into  a  smaller 
compass. 


CENTRIF'UGAL,  (197),  tending 
from  the  centre. 

ECCEN'TRIC,  deviating  from  the 
centre ;  irregular ;  anoma- 
lous. 


45.  Keph'ale,  (xeyak-f),  the  head. 

CEPHAL'IC,   pertaining   to  the  HYDROCEPH'ALUS,  (119),  drop- 
head.  sy  of  the  head. 


46.  Ke'ra 

MONOC'EROS,  (141),  an  animal 
having  but  one  horn. 


,  a  h°rn- 


RHINOC'EROS,  (Gr.  fly,  the 
nose),  an  animal  having  a 
horn  upon  the  nose. 


47.  Chaos,  (^do?),  a  chasm  or  abyss. 
CHA'OS,  confusion ;  disorder.      |  CHAOT'IC,  without  order. 

48.   Cha'ris,  (/«7>£<r,  %dfHTo<f),  favor;  grace. 

CHAR'ITY,  kindness;  good  will.  EU'CHARIST,   (89),  the  Lord's 

supper. 

49.    Cheir,  (/£</>)>  tne  hand. 

CHIROG'RAPHY,     (99),     hand-  CHIRUR'GEON,  (83),  a  surgeon, 
writing. 

50    Chdle,  (/o^y),  bile;  anger. 


CHOI/ERA,  a  disease. 
CHOL'ER,  anger;  wrath. 
CHOI/ERIC,  irascible. 


COL'IC,  pain  in  the  bowels. 
MEL'ANCHOLY,*  gloom ;  dejec« 
tion. 


Gr.  uAof,  black  ;  literally,  black  bile. 


178  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

51.    Chore' o,  (%wf)£w'),  to  go. 
AN'CHORET,  or  AN'CHORITE,  a      society  to  avoid   the  tempta- 


hermit;  one  who  retires  from 


tions  of  the  world. 


52.    Chris1 'tos,  (^/>£<rro^),  the  Anointed. 

CHRIST,  the  Messiah.  |  CHRIST'MAS,  a  Christian  festi. 

CHRISTIANITY,  the  religion  of  i     val. 

Christ.  I  CHRISM,  consecrated  oil. 

53.  Chro'maj(/pa)/ta)  color. 

CHROMAT'ICS,   the  science   of  I  ACHROMAT'IC,  destitute  of  color, 
colors. 

54.  Chron'os,  (^oovos),  time. 

CHRON'IC,  of  long  duration. 

CHRON'ICLE,  a  record  or  his- 
tory. 

CHRONOi/OGY,(128),  the  science 
of  time  or  eras. 

55.  Chru'sos,  (//>u<roc),  gold. 

CHRYS'ALIS,  the  caterpillar  in  CHRYS'OLITE,   a  mineral   of  a 
its  dormant  state.*  yellowish  color. 

*  The  name  is  derived  from  the  golden  color. 

56.  Konch'e,  (*oOT)>t  a  sne^- 

CONCH,  a  marine  shell. 
CONCHOID' AL,    (122),    shaped 


CHRONOM'ETER,  (137),  a  time- 
piece. 

ANACH'RONiSM,an  error  in  dates. 

IsocH'RONOUS,(123),performed 
in  equal  times. 


CONCHOL'OGY,  (158),  the  sci- 
ence of  shells. 


like  a  shell. 

f  Gamma  here  has  the  sound  of  ng. 
57.    Kop'tO,  (XOTTTW),  to  CUt. 

APOC'OPATE,  to  cut  off  from  the  I  SYN'COPATE,  to  remove  letters 
end  of  a  word.  from  the  middle  of  a  word. 

58.  Kos'mos,  (xoo^o?),  the  world. 

COSMOG'ONY,  (94),  an  account 
of  the  origin  or  creation  of 
the  world. 


COSMOPOLITE,  (187),  a  citizen 
of  the  world. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK.       ]7<) 


signed   to  beautify  the  com- 
plexion.* 


MIC'ROCOSM,     (138),    a    little 

world. 
COSMET'IC,    a   preparation    de- 

*  A  primary  signification  of  the  word  K^PS,  is — order  ;  beautiful  arrange. 
merit. 


CRA'NIUM,  the  skull. 
PERICRA'NIUM,      (Gr.      -K*p\ 

around),  the  membrane  which 

covers  the  skull. 


?av{'ov^  the  skull. 

CRANTOL'OGY,  the  science  of 
skulls. 

CRANIOS'COPY,  (197),  the  exa- 
mination of  the  skull. 


60.  Kra'tos,  (x^oaros),  might;  power. 
The  terminations  cracy,  cratic,  &c.,  are  from  this  word.     See  21. 

61.  Kri'tes,  (xptTi}<i),  a  judge. 

CRIT'IO,  a  judge  in  literature  or  i  HYPERCRITICAL, critical  beyond 

art  [ing.  j      reason. 

CRITE'RION,  a  standard  of  judg- 1  CRI'SIS,  the  deciding  point. 

62.  Krup'to,  (X/WTTTW),  to  conceal. 

APOC'RYPHAL,  of  doubtful  ori-  CRYPTOG'AMY,  (91),  concealed 
gin.  union. 

63.  Kuk'los,  (xwdos),  a  circle. 

CY'CLE,  a  period  of  time.  i  CYCLOPE'DIA,  ENCYCLOPEDIA, 

CY'CLOID,  (122),  a  curve.  I      (163),  the  circle  of  sciences. 

64.  Ku'on,  (xwwv),  a  dog. 
CYN'iCAL,f  surly;  austere.  CYN'OSURE,^  a  constellation. 

•}•  The  Cynics  were  philosophers  who  valued  themselves  on  their  contempt 
of  riches  and  amusements,  and  laughed  at  the  errors  and  follies  of  mankind. 

J  Literally,  the  dog's  tail.  That  which  attracts  general  notice,  is  some- 
times called,  figuratively,  a  cynosure. 

65.  Kus'tiSj  (xi>ffTt<i),  a  bladder;  a  bag. 
CYST,  a  bag;  a.  vesicle.  |ENCYST'ED,  enclosed  in  a  bag. 

66.   Dek'a,  (dtxa),  ten. 

PEC'ALOGUE,    (128),    the    ten  1  DEC' AGON,  (98),  a  figure  having 
commandments.  I      ten  angles. 


180  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

67.  De'mos,  (d^uo?),  the  people. 


DEM'AGOGUE,    (8),   a  popular 

leader. 
DEMOC'RACY,   (60),  a  popular 


DEM'OCRAT,    one    who    favors 

democracy. 
EPIDEM'IC,  (t^,  upon),  a  pre- 


governnient.  |     vailing  disease. 


68.  Despo'tes,  (deffxoTTts},  a  master  or  lord. 

DES'POT,  a  monarch  ;  a  tyrant  ;  DES'POTISM,     unlimited     mon- 
an  absolute  ruler.  archy. 

69.  Didasfko,  (&&Z/TXW),  to  teach. 

DIDAC'TIC,  adapted  to  teach;  DIDAC'TICALLY,     in  a  didatic 
preceptive.  manner. 

70.  Dox'a,  (do^a),  an  opinion. 


HET'ERODOX,    (HI),    holding 

erroneous  opinions. 
OR'THODOX,  (160),  correct   in 

opinion. 


PAR'ADOX,  a  proposition  seem- 
ingly absurd. 

DOXOL'OGY,*  (128),  an  ascrip- 
tion of  praise. 


*  The  word  £6%  a.  signifies  also,  glory  ;  renown. 

71.  Dra'ma,  (fyja/zerj"),  an  action;  a  drama. 

DRAMAT'IC,  pertaining   to  the  j  DRAM'ATIST,  a  writer  of  plays. 
drama.  I 

•f-  From  fydw,  to  do  or  perform. 


72.  Drom'os,  (dpojjLos'),  a  race. 
DROM'EDARY,     a    species    of  OR'THODROMY,    sailing    in    a 


straight  course. 


camel. 


73.  Du'namis,  (dwafju^*),  power. 
DYNAM'ICS,  the  science  of  forces.  |  DY'NASTY,  a  race  of  kings. 

74.  Dus,  (dus\  an  inseparable  particle,  denoting  difficulty, 
pain,  &c. 

DYS'ENTERY,  (Gr.  eVr^a,  the 


bowels),    a    disease    of    the 

bowels.  [speaking. 

DYS'PHONY,  (176),  difficulty  of 


DYSPEP'SY.  (Gr.  •ztyiq,  diges- 
tion), difficulty  of  digestion. 

DYSPXCE'A,  (Gr.  rWw,  to 
breathe),  difficult  breathing. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK.  181 

75.  Oi'kos,  (o?xo<r),  a  house. 


DI'OCESE,*  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop. 

EcON'oMY,f  a  system  of  manage- 
ment; frugality. 


PAR'ISH,{  an  ecclesiastical  dis- 


•trict. 


PARO'CHIAL,    pertaining    to    a 
parish. 


*  From  tioiKr)<n$ ,  which  signifies,  primarily,  the  management  of  a  household. 

f  Sometimes  written  ceconomy.  The  Greek  diphthong  ot  is  usually  repre- 
sented, in  English  by  02  or  e.  Ot/coj/o/itu  is  compounded  of  o?wy  and  vfytoj,  (149), 
a  regulation  or  rule;  and  therefore  signifies  the  regulation  of  a  houne,  of 
family.  Economy  is  the  corresponding  English  word. 

J  From  Trapo'iKrjffts,  which  signifies  the  state  of  dwelling  near  ;  a  neighbor* 
hood. 

76.  Hed'ra,  (e'fya),  a  seat. 

CATHE'DRAL,  (Gr.  xaOldpa),  the  j  SAN'HEDRIM,  (Gr.  cuvidpwv), 
see  or  seat  of  a  bishop ;  the  the  chief  council  of  the  Jews, 
principal  church  in  a  diocese.  TETRAHE'DRON,  (213),  a  solid 

having  four  faces  or  sides. 

77.  ffege'sis,  (r/pj<re?),  a  leading;  an  explanation. 
EXEGE'SIS,  (££^<n?),  exposi-  EXEGET'ICAL,  pertaining  to  exe- 


gesis. 


78.  E'meo,  (^/zew),  to  vomit. 


tion. 


EMET'IC,  a  medicine  that  causes  EM'ETIN,  a  substance  obtained 
vomiting.  from  the  ipecacuana. 

79.  En'tera,  (evrepa),  the  bowels. 

DYS'ENTERY,  (74),  a  disease  of 

the  bowels.  [intestines. 

ENTERI'TIS,  inflammation  of  the 


MES'ENTERY,  (Gr.  ju&ro?,  mid- 
dle), a  membrane  supporting 
the  intestines. 


80.  En'tomosj  (^ro/xo^),  cut  into.     See  217. 

ENTOMOL'OGIST,  one  versed  in 
the  science  of  insects. 


ENTOMOL'OGY,  (128),  the  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  insects.  § 


$  The  words  inscc'tum  in  Latin  and  fvrOpov  in  Greek  correspond  to  each 
other  precisely.  The  former  is  compounded  of  in,  into,  and  se'co,  to  cut ;  and 
the  latter  of  iv  and  r^w,  which  have  the  same  significations  as  the  Latin 
words  above  mentioned.  The  names  were  undoubtedly  suggested  by  the  form 
which  many  insects  have,  i.  e.,  the  appearance  of  being  almost  cut  in  two. 


J82  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

81.  Ep'os,  (CTTO?),  a  speech;  a  poem. 


EP'IC,  containing  narration  of  OR'THOEPY,  (160),  correct  pro- 


an  elevated  character. 


nunciation. 


82.  Er'emosy  (^j?//o?),  lonely. 


ER'EMITE,  one  who  lives  in  a  I  HER'MIT,  (same  signification). 
wilderness. 


83.  E/gon,  (epYov),  a  work. 

EN'ERGY,  (M^eta),  vigor  of 
operation. 


LIT'URGY,  (Gr.  hry,  prayer),  a 
formulary  of  public  prayer. 


METALLURGY,  (Gr.  ulraUov,  a 
metal),  the  art  of  working 
metals  and  obtaining  them 
from  the  ore. 


84.  Es'o,  (eW),  within. 
ESOT'ERY,  (little  used),  mystery.]  ESOTER'IC,  private;  secret. 


85.  Afther,  (flrt%>),  the  air. 

E'THER,  a  light  fluid.  |  ETHE'REAL,  immaterial;  subtile. 

86.  Eth'os,  (l<9o?),  a  custom. 


ETH'ICS,  the  science  of  morals; 


ETH'ICAL,  relating  to  morals  or 


moral  philosophy.  duty. 

87.  Eth'nos,  (e0i/o?),  a  nation. 

ETH'NICAL,  relating  to  the  races  ETHNOL'OGY,.  (128),  a  classifica- 
of  mankind.  tion  and  description  of  races. 


88.  Et'umon,  (ero/xov),*  the  true  derivation. 

ET'YMON,  a  root  or  primitive  I  ETYMOL'OGY,  the  study  of  deri- 
word.  vation  and  inflection. 

*  The  adjective  ern/iof  signifies  true,  genuine. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   GREEK. 

89.  £u,  (eD),  well ;  rightly. 


183 


Eu'LOGY,  (128),  praise;  pane- 
gyric. 

EU'PHONY,  (176),  pleasantness 
of  sound. 


EVAN'GELIST,*  (15),  a  preacher 

of  the  gospel. 
EVAN'GELIZE,  to  instruct  in  the 

gospel. 


*  The  Greek  v  had,  in  certain  words,  the  sound  of  the  English  v.     The 
word  Evayyi\iov  signifies,  primarily,  good  tidings. 


90.    Ga'laxj  (r«^£)>  milk- 
GAL'AXY,  the  milky  way;  a  splendid  assemblage. 

9 

91.  Ga'meo,  (jap.ictS),  to  marry. 

BIG'AMY,  (Lat.  37),  the  crime  I  POLYG'AMY,  (188),  the  having 
of  having  two  wives  at  once.    |     a  plurality  of  wives. 

92.  Gas'ter,  (jaffryp),  the  belly. 


GAS'TRIC,  belonging  to  the  sto- 


mach. 


GASTRIL'OQUIST,     a     ventrilo- 


quist, (see  Lat.  270). 
93.    Ge,  (YTJ),  the  earth. 


GEOG'RAPHY,  (99),  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  earth's  surface. 

GEOL'OGY,  (128),  the  science  of 
the  structure  of  the  earth. 

GEOM'ETRY,|   the    science    of 


GEOPON'ICS  (Gr.  TTOVO<T,  labor), 

agriculture. 
AP'OGEE,  greatest  distance  from 

the  earth. 
PER'IGEE,  nearest   approach  to 

the  earth. 


magnitude. 

f  Primarily,  the  art  of  measuring  the  earth  or  globe. 

94.  Genna'o,  (^evvcfw),  to  produce.     Ge'nea,  (jzvea),  birth;  origin. 


GENEAL'OGY,  (128),  lineage;  an 
account  of  one's  descent. 

95.    Glo'tta  or  Glossa,  ( 


GEN'ESIS,  (Gr. 
creation. 


origin ; 


or  ^/lo»<r<ra),  the  tongue;  language. 


GLOT'TIS  and  EPIGLOT'TIS, 
parts  of  the  throat,  lying  near 
the  root  of  the  tongue. 


POL'YGLOT,  (188),  in  many  lan- 
guages. 
GLOSS' ARY,  a  limited  dictionary. 


96.    Glu'plio,  (jXb<pu>),  to  carve  or  engrave. 

GLYPH,  a  kind  of  ornament  in  I  HIEROGLYPH,  (114),  a  mystical 
sculpture.  I     character  or  symbol. 


184 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


97.    Gno'me,  (jvaitj.^,  reason  ;  judgment.      G no' sis, 
knowledge. 


DIAGNOSIS,  judgment  respect- 
ing the  character  of  a  disease. 

IG'NORANT,  destitute  of  know- 
ledge. 

GNOS'TICS,  an  ancient  sect  of 
philosophers. 

98.   Go'nia, 


PHYSIOG'NOMY,  (180),  the  art  of 
discerning  the  character  of  the 
mind  from  the  countenance. 

PROGNOS'TIC,  a  sign  by  which 
a  future  event  may  be 
known. 

),  an  angle  or  corner. 

DIAG'ONAL,  passing  through  the  POL'YGON,  (188),  a  figure  hav- 

opposite  angles. 
GONIOM'ETER,  (137),  an  instru- 


ment  for  measuring  angles. 


ing  many  angles. 
TRIGONOM'ETRY,     (137),     the 
measuring  of  triangles. 


99.    Graph'o, 


,  to  write  :  Gramma,  (jpa.iJ.jjLa),  a  writing. 


AN'AGRAM,  a  transposition  of 
the  letters  of  a  word. 

AU'TOGRAPH,  (see  29). 

DI'AGRAM,  a  delineation ;  a  fig- 
ure. 

EP'IGRAM,  a  short,  pointed 
poem. 

GRAM'MAR,  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  laws  of  lan- 
guage. 

GRAPH'IC,  well  delineated ;  giv- 
ing vivid  description. 


GRAPH'ITE,    a   substance   used 

for  pencils. 
PAR'AGRAPH,  a  distinct  part  of 

a  composition. 
PARALLEL'OGRAM,     a     figure 

whose  opposite  sides  are  par- 

allel. 
STEXOG'RAPHY,*  (206),  short- 

hand. 
TEL'EGRAPH,  (Gr.  r^Ac,  afar),  a 

machine    for    communicating 

intelligence  by  signals. 

*  The  termination  graphy,  which  is  found  in  a  large  class  of  words,  denotes 
a  writing  or  treatise. 


100.   Gum'nos, 


,  naked. 


GYMNA'SIUM,|  a  place  for  ath-  GYMNAS'TIC,   belonging    to    a 
letic  exercises.  gymnasium. 

f  In  the  ancient  games  the  combatants  were  naked,  or  nearly  so,  and  hence 
their  exercise  was  called  yvftvaaia. 


101.    Gu'ne, 

GYN'ARCHY,  (18),  government 

by  a  female. 
GYNJE'CIAN,  relating  to  women. 


a  woman. 


GYN^EOC'RACY,  (60),  govern- 
ment over  which  a  woman 
may  preside. 


The  word  yw)i  enters  into  a  number  of  botanical  terms. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK.       185 

102.    Gu'ros,  (jvpoc-),  a  circle. 
GYRA'TION,  a  whirling  round.      GY'RAL,  whirling. 

103.  Hel'domos,  (£{j3nfju)s)j  the  seventh. 
HEB'DOMAD,  (obsolete),  a  week.   HEBDOM'ADAL,  weekly. 

104.  Hek'aton,  (e'xarov),  a  hundred. 

HEC'ATOMB,  (Gr.  /9»D?,  an  ox),  I     of  a  hundred  oxen  or  other 
an   ancient  heathen    sacrifice/      animals  at  once. 

105.  He'lios,  (rJyUos),  the  sun. 

APHE'LION,    greatest    distance 

from  the  sun. 
HELI'ACAL,  emerging  from  the 

light  of  the  sun   or   passing 


HE'LIOTROPE,    (221),   a   plant 

that  turns  to  the  sun. 
PERIHE'LION,*  nearest  approach 

of  a  planet  to  the  sun. 


into  it. 

*  The  word  '"A<oj  enters  into  various  astronomical  terms. 

106.  Hel'len,  (°EMyv),  a  Greek. 
HELLEN'IC,       pertaining       to 


Greece. 


HEL'LENIST,  one  skilled  in  the 
Greek  language. 


107.   ffai'ma,  (a?/*a),  blood. 


HEM'ORRHAGE,  (195),  a  flow  of  j  HEM'ORRHOIDS,    bleeding    tu- 
blood.  I     mors. 

108.  He'mera,  (flfispct),  a  day. 
EPHEM'ERAL,  lasting  but  a  day.  |  EPHEM'ERIS,  a  kind  of  almanac. 

109.  He'mi,  (jut'),  a  prefix  signifying  half. 
HEMISPHERE,    (Gr.  ffyaipa,  a  HEM'ISTICH,  (208),  half  a  line 


ball),  a  half  sphere. 


in  poetry. 


110.  Hep'ta,  (IKTO),  seven. 

HEP'TAGON,  (98),  a  figure  hav-  HEP'TARCHY,  (18),  a   govern- 
ing seven  angles.  ment  by  seven  persons. 


186  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

111.  Heteros,  (ere^o^),  other;  another. 

HET'ERODOX,  (70),   heretical ;  HETEROGE'NEOUS,  (94),  of  dif- 
holding  erroneous  sentiments.       ferent  nature  or  kind. 

112.  Hex,  (!,-),  six. 

HEX' AGON,  (98),  a  figure  hav- 1  HEXAM'ETER,  (137),  having  six 
ing  six  angles.  metrical  feet. 

113.  Hip'pos,  (?7r7ro<r),  a  horse. 
HIPPOPOT'AMUS,     (189),     the  HIP'PODROME,  (71),  anciently, 


river  horse. 


a  circus. 


114.  Ifferos,  ([£/?<?<:),  sacred. 


HIERARCHY,  (18),  ecclesiasti- 1  HIEROGLYPHIC,  (96),  a  sacred 
cal  government.  I      character  or  symbol. 

115.  Hom'iloSy  (o/ido?),  an  assembly  or  company. 

HOM'ILY,  a  discourse  pronoun- 1  HOMILET'IC,  pertaining  to  pulpit 
ced  to  an  audience.  I      discourse. 

116.  Horn! os,  (of/*o<r),  united;  like. 

HOMOGE'NEOUS,    (94),   of  the :  HOMOLOGOUS,  (128),   propor- 
same  kind  or  nature.  I      tionate  to  each  other. 

117.  Ho'ra,  (o^oa),  an  hour. 

HO'RAL,  relating  to  an  hour.        HOROL'OGY,  the  art  of  making 

time-pieces. 

118.  Hori'zo  (oyo{'Ca>),  to  fix  a  limit. 

HORI'ZON,     the    limit    which  i  HORIZONTAL,   parallel   to  the 
bounds  the  sight.  \     horizon. 

119.  Hu'dor,  (udajp"),  water. 

HY'DRA,  a  water  serpent. 
HY'DRANT,  a  pipe  for  discharg- 
ing water. 


HYDRAUL'IC,  (28),  relating  to 
the  conveyance  of  water 
through  pipes. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK.       187 


HY'DROGEN,  (94),  one  of  the 

elements  of  water. 
HYDROPHO'BIA,     (Gr. 

fear),  dread  of  water. 


HYDROSTAT'IC,  (204),  relating 
to  the  weight  and  equilibrium 
of  fluids. 

DROP'SY,  (Gr.  udpuxp),  a  disease. 


120.  Ich'thus,  (>/0t>0>  a  fish. 

ICHTHYOL'OGY,  the  science  of  I  ICH'THYOLITE,  (127),  fossil  fish, 
fishes. 

121.  Id'ioSj  (Idiot),  belonging  to  one;  peculiar. 


ID'IOM,  peculiarity  of  expression 

or  phraseology. 
ID'IOT,*  a  fool. 


IDIOSYNCRASY,  (Gr.  <ruyxpao-t<;, 
constitution),  peculiar  liability 
to  some  form  of  disease. 


*  The  Greek  word  t<Jtwr»jf  signifies  a  private  individual ;  it  was  used  also 
to  signify  a  very  ignorant  person. 

122.  Fdos,  (eT<5o?),  appearance;  figure. 

CY'CLOID,")*  (63),  a  geometrical  I  SPHEROID',  a  solid  resembling  a 
curve.  1     sphere. 

f  Literally,  the  likeness  or  resemblance  of  a  circle.  The  termination  oid 
is  found  in  a  number  of  words  not  here  given,  and  has  the  same  signification, 
viz. :  resemblance. 

123.  2' sos,  (F<roc),  equal. 


ISOCH'RONOUS,  (54),  performed 
in  equal  times,  (as  the  vibra- 
tion of  a  pendulum). 


ISOS'CELES,  (Gr.  <TX&O£,  the  leg), 
having  two  legs  or  sfdes  which 
are  equal. 


124.  La'os,  (A«£<r),  the  people. 


LA'ITY,  the  people,  as   distin- 
guished from  the  clergy. 


LAY,  not  clerical.  [gyman. 

LAY'MAN,  one  who  is  not  a  cler- 


125.  Le'the,  (A^'0^),  forgetfulness ;  oblivion. 
LETHE' AN,  inducing  forgetful- 1  LETH'ARGY,  (20),  morbid  drow- 


126.  Lex'is,  (A££f<r),  a  word  or  expression. 

LEX'ICON,   a  dictionary,   ( An- 1  LEXICOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  com- 
ylicb,  a  word-book).  pilation  of  a  dictionary. 


LOG'IC,  the  art  of  reasoning. 
LOGOM'ACHY,  (130),  a  war  of 


w 


ords. 


188  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

127.  Ltthos,  (/U'0os),  a  stone. 

LITHOG'RAPHY,    (99),   writing  I  CHRYS'OLITE,*  (55),  a  precious 
or  drawing  on  stone.  I     stone. 

*  The  termination  lite,  from  Xt'Ooj,  is  found  in  many  names  of  minerals. 

128.  Loy'oo,  (A<jyoq~),  a  speech,  account,  or  description. 

ANAL'OGY,  correspondence. 
APOL'OGY,  an  excuse;  a  plea. 
CAT'ALOGUE,  (Or.  xaTdlvyos), 

list.  PHILOL'OGY,!  (175),  the  science 

DI'ALOGUE,  a  conversation.  of  language. 

f  The  termination  or  suffix  logy,  which  is  found  in  a  large  number  of  words- 
is  from  A<5yo?,  and  denotes  art,  science,  description,  account,  <fec. 


129.  Lu'sisj  (A6<n<r),  a  loosing  or  dissolving. 

ANAL'YSIS,  the  separation  of  a ,  PARAL'YSIS,  palsy. 

compound  into  its  constituent  j  PARALYT'IC,  aftected  with  palsy, 
parts. 

130.  Mach'omai,  (/wz^o^at),  to  fight. 

MONOM'ACHY,     (141),     single  NAU'MACHY,  (145),  a  sea-fight, 
combat. 

131.   Mantel' a,  (ftavreia),  soothsaying;  divination. 

The  suffix  money,  as  in  nec'romancy,  is  from  this  word.  Necromancy, 
(Gr.  vcicpds,  dead),  signifies  the  revealiny  of  future  events  by  pretended  commu- 
nication tcith  the  dead. 

132.  Mar* far,  (;&uz/>Tty>),  a  witness;  a  martyr. 

MAR'TYR,  one  who  is  put   to ;  MAR'TYRDOM,  the  death  of  a 
death    for  adherence  to  any!      martyr.  [martyr, 

cause.  j  PRO'TO-MARTYR,  (192),  the  first 

133.  Mathe'ma,  (/zafoj.ucc),  knowledge;  that  which  is  learned. 

MATHEMATICS,  the  science  of  CHRESTOM'ATHY,  (Gr.  xprjffrus, 
quantity.  [knowledge.       easily  used),  a  series  of  easy 

POLYM'ATHY,    (188),    various      lessons. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE   GREEK.  189 

134.  Mechana'o,  (/z^avaw),  to  contrive  or  invent. 


MECH'ANISM,  the  construction  MECHANICS,  the  science  which 
of  a  machine,  engine,  or  in-  treats  of  forces,  the  laws  of 
strument.  I  motion,  &c. 

135.  Mel'os,  (/i&flc),  a  song. 

MEL'ODY,  an  agreeable  succes-  !  MELO'DIOUS,  musical  ;  agree- 
sion  of  sounds.  |  able  to  the  ear. 

136.  Meteo'ros,  (/j.£r£wpo<;\  floating  in  the  air. 
ME'TEOR,  a  shooting  star.  which  treats  of  the  atmosphere 


METEOROL'OGY,    that    science 


and  its  phenomena. 


137.  Metfron,  (p.trpov'),  a  measure. 


ME'TRE,  arrangement  of  poetical 

feet. 

MET'RICAL,  pertaining  to  metre. 
DIAM'ETER,    measure    through 

anything. 


SYMMETRY,  due  proportion  of 
parts. 

THERMOMETER,  (Gr.  Slppy, 
heat),  an  instrument  for  mea- 
suring heat. 


NOTE.  —  The  suffixes  meter  and  metry,  in  such  words  as  barometer,  geome- 
try, Ac.,  are  derived  from  //erpoi/.  Many  words  having  these  suffixes  will  be 
found  in  this  book,  and  a  reference  to  this  paragraph  usually  accompanies 
them. 

138.  Mik'ros,  O*/xk)>  small. 

MI'CROCOSM,  (58),  a  little  world;  MICROSCOPE,  (200),  a  glass  for 
(man  is  often  so  called).  viewing  minute  objects. 

139.  Mi'  &os,  Olffoc),  hatred. 


MISAN'THROPY,  (17),  hatred  of  I  MISOG'AMIST,  (91),  a  hater  of 
mankind.  I     marriage. 

140.  Mne'me,  (jj.vij/j.y'),  memory. 

MNEMONICS,  the  art  of  memory.  I     act    of   oblivion;    a   general 
AM'NESTY,  (Gr.  d/j.^ffTeta),  an|     pardon. 


141.  Mon'os,  (/xdv/o?),  sole;  only. 


MON'AD,  an  indivisible  thing. 
MONK,  (Gr.  p.ova^bq)t  a  religious 
recluse. 


MON'ACHISM,  the  condition  of 
monks;  a  monastic  life. 


190 


THE   SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


i  MONOPOLIZE,  (186),  to  become 
the  only  dealer  in  any  com- 
modity ;  to  engross  the  whole. 

MONOSYL'LABLE,*  a  word  of 
one  syllable. 

MONOT'O  NY,  sameness  of  sound; 
want  of  variety. 


MON'ASTERY,  a  house  of  reli- 
gious retirement. 

MONAS'TIC,  pertaining  to  the 
life  of  a  monk. 

MON'ARCH,  (18),  a  sole  ruler; 
a  king. 

MON'OGRAM,  (99),  a  character 
combining  several  letters. 

*  The  prefix  mono  or  mon,  which  is  found  in  a  number  of  words,  is  from  ^6vo^. 

142.  Mor'phe,  (/jt<y?c»y),  form;  shape. 
AMORPH'OUS,  of  irregular  shape.  |  METAMORPH'OSE,  to  transform. 

143.  Mu'thos,  (jwffoi),  a  fable. 


MYTH'IC,  fabulous. 
MYTHOL'OGY,  (128),  the  system 


of  fables  respecting  heathen 
deities. 


144.  Nur'te,  (ydpxrf),  numbness;  stupor. 
NARCO'SIS,  stupefaction.  I  NARCOT'IC,  causing  stupor. 

145.   Naus,  (vaD?),  a  ship. 


NAU'SEA,    properly,    sea-sick- 
ness ;  disposition  to  vomit. 
NAU'SEOUS,  sickening;  disgust- 


ing; loathsome. 


NAUT'ICAL,  pertaining,  to  navi- 
gation. 
NAU'TILUS,  the  shell-fish  which 

sails. 


146.  Ne'os, 


»  new. 


NEOL'OGY,  (128),  a  new  system  I  NE'OPHYTE,  (Gr.  <purov,  a  plant 
of  doctrines.  I     or  shoot),  a  novice. 

147.  Ne'sos,  (vrtaoq),  an  island. 


PELOPONNE'SUS,  the  island  of 
Pelops,  now  called   the   Mo- 


POLYNE'SIA,  (188),  a  part  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  containing 


many  islands. 

148.  Neu'ron,  (veupov),  a  cord;  a  nerve. 

NEUROL'OGY,  (128),  a  descrip-  j  NEURAL'GIA,  (10),  a  diseased 
tion  of  the  nerves,  (a  depart- 1      state  of  the  nerves, 
ment  of  anatomy).  I  ENER'VATE,  to  weaken. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM  THE   GREEK. 
149.  No'mos,  (vcfytoc),  a  law  or  rule. 


ANOM'ALY,  a  deviation  from  the 
general  course  or  law. 

ANTINO'MIAN,  against  law;  un- 
dervaluing good  works. 


191 


DEUTERON'OMY,  (G-r. 

second),  the  second  book  of 

the  law. 
ECON'OMY,*  see  75. 


*  The  suffix  nomy,  which  is  found  ?.n  many  words,  as  in  astronomy,  (25), 
is  from 


150.  No'sos,  ( 
NOSOI/OGY,  the  description  of 


diseases. 


),  disease. 

NOSOL'OGIST,  one  who  classifies 
and  describes  diseases. 


151.   O'de,  (w&y),  an  ode;  a  song. 


ODE,  a  short  poem  or  song. 
MEL'ODY,  (135),  sweetness  of 

sound. 
PAI/INODE,    (Gr.   iraAeu,   back 

again),  a  recantation. 
PAR'ODY,  a  humorous  imitation. 


PROS'ODY,  the  study  of  versifi- 


cation. 


PsAi/MODY.f   the    singing    of 

sacred  songs. 
RHAP'SODY,     an     unconnected 


effusion. 

The  Greek  word  i//aAXu  signifies  to  play  on  a  stringed  instrument. 

152.   C^doSj  (o<5o?),  a  road  or  way. 

PE'RIOD,||  a  circuit. 


jJ  a  departure. 
METH'OD,§  arrangement;  man- 


ner. 


an  ecclesiastical  con- 


vention. 


J  Particularly,  the  departure  of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt, 

g  Compounded  of  //era,  according  to,  and  bids',  signifying,  therefore,  the 
following  of  a  way  or  mode. 

||  From  ;repc,  around,  about,  and  6<fof. 

^  From  avy,  together,  and  Wdfj  and  signifies  a  journeying  or  coming  to 
meet  one  another. 


153.    Od'ous,  (ddous, 


,  a  tooth. 


ODONTAL'GIA  or  ODONTAL'GY,  i  ODONTAL'GIO,  pertaining  to  the 
(10),  toothache.  toothache. 

154.  For  the  suffix  oid,  see  122. 
155.  Ol'igos,  (o%o^),  few;  small. 


OLIGARCHY,  (18),  a  govern- 
13 


ment  in  which  a  few  persons 
hold  the  supreme  power. 


192 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
156.  On'oma,  (ovo/za),  a  name. 


AXON'YMOUS,  without  name. 
METON'YMY,  a  change  of  names. 
PARON'YMOUS,  resembling  an- 
other word. 


SYNON'YMOUS,   conveying    the 

same  idea. 
SYN'ONYM,   a   word   conveying 

the  same  idea  as  another. 


157.  Op'tomaiy  (o-ro/zar),  to  see. 


OP'TICS,  the  science  of  light  and 

vision. 
OP'TICAL,  pertaining  to  sight. 


OPHTHAL'MIA,  (Gr.  6<p6a/.tj.b~, 
the  eye),  a  disease  of  the  eyes, 
SYNOP'SIS,  a  general  view. 


158.  Ora'ma,  (o/xz/za),  a  sight;  a  spectacle. 

DIORA'MA,  (Gr.  did,  through),  PANORA'MA,  (164),  a  complete 
an  optical  machine.  or  entire  view. 


159.  Or'nis,  (opvis,  opvt6o<i)}  a  bird. 


ORNITHOL'OGY,  (128),  the  sci-  ORNITH'OLITE,  (127),  a  petrified 


ence  of  birds. 


bird 


160.  OSthos,  (<?/>0oc),  erect;  right. 


OR'THODOX,    (70),   correct   in 

opinion  or  belief. 
OR'THOEPY,  (81),  correct  pro- 


nunciation. 


161.  Os'teon,  ( 

OSTEOL'OGY,  (128),  that  part  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the 
bones. 


OR'THOEPIST,  one  skilled  in  pro- 
nunciation. 

ORTHOG'RAPHY,  (99),  correct 
spelling. 

for^ov),  a  bone. 

PERIOS'TEUM,  a  vascular  mem- 
brane investing  the  bones  of 
animals. 


162.  OrX 
OXAL'IC,  (Gr.  dgaXiq,   sorrel), 


pertaining  to  sorrel. 
OX'YGEN,  (94),  the  gas  which 
generates  acids. 


?),  sharp;  acid. 

OX'YD,  a  substance   combined 

with  oxygen. 
PAR'OXYSM,  an  exacerbation  or 

temporary  violence  of  disease. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM  THE   GREEK. 
163.  Paidei'a,  (Tcaideia*),  education. 


193 


PED'AGOGUE,  (8),  a  teacher  of 

children. 
PED'ANT,  one  who  makes  a  vain 

display  of  learning. 


PEDANT'IC,  ostentatious  of  learn- 

ing. 
CYCLOPE'DIA,  ENCYCLOPE'DIA, 

see  63. 


*  From  rraif,  .rauJdj,  a  child. 


164.  Pan,  (nav,  Kavroq),  every;  all. 


PANACE'A,  a  universal  medicine. 


PANEGYR'ic,f  a 
PAN'OPLY,  (Gr. 


eulogy. 
a  wea- 


pon), complete  armor. 
PANORA'MA,  see  158. 
PAN'THEISM,  (216),  the  doctrine 

that  the  universe  is  God. 


PANTHE'ON,    (216),   a  temple 

dedicated  to  all  the  gods. 
PAN'TOMIME,  (Gr.  J&U/AO?,  a  mim- 


ic), an  imitation  of  all  kinds 
of  action,  &c.,  without  speak- 
ing, [instrument. 
PAN'TOGRAPH,  (99),  a  copying 

f  Compounded  of  irav  and  dyopa,  an  assembly. 


165.  Pa'thos, 

ANTIP'ATHY,  aversion. 
AP'ATHY,  want  of  feeling. 
PATHET'IC,  exciting  emotion. 


,  suffering;  affection;  emotion. 

PATHOL'OGY,   the    science    of 

diseases. 
SYM'PATHY,  fellow-feeling. 


166.  Pen'te,  (w^re),  five. 

PEN'TAGON,  (98),  a  figure  hav- 1  PEN'TATEUCH,  (reu/oc,  a  book), 
ing  five  angles.  I     the  five  books  of  Moses. 

167.  Pep' to,  (TT^TTTW),  to  boil;  to  concoct. 

DYSPEP'SY,  (74),  difficulty  of  I  PEP'TIC,  promoting  digestion, 
digestion. 

168.  Pet'alon,  (nlraXov'),  a  leaf. 


PE'TAL,  a  flower-leaf. 
PET'ALLED,  having  petals. 


MONOPET'ALOUS,  (141),  having 
only  one  petal. 


169.  Pe'tra,  (^r/oa),J  a  rock. 

PET'RIFY,  to  convert  into  stone.  |  PETRO'LEUM,  rock  oil. 

J  Peter,  (nfrpoj),  the  name  given  to  one  of  the  apostles,  is  from  vtrpa.    Se» 
Matt  xvi.  18. 


194 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


170.  Pha'go,  (?ay<o),  to  eat. 
ESOPH'AGUS,  or  (ESOPH'AGUS,*  SARCOPH'AGUS,!  (196),  a  stone 


the  gullet. 


coffin. 


*  Compounded  of  o«o>,  (ofo-w),  to  carry,  and  0tyw,  and  signifying,  literally, 
that  which  carries  or  conducts  the  food  to  the  stomach. 

f  The  word  is  derived  from  the  name  of  a  calcareous  stone  anciently  used 
by  the  Greeks,  (Xi'0oj  aapKotpdyos),  which  rapidly  decomposed  bodies  deposited 
in  it. 

171.  Phai'nOj  (tpaivci),  to  appear;  to  show. 

DIAPH'ANOUS,  transparent. 
EM'PHASIS,!  special  stress  upon 
some  word  or  sentence. 


EPIPH'ANY,§  the  manifestation. 
PHAN'TASM,  PHAN'TOM,  a  fan- 
cied appearance. 


PHASE,     or     PHA'SIS,     (pi. 

PHASES),  an  appearance,  as 

of  the  moon. 
PHENOM'ENON,  (pi.  PHENOM'- 

ENA),     an     appearance;     a 

change ;  an  event. 


Literally,  the  making  anything  distinct  or  manifest. 
The  manifestation  of  Christ  to  the  Gentiles. 


172. 


y  (<f>dpfj.axov)y  a  drug;  a  medicine. 


PHAR'MACY,  the  art  of  preparing 

medicine. 
PHARMACEUT'IC,  pertaining  to 

the  art  of  pharmacy. 

173.  Phe'mi, 

BLASPHEME',  to    speak   impi- 
ously. 
PROPH'ESY,  to  foretell. 


PHARMACOPCE'IA,  (Gr.  notlw,  to 
make),  a  dispensatory;  a  book 
describing  the  preparation  of 
the  several  kino!s  of  medicine. 


>  to 


or 


PROPH'ET,  (Gr.  7r/>of^nyc),  one 

who  foretells.  [phecy. 

PROPHET'IC,     containing    pro- 


174.  Phefro,  (<pip<a),  to  bear  or  carry. 


DIAPHORETIC,  1 1  causing  perspi- 


ration. 


MET'APHOR,^  a  short  similitude. 


PERIPH'ERY,**  circumference. 
PHOs'pHORUS,f  fa  luminous  sub- 
stance. 


[]  Literally,  carrying  through ;  i.  e.,  causing  moisture  to  pass  through  the 
pores  of  the  skin. 

^  From  pcTatyipti),  which  signifies  to  transfer. 

**  The  words  periphery  and  circumference  are  formed  of  corresponding  words 
in  the  Latin  and  Greek.  The  former  has  a  more  limited  signification  than  the 
latter. 

ft  Compounded  of  $&s,  light,  and  Qfyo,  and  signifying,  literally,  light- 
tearing. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   GREEK. 
175.  Phflos,  (<ptioe-),  a  friend  or  lover. 


195 


PHILADELPHIA,*  (6),  the  name 

of  a  city. 
PHILANTHROPY,  (17),  love  for 


mankind. 


PHILOL'OGIST,  (128),  a  student 

of  language. 
PHILOS'OPHY,!  (202),  the  stud;? 

of  general  laws. 


*  Literally,  brotherly  love ;  the  Greek  word 
•j-  Literally,  love  of  wisdom. 

176.  Pho'ne,  (^WVTJ),  a  sound. 

PHONOL'OGY,  the  science  which 

treats  of  the  sounds  uttered  in 

human  speech.  [sound. 

EUPHON'IC,  (89),  agreeable  in 


SYM'PHONY,  properly,  a  har- 
mony of  sounds;  an  instru- 
mental passage  in  music,  de- 
signed to  relieve  the  vocalist. 


177.  Phos,  (?ofc)>  light. 


PHOSPHORES'CENCE,  faint  lumi- 

nousness.     See  174. 
PHOS'PHATE,  a  chemical  salt. 


PHOTOM'ETER,  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  intensity  of 
light 


178.  Phra'zo, 

PHRASE,  an  expression  or  short 

sentence. 
PER'IPHRASE,       ( Gr. 

around),  circumlocution. 


>),  to  say  or  relate. 

PAR'APHRASE,  a  fuller  expres- 
sion of  the  meaning  of  an 
author. 

PERIPHRAS'TIC,  circumlocutory. 


179.  Phren,  (<ppyv),  the  mind. 


PHRENOLOGY,  (128),  the  sci- 
ence of  the  mind  as  connected 


with  the  brain. 


PHREN'SY,  madness;  delirium. 
FRAN'TIC  or  PHRENET'IC,  vio- 
lently delirious. 


180.  Phu'sis,  (<p()ai<f),%  nature. 


PHYS'ICS,§  the  study  or  science 


PHYSIOL'OGY,  the  science  of  the 


properties   and   functions  of 
animals  and  plants. 


of  nature. 
PHYS'ICAL,  pertaining  to  nature. 

J  The  Latin  verb  nas'cor  and  the  Greek  verb  <^5a>  have  nearly  the  same  sig- 
nification, viz. :  to  come  into  being.  The  former  gives  rise  to  the  substantive 
natu'ra,  and  the  latter  to  the  substantive  <j>vcts. 

ft  Metaphysics  signifies,  literally,  after  or  next  to  physics.  It  is  the  science 
which  treats  of  the  relations  between  abstract  ideas. 


196  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

181.  Peira'o,  (xstpdw),  to  try. 

EMPIR'ICAL,  derived  from  ex- 1  EM'PIRIC,  one  who  makes  ex- 
periment. I     periments;  a  quack. 

182.  Pla'ne,  (r/ta'^),  a  wandering. 
PLAN'ET,  a  wandering  or  mov-  PLAN'ETARY,  pertaining  to  the 


ing  star. 


planets. 


183.  Plas'so,  (i:Xdaffto),  to  mould  or  shape. 
PLAS'TIC,  giving  shape.  CAT'APLASM,*  a  poultice. 

*  The  word  n-Xdo-ao)  signifies,  primarily,  to  smear  with  any  soft  mixture,  la 
wet  clay. 

184.  Pndo,  (rrv&o),  to  blow;  to  breathe:  Pneu'ma, 
breath;  a  blast. 


PNEUMAT'ICS,  the  science  which 

treats  of  the  air.  [lungs. 

PNEUMON'IC,  pertaining  to  the 


DYSPNCE'A,  (74),  difficulty  of 

breathing. 
PNEUMAT'IC,  pertaining  to  air. 

185.  PoVemos,  (TTO/U^O?),  war. 
POLEM'IC,  a.  controversial.         j  POLEM'IC,  s.  a  disputant. 

186.  Po'leo,  (xajXiai),  to  sell. 
BIBLIOP'OLIST,   (35),  a  book-  MONOP'OLY,    (141),    exclusive 


seller. 


sale. 


187.  Po'lis,  (ro^?),  a  city. 


METROPOLIS,    ( Gr. 

mother),  the  chief  city. 
POLICE',  the  government  of  a 

city  or  town. 


PoL'iTY,f  civil  constitution. 
POL'ITIC,  prudent;  sagacious. 
POL'ITICS,  the  science  of  govern- 
ment. 


•f  Pol' icy  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  a  course  of  political  measures. 


188.  Po'luSj  (/roAy<r),  much ;  many. 

POLYANTH'OS,    (16),   a    plant 
which  produces  many  flowers. 


POL'YGON,  (98),  a  figure  having 
many  angles. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FtfOM    THE   GREEK.  1Q7 

POI/YPUS,  (190),  an  insect  hav-  POL'YTHEISM,  (216),  the  doc- 


ing  many  feet. 


trine  of  a  plurality  of  gods. 


NOTE.  —  The  signification  of  the  prefix  poly  will  be  seen  from  the  above 
examples,  and  it  is  therefore  unnecessary  to  adduce  more. 


189.  Pot'amos, 


a  river.     See  113. 


190.   Pous,  (TTOUS-,  TTO^O?),  a  foot. 

AN'TIPODE,  one  who  lives  on       and  whose  feet   are  directly 
the  opposite  side  of  the  globe,       opposite  to  ours. 


191.  Pras'so, 


),  to  do  ;  Prak'tos, 
Prag'ma,  (7r/?a^a),  a  deed. 


,  done  : 


PRAC'TICE,    frequent    perform- 


ance. 


PRACTICABLE,  that  may  be  done. 


PRAGMAT'ICAL,  officious;  med- 
dling. 
PR  AX'IS,  a  form  to  teach  practice. 


192.  Pro'tos,  (npwros'),  first. 


PRO'TOCOL,*  a  record  or  registry. 
PROTHON'OTARY,')'  a  register  or 
clerk. 


PRO'TOTYPE,  (222),  an  original 

or  model. 
PROTOX'YD,  the  first  oxyd. 


*  Compounded  of  n-paJrof  and  ie6\\a,  glue.  The  word  was  originally  used  to 
denote  the  upper  part  of  a  leaf  or  writing,  and  was  probably  derived  from  the 
practice  of  gluing  or  pasting  pieces  of  paper  or  parchment  together,  as  in 
forming  a  long  sheet  for  an  extended  document;  the  protocol  was,  therefore, 
the  first  of  the  pasted  sheets. 

f  Literally,  the  chief  register  or  clerk. 


193.  Psu'che, 

METEMPSYCHO'SIS,   the    trans- 
migration of  souls. 


,  the  soul. 

PSYCHOL'OGY,  (128),  a  discourse 
on  the  human  soul. 


194.  Pur,  (7rty>),  fire. 


EMPYR'EAL,  formed  of  pure  fire 


or  light. 


[smoke. 


PYROLIG'NEOUS,  Jproduced  from 


PYRE,  a  funeral  pile. 
PYROTECH'NICS,  (212),  the  art 
of  making  fire-works. 


Lat.  lig'num,  wood ;  pyroligneous,  produced  by  wood  and  fire. 

195.  Rhe'o,  (/>7w),  to  flow. 


CATARRH',  a  defluxion  of  mucus. 
HEM'ORRHAGE,  (107),  a  flow  of 
blood. 


DIARRHE'A,  purging  or  flux. 
RHEU'M  ATISM,§  a  painful  disease 
of  the  limbs. 


§  So  called  because  the  ancients  supposed  it  to  arise  from  a  defluxion  of 
humors. 


198  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

196.   Sarx,  (cap*,  ffapxd'i),  flesh. 


SAR'CASM,*  a  satirical  remark  ; 


a  taunt. 


HYPERSARCO'SIS,  the  growth  of 
fungous  or  proud  flesh. 


*  Literally,  a  cutting  or  tearing  of  the  flesh. 


197.   Skep'tomaiy  (ffx&To/jLat),  to  examine  or  consider. 


SKEP'TIC,  one  who  doubts. 


SKEP'TICISM,  a  state  or  habit  of 


SKEP'TICAL,  doubting.  doubting. 

198.   Bchis'ma,  (<r/6r//a),  a  splitting;  a  division. 

SCHISM,  division  or  separation  SCHISMAT'IC,  promoting  schism. 
in  a  church. 

199.   Scho'le,  (tf/o/^),  leisure. 

SCHOOL,  a  place  of  instruction. 
SCHOL'AR,  one  who  learns;    a 
person  of  learning. 


SCHOLAS'TIC,    pertaining  to  a 

school,  or  to  the  schools. 
SCHO'LIAST,  a  commentator. 


200.  Sko'peo,  (<rxo7T&u),  to  observe ;  to  watch. 

STETH'ESCOPE,  (Or.  <rr£0o?,  the 
breast),  a  surgical  instrument.  § 

TEL'ESCOPE,  (Gr.  rrfle,  afar), 
a  glass  for  viewing  distant 
objects. 


EPIS'COPAL,  governed  by 
bishops. f 

EPIS'COPATE,  a  bishopric. 

SCOPE, J  design;  view;  suffi- 
cient space. 

•f  The  Greek  word,  corresponding  to  our  word  bishop,  is  iiricKorros,  which 
signifies,  in  general,  an  overseer. 

J  Literally,  the  object  looked  at  or  aimed  at;  also,  space  in  which  to  look 
about. 

$  The  instrument  is  pressed  against  the  chest  or  stomach,  and  the  ear  of 
the  surgeon  is  then  applied  to  it,  for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing  the  internal 
disease  by  the  sounds  communicated. 

NOTE. — The  suffixes  scope,  scopy,  scopic,  are  found  in  many  terms  of  science 
and  art. 

201.  Si'tos,  (<rfroc),  food. 

PAR'ASITE,||  a  flatterer ;  a  hanger  1  PARASIT'ICAL,  fawning  for  bread 
on  I     or  favors. 

|  Literally,  one  who  feeds  beside,  or  at  the  table  of  another.  A  parasitic 
plant  is  one  which  grows  on  the  stem  or  branch  of  another  plant,  as  the 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   GREEK. 
202.   So'phia,  (<ro$pt'a),  wisdom. 


199 


PHILOSOPHY,  (175),  literally, 

the  love  of  wisdom. 
SOPH'ISM,  a  specious  but  falla- 


cious argument. 


SOPH'ISTRY,   fallacious  reason- 

UNSOPHIS'TICATED,     not     in- 
structed in  evil;  pure. 


203.  -Spa'o,  (<r;rdfl>),  to  draw. 


EPISPAS'TIC,  drawing,  as  a  blis- 


ter. 


SPASMODIC,  consisting  in  spasm. 


SPASM,  an  involuntary  contrac- 
tion of  the  muscles;  a  con- 
vulsion. 


204.  -Sta'sis, 


,  a  standing  or  position;  a  placing. 


HYDROSTAT'IC,  (119),  pertain- 
ing to  the  pressure  of  fluids. 
SYS'TEM, 


APOS'TASY,   a   departure  from 

original  profession. 
EC'STASY,*    excessive    joy    or  SYS'TEM,    (<ry<n^/ia),f  regular 

delight.  method. 

*  Literally,  a  sudden  removal  from  the  ordinary  condition ;  a  distraction 
in  consequence  of  joy. 

f  A  standing  together;  consistency. 

205.  Std'lo,  (<rr£Uo»),  to  send. 

APOS'TLE,  (dro,  from),  one  sent  I  EPIS'TLE,  a  writing  or  letter 
or  commissioned.  I     sent. 

206.  -Sten'os,  (0rev<k),  narrow. 


STENOGRAPHY,  (99),  the  art 
of  writing  in  short-handy  i.  e. 
in  a  narrow  compass. 

207.  Ster'eosy 

STEREOM'ETRY,  (137),  the  art 
of  measuring  solid  bodies. 


STENOGRAPHER,  a  short-hand 
writer.  [hand. 

STENOGRAPHIC, written  in  short- 
Si?),  standing  firm. 

STEREOTYPE,  (222),  to  make 
fixed  metallic  types,  or  plates 
of  fixed  types. 


208.  Sti'chos,  (<m/oc),  a  line;  a  row. 

ACROS'TIC,J    (5),   a    kind    of  DIS'TICH,  a  couple   of   poetio 

poem.  lines. 

J  Compounded  of  aitpov,  an  extremity,  and  arfao?,  and  signifying  a  poem  in 
which  the  first  letters  of  the  lines  form  a  name,  when  taken  in  order. 


200  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

209.  Stro'phe,  (expoy-if),  a  turning  round. 


APOS'TROPHE,  a  turning  aside 
from  the  course  of  a  speech, 
to  address  some  absent  per- 
son, as  if  present. 


CATAS'TROPHE,  a  turn  or  issue 
of  a  course  of  events;  gene- 
rally used  to  denote  a  disas- 
trous issue. 


210.    Ta'phos,  (rdyoq),  a  tomb. 


CEN'OTAPH,  (Gr.  xevo?,  empty), 
a  tomb  or  monument  erected 
to  one  who  is  buried  else- 
where. 


EP'ITAPH,  (£-},  upon),  an  in- 
scription on  a  tomb;  a  record 
in  honor  of  the  dead. 


211.   Tazfis,  (rd*i<;'),  arrangement;   Tak'tos,  (roxro?),  arranged. 


SYN'TAX,  the  construction  of 
sentences  according  to  estab- 
lished usasre. 


TAC'TICS,  the  art  of  directing 
military  and  naval  move- 
ments. 


212.    Tech'ne, 


,  art;  skill. 


TECHNICAL,  pertaining  to  an  art  TECHNOLOGY,  (128),  a  treatise 
or  profession.  on  the  arts. 

213.  Tes'sares,  (riffaapes,  rlrpa),  four. 

TET'RACHORD,  a  series  of  four  TES'SELATED,  formed  in  little 
sounds.  squares. 

214.  Thea'omai,  (dsdofiat),  to  behold. 


THE'ATRE,  a  place  of  exhibi- 
tion; a  conspicuous  place  of 
action. 


THEAT'RICAL,  resembling  the 
manner  of  dramatic  per- 
formers. 


215.   The' sis,  (diets'),  a  putting  or  placing;  The'ma, 
something  placed. 


ANATH'EMA,   excommunication 


ANTITHESIS,  an  opposition  of 


words  or  sentiments. 
HYPOTH'ESIS,"("  a  supposition. 


with  curses. 
EP'ITHET,*  an  adjective. 

*  Literally,  something  placed  upon;  a  descriptive  word  applied  to  any- 
thing in  representing  it. 

f  A  placing  under ;  which  is  the  literal  signification  of  the  word  supposi- 
tion. See  Lat.  399.  A  position  assumed  as  the  ba-vis  of  an  argument. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK. 


201 


PAREN'THESIS,*  a  clause  or  sen- 
-    tence  within  another. 
SYN'THESIS,  a  putting  together; 
a  combining. 


SYNTHETICAL,   proceeding  by 
THEME,  a  topic.         [synthesis. 
THE'SIS,  a  position;  a  proposi- 
tion advanced. 


*  Compounded  of  the  prepositions  itapa  and  ivt  signifying  in  or  beside,  and 


216.   The'os,  (0eo<r),  God. 


A'THEISM,  the  disbelief  of  the 
existence  of  a  God. 

THE'JSM,  the  belief  of  the  exist- 
ence of  a  God.  [one  God. 

MON'OTHEISM,  the  doctrine  of 


THEOC'RACY,  (60),  government 
by  the  immediate  direction  of 
God. 

THEOLOGY,  (128),  the  science 
of  God  and  divine  things. 


217.    To' me,  (ro/iTy),  the  act  of  cutting. 


ANAT'oMY,f  the  art  of  dissect- 
ing. 
AT'OM,J  an  indivisible  particle. 


EPIT'OME,§   a   compendium  or 

summary. 
To  ME,  1 1  a  volume. 


f  Literally,  a  cutting  up. 

J  The  A  in  this  word  is  the  A  privative  or  negative.     Atom  therefore  signi- 
fies, a  thing  which  cannot  be  cut  or  divided. 

$  The  Greek  word  i-triro^r]  signifies  a  lopping  or  curtailing. 
||  Literally,  a  section,  or  part  cut  off;  a  portion  of  a  work. 

218.   To'nosj  (rovoq),  tension;  tone. 

AT'ONY,  relaxation;  want  of 
vigor. 

DET'ONATE,  to  explode. 

INTONA'TION,  manner  of  sound- 
ing. 


TONE,  tension;   vigor;    sound; 

a  musical  interval. 
TON'IC,   increasing    tension    or 

vigor;    giving    tone    to   the 

system. 


219.  To'pos,  (TOTTO?),  a  place. 

TOP'IC,  a  subject  of  discourse.    I  TOPOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  descrip- 
TOP'ICAL,  local.  tion  of  a  particular  place. 


220.    Treis,  (r/>£Ts)>  tliree-     See  Lat-  (549). 
221.    Trop'os,  (rpoxoq),  a  turning. 


TROPE,  a  figurative  turning  of  a 
word  from  its  ordinary  signi- 
fication. 


TROP'IC,  the  point  at  which  the 
sun  appears  to  turn  again  to- 
wards the  equator. 


202  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

222.  Tu'pos,  (TUTTOS),  a  shape,  figure,  or  model. 


TYPE,  an  emblem;  a  model  or 
form  of  a  letter,  used  in  print- 
ing. 

TYP'ICAL,  symbolical. 


TYP'IFY,  to  represent  by  figure 

or  symbol. 
TYPOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  art  or 

operation  of  printing. 


223.  Xu'lon,  (SuXov),  wood. 
XYLOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  art  of  engraving  on  wood. 

224.  Zo'on,  (Co»ov),  an  animal. 

ZOOL'OGY,  (128),  the  science  or 

description  of  animals. 
ZOON'OMY,  (149),  the  science 

which  treats  of  animal  life. 


ZO'OPHYTE,  (yuTov,  a  plant),  a 
body  partaking  of  the  proper- 
ties both  of  an  animal  and  a 
vegetable. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS   TABLES. 
I."  CORRESPONDING  DERIVATIVES. 

The  first  column  contains  the  word  derived  from  the  Greek,  the 
second  that  derived  from  the  Latin,  and  the  third  the  corres- 
ponding word  or  phrase  of  English  or  Saxon  origin. 

N.  B. — This  table  may  be  studied  with  advantage ;  but  the  pupil  must  not 
suppose  that  the  corresponding  words  in  the  three  columns  are  synonymous. 
In  a  few  cases  they  are  nearly  so.  Some  of  the  words  in  the  third  column 
may  be  remotely  derived  from  the  Latin. 

Amnesty,  oblivion,  forgetfulness. 

Amorphous,  informal,  shapeless. 

Analogy,  correspondence,  likeness. 

Anatomy,  dissection,  a  cutting  up. 

Anomalous,  irregular,  lawless. 

Apathetic,  insensible,  unfeeling. 

Apology,  excuse,  plea. 

Apostle,  missionary,  messenger. 

Bishop,  supervisor,  overseer. 

Catalogue,  inventory,  list. 

Cataract,  cascade,  waterfall. 

Chronical,  enduring,  lasting. 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PLURALS. 


203 


Chrysalis, 

Democracy, 

Diaphanous, 

Dialogue, 

Didactic, 

Doxology, 

Dynasty, 

Epitome, 

Elliptical, 

Esophagus, 

Eucharist, 

Eulogize, 

Gnomon, 

Graphite, 

Lexicon, 

Metamorphose, 

Monarchical, 

Parable, 

Pathetic, 

Phenomenon, 

Physical, 

Prophesy, 

Rhetoric, 

Sphere, 

Sympathy, 

Tautology, 

Tetragon, 

Theology, 

Tone, 


aurelia, 

republic, 

transparent, 

conversation, 

preceptive, 

glorification, 

dominion, 

abstract, 

oval, 

gullet, 

sacrament, 

commend, 

index, 

plumbago, 

dictionary, 

transform, 

regal, 

similitude, 

affecting, 

appearance, 

medicinal, 

predict, 

oratory, 

globe, 

compassion, 

repetition, 

quadrangle, 

divinity, 

sound, 


grub. 

commonwealth. 

clear. 

talk. 

teaching. 

praise. 

power. 

abridgment. 

egg-shaped. 

throat. 

Lord's  supper. 

praise. 

pointer. 

black-lead. 

word-book. 

change. 

kingly. 

likeness. 

feeling. 

sight. 

healing. 

foretell. 

speaking. 

ball. 

fellow-feeling. 

a  saying  again. 

a  square. 

godliness. 

noise. 


IL  PLURALS  OP  GREEK  AND  LATIN  NOUNS  WHICH  ARE  USED 
AS  ENGLISH  WORDS. 

N.  B.  The  pupil  must  not  forget  that  in  Latin  and  Greek  words,  a  syllable 
must  be  given  to  every  vowel  and  diphthong.  He  must  pronounce  Apsides, 
for  instance,  in  three  syllables.  In  the  following  table,  the  letter  «  with  a 
horizontal  mark  over  it  is  to  be  sounded  as  e  in  me. 


Singular. 

Analysis, 

Antithesis, 
Aphis, 


GREEK. 

(The    solution    of   any) 
(     compound,  } 

Opposition  or  contrast, 
A  minute  insect  on  plants, 


Plural. 

Anal'yses. 

Antitheses. 
Aphides. 


204 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


Singular. 

Apsis, 

Automaton, 

Basis, 

Chrysalis, 

Crisis, 

Oriterion9 

Di&resis, 

Dogma, 

Ellipsis, 

Emphasis, 

Ephemeris, 

Ephemeron, 

Hypothesis, 

Meta  morphosis, 

Miasma, 

Oasis, 

Phasis, 

Phenomenon, 

Thesis, 


PluraL 

A  point  in  a  planet's  orbit,  Ap'sides. 
A  self-moving  machine,        Autom'ata. 


A  foundation  or  base, 


Ba' 


The  second  state  of  an  insect,  Chry sal' ides. 
The  decisive  point,  Cri'ses, 

A  standard  of  judging,          Crite'ria. 
The  disjunction  of  vowels,    Di&r'eses. 
An  opinion  propounded,       Dog'mata. 
A  figure  of  syntax,  Ellip'ses. 

Particular  stress  upon  a  word,  Em' phases. 
A  kind  of  almanac,  Ephtmer' ides. 

{A  worm  that  lives  but  1   _ 
one  day,  }  Epliem'era. 


one  day, 

A  supposition  or  theory, 
A  transformation, 
A  pernicious  exhalation, 
A  fertile  spot  in  a  desert, 
Form  or  appearance, 
An  appearance, 
A  proposition  or  theme, 


Hypoth'eses. 

Meta  m  or'phoses. 

Mias'mata. 

Oa'ses. 

Pha'ses. 

Phenom'ena. 

The'ses. 


Singular. 

Addendum, 

Amanuensis, 

Animalcula, 

Apex, 

Appendix, 

Arcanum, 

Aurora  Borealis, 

Axis, 

Calx, 

Corrigendum, 

Datum, 

Desideratum, 

Effluvium, 

Encomium. 

Erratum, 

Fascis, 

Focus, 

Formula, 

Fungus, 


LATIN. 

Something  to  be  added, 

A  private  secretary, 

A  minute  insect, 

A  tip  or  point, 

Something  added, 

A  secret, 

The  northern  light, 

An  axle, 

A  cinder, 

Something  to  be  corrected, 

Something  given, 

A  thing  wanted, 

Odor;  exhalation, 

Praise;  commendation, 

A  mistake, 

A  bundle  of  rods, 

The  point  where  rays  meet, 

A  prescribed  form, 

An  excrescence, 


Plural. 

Adden'da. 

Amanuen'ses. 

Animal' culce. 

Ap'ices. 

Appen'dices. 

Arca'na. 

Auro'rce.  Borea'Us 

Ax'es. 

Cal'ces. 

Corrigen'da. 

Da'ta. 

Desiderata. 

Efflu'via. 

Enco'mia. 

Erra'ta. 

Fas'ces. 

Fo'ci. 

For'muloe. 

Fun'gi. 


LATIN   WORDS   AND   PHRASES. 


205 


Singular.  Plural. 

GeniuSj  A  spirit,  Ge'nii. 

Genus,  A  kind  or  sort,  Gen' era. 

Ignis  Fatuus,  Will-with- the- wisp,  Ignes  fat'ui. 

Index,  A  pointer,  In' dices. 

Lamina,  A  thin  plate  or  coat,  Lam'ince. 

Magus,  A  wise  man,  Ma'gi. 

Medium,  Something  intervening,  Me'dia. 
Memorandum,     Something  to  be  remembered,    Memoranda. 

Minutia,  A  minute  particular,  Minu'tice. 

Momentum ,  Force  of  motion,  Momen'ta. 

Nebula,  A  cloudy  appearance,  NeUulce. 

Nucleus,  A  kernel,  Nu'clei. 

Radius,  The  semi-diameter  of  a  circle,    Ra'dii. 

Radix,  A  root,  Rad'ices. 

Speculum,  A  mirror  or  looking-glass,  Spec'ula. 

Stamen,  A  fine  thread  in  a  flower,  Stam'ina. 

Stimulus,  A  goad  or  incitement,  Stim'uli. 

Stratum,  A  layer  or  bed,  iStra'ta. 

Vertex,  The  top  of  anything,  Ver'tices 

Viscus,  An  intestine  or  entrail,  Vis'cera. 

Vortex,  A  whirlpool,  Vor'tices. 


IIL  LATIN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES,  WHICH  ARE  FREQUENTLY 
EMPLOYED  BY  ENGLISH  WRITERS. 


LATIN  WORDS. 


Aborigines,  the  original  inhabit- 
ants of  a  country. 

A'lias,  otherwise. 

Al'ibi,  elsewhere. 

An'ylice*  in  English. 

Ca'veat,  let  him  be  cautious. 

Con'tra,  on  the  other  hand. 

Dele,  expunge. 

Detri'tus,  matter  worn  off. 

Equilibrium,  equality  of 
weight. 

*  See  the  remark  at  the 
j"  A  verb,  signifying,  he 


ESgo,  therefore. 
Excerp'ta,  extracts. 
Exu'vice,  cast  skins  of  animals. 
Ex'it,-\  departure. 
Ex-temfpore,  at  the  time ;  i.  e., 

without  previous  writing. 
Face' tice,  witty  sayings. 
Fi'at,  let  it  be  done. 
Fi'nis,  the  end. 
Gra'tis,  for  nothing. 
Hia'tus,  an  opening  or  gap. 
beginning  of  Table  II. 
(she  or  it)  goes  out. 


206 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


Im'petus,  tendency  to  motion. 

Imprimatur,  let  it  be  printed. 

Imprimis,  in  the  first  place. 

Impromp'tu,  with  promptness; 
off  hand. 

In'terim,  in  the  mean  time. 

Interregnum,  the  time  between 
two  reigns. 

1'tem,  also. 

Ma' nes,  departed  spirits. 

Max'imum,  the  greatest  quan- 
tity. 

Min'imum,  the  least  quantity. 

Memorabilia^  (pL),  memorable 
events. 

Om'nes,  all. 

Om'nibus,  for  all. 
j  a  burden. 


Pasfsim,  everywhere. 

Quon'dam,  formerly;  once. 

Recipe,  See  Lat.  47. 

Resur'gam,  I  shall  rise  again. 

Seria'tim,  in  regular  order. 

Sim' He,  a  comparison. 

Syllabus,  (Gr.  auv,  together, 
and  Ad  flat,  to  take),  a  com- 
pendium. 

Vac'uum,  an  empty  space. 

Vale!  farewell! 

Verba'tim,  word  for  word. 

Ver'sus,  against. 

Veto,  I  forbid  it. 

VVa,  by  the  way  of. 

Videlicet,  to  wit. 

Vi'ce,  in  the  place  of. 

Vul'go,  commonly. 


LATIN   PHRASES. 


Ab  ini'tio,*  from  the  beginning. 

An'nus  mirab'ilis,  a  year  of 
wonders. 

Ab  o'vo,  from  the  egg;  i.  e., 
from  the  birth  or  origin. 

Ad  captan'dum,  for  the  purpose 
of  taking,  i.  e.,  pleasing. 

Ad  infini'tum,  to  an  unlimited 
extent. 

Ad  lib'itum,  at  pleasure. 

Ad  valo'rem,  according  to  value. 

Al'ma  ma'ter,  gentle  mother. 

A'mor  pa' trice,  love  of  country. 

Absente  re'o,  the  accused  person 
being  absent. 

A  fortio'ri*  with  stronger  rea- 
son. 

Aprio'ri,  beforehand;  from  pre- 
vious knowledge.  [trial. 

A  posterio'ri,  afterwards;  from 


Argumen' turn  ad  hom'inem,  an 
argument  particularly  appli- 
cable to  the  person  to  whom 
it  is  offered. 

Au'di  al'teram  par'tem,  hear 
the  other  side;  i.  e.;  hear  both 
sides. 

Bo1  na  fide,  in  good  faith. 

Caco&thes  scriben'di,  a  ridicu- 
lous fondness  for  writing. 

Ca'put  mor'tuum,  the  lifeless 
head. 

C&tferis  par'ibus,  other  things 
being  the  same. 

Com'pos  men'tis,  of  sound 
mind. 

Con'tra  bo'nos  mo'res,  contrary 
to  good  manners. 

Co'pia  verbo'rum,  abundance  of 
words. 


T  is  here  sounded  like  eh. 


LATIN    PHRASES. 


207 


Cu-i*  'bo' no  f  for  what  good  ?  i. 
e.  of  what  advantage  ?  or,  of 
advantage  to  whom  ? 

Cam  rnul'tis  a' I  us,  with  many 
others. 

Cum  privile'gio,  with  privilege. 

Defac'to,  in  fact. 

De  ju're,  by  right. 

De  gus'tibus  "ion  disputan'dum, 
about  matters  of  taste  it  is 
idle  to  dispute. 

De'i  gra'tia.  by  the  grace  of 
God. 

De  no'uo,  anew. 

De'o  volen'te,  God  willing. 

De'&unt  ccetfera,  the  rest  are 
wanting. 

Dram'atis  perso'nce,  the  charac- 
ters represented  in  a  play. 

Duran'te  placi'to,  during  plea- 
sure. 

E(Jce\  ho' mo,  behold  the  man  ! 
See  N.  T.  John  xix.  5. 

Ex  an'imo,  from  the  mind ;  i.  e. 
sincerely. 

Ex.  cathedra,  from  the  chair  of 
authority. 

Ex  conces'sis,  from  points  con- 
ceded. 

Ex'eunt  om'nes,  they  all  go  out 
or  off. 

Ex  officio,  by  virtue  of  the  of- 
fice. 

Ex  par'te,  on  one  side  only. 

Ex  postfac'to  (bad  Latin),  after 
the  deed. 

Fac  simfile,  an  exact  copy. 

Ge'nius  lo'ci,  the  genius  of  the 
place. 

Id  ge'nus  om'ne,  all  that  class  or 
sort. 

In  for' ma  pau' peris,  as  a  pauper. 

Info'ro  conscieri 'tice,  at  the  bar 
of  conscience. 

*  Pronounced  ky. 
14 


'  In  lim'ine,  on  the  threshold ;  at 
the  outset. 

i  In  o'tio,  at  ease. 

;  In  pro'pria  perso'na,  in  his  own 
person. 

In  sta'tu  quo,  in  the  state  in 
which  it  was. 

In  terro'rem,  as  a  warning. 

In  to' to,  entirely. 

In  tran'situ,  on  the  way  or  pas- 
sage. 

Ip'se  dix'it,  literally,  he  himself 
said  so ;  mere  assertion. 

Ip' so  foe' to,  by  the  fact  itself. 

Ju're  divi'no,  by  a  divine  right 

Ju're  huma'no,  by  human  law. 

Jus  gen'tium,  the  law  of  na- 
tions. 

Lap'sus  lin'guce,  a  slip  of  the 
tongue. 

Lex  talio'nis,  the  law  of  retalia- 
tion. 

Licen'tia  va'tum,  poetic  license. 

Lo'cum  te'nens,  literally,  hold- 
ing the  place ;  a  substitute. 

Lu'sus  natu'rce,  a  sport  or  freak 
of  nature. 

Mag'na  char' to,  (karta),  the 
great  charter. 

Ma'lum  in  se,  an  evil  in  itself. 

Memen'to  mo'ri,  remember  that 
thou  must  die. 

Me'um  et  tu'um,  mine  and 
thine. 

Mirab'ile  dic'tu,  strange  to  tell. 

Mo'dus  operan'dij  the  manner 
of  operating. 

Mul'tum  in  par'vo,  a  great  deal 
in  a  small  space. 

Ne  plus  ul'tra,  the  greatest  ex- 
tent attainable ;  literally,  no- 
thing beyond. 

Ne  quid  ni'mis,  not  too  much 
of  one  thing. 

f  Pronounced  ek'te. 


208 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


Nil  desperan' dum,   nothing  to 

be  despaired  of. 
Net  lens  vo'lens,  willing  or  not. 
No'li  me  tan'gere,  do  not  touch 

me. 
Non   com'pos    men'tis,    not    in 

right  mind. 
Non   est    inven'tus,   it    is    not 

found. 
O'tium    cum    dignita'te,    ease 

with  dignity. 
Par  nob' He  fra'trum,   a  noble 

pair  of  brothers. 
Pa'ri  pas'su,  with  equal  pace. 
Par'ticeps  crim'inis,  a  partaker 

of  the  crime. 
Per  se,  by  itself. 
Posfse   comita'tus   (bad  Latin), 

the  civil  force. 
Pri'ma  fa' tie,  at  first  view. 
Pri'mum      mob'ile,     the     first 

mover. 
Pro  a'ris  et  fo'cis,  for  our  altars 

and  homes. 

Pro  bono  pub'lico,  for  the  pub- 
lic good. 

Pro  et  con,  for  and  against. 
Profor'ma,  for  form's  sake. 
Pro  ra'ta,  in  proportion. 
Pro  tem'pore  (abbreviated,  pro 

tern.),  for  the  time. 
Quan'tum    sufficit,  as  much  as 

is  sufficient. 

Quid  pro  quo,  an  equivalent. 
Quo' ad  hoc,  with  respect  to  this. 
Quo  an'imo,  with  what  temper 

or  intention. 

Res  pul'lica,  the  common  weal. 
Rex  et  regi'na,  the    king   and 

queen. 


Secun'dum  ar'tem,  according  to 
art  or  professional  rule. 

Si'ne  di'e,  without  fixing  the 
day. 

Si'ne  qua  non  (literally,  with- 
out which  it  cannot  be  done), 
an  indispensable  condition. 

Sub  poefna,  under  fear  of  penal- 
ty. 

Su'i  gen'eris  (literally,  of  its 
own  kind),  unique. 

Sum' mum  bo'num,  the  chief 
good. 

Su'um  cui'que  (ky'quy),  to 
every  one  his  due. 

Tern' pus  fu'git,  time  flies. 

To' ties  quo'ties,*  as  often  as. 

To' to  cw'lo,  by  the  breadth  of 
the  sky. 

Tr?a  junc'ta  in  u'no,  three 
joined  in  one. 

Una  vo'ce,  with  one  voice. 

U'tile  cum  dul'ci,  the  useful 
with  the  agreeable. 

Ut  su'pra,  as  above. 

Ut  in'fra,  as  below. 

Va'de  me'cum,  (literally,  come 
with  me),  a  guide-book. 

Ve'ni,  vi'di,  vi'ci,  I  came,  saw, 
conquered. 

Ver'bum  sapien'ti,  a  word  is 
enough  to  the  wise. 

Vi'ce  ver'sa,  the  order  being  re- 
versed. 

Vi  et  ar^mis,  with  force  and 
arms. 

Vi'va  vo'ce,  with  the  living 
voice. 

Vox  et  prete'rea  ni'hil,  voice, 
and  nothing  else. 


*  In  these  words  t  is  sounded  like  *A. 


FRENCH    PRONUNCIATION. 


209 


IV.  FRENCH  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 

9 

As  French  words  and  phrases  are  very  frequently  introduced 
into  English  conversation  and  writing,  it  is  desirable  that  every 
person  should  have  some  idea  of  the  pronunciation  and  significa- 
tion of  those,  at  least,  which  are  most  common.  The  following 
account  of  some  of  the  French  sounds  will  perhaps  be  sufficient 
for  the  purposes  of  this  chapter. 

a,  short,  sounds  like  a  in  the  English  word  fat. 

a,  long,  "a  "  arm. 

e,  at  the  end  of  monosyllables,  sounds  like  u  in  tub;  and  is 

mute  at  the  end  of  other  words, 
e",  sounds  like   a      in  able. 

in  met. 

in  there. 

in  idiot. 

in  eel. 

in  ornithology. 

in  old. 

no  similar  sound  in  English.* 

in  cool. 

in  want. 

in  pang. 

in  long. 


i,  short, 

i,  long, 

o,  short, 

o,  long, 

u 

ou,  sounds  like  oo 


an, 

in, 

on, 

eur, 

oi, 

oir, 

oin, 

ail, 

eil, 

euil, 

ch, 


an 

an 

on 

ur 

wa 

war  in  warfare. 

oo     in  cool,  and  an  in  pan^ 

a      in  fat,  and  Hi  in  billiard. 

e       in  there,  and  Hi  in  billiard. 

u      in  tub,  and  Hi  in  billiard. 

iii    in  union. 

s       in  pleasure. 

sh     in  shark. 


*  Although  the  sound  of  the  French  u  cannot  be  represented  by  English 
letters,  the  following  rule  will  enable  the  pupil  to  form  some  idea  of  it.  Place 
\our  lips  as  if  about  to  pronounce  ou  as  in  soup,  and  bring  the  extremity  of 
your  tongue  against  your  lower  teeth.  With  your  organs  in  this  position, 
you  will  be  likely  to  produce  the  sound  of  the  French  u. 


210 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


FRENCH   WORDS. 

N.  B. — In  the  following  list  of  words  and  phrases,  the  representation  of  the 
French  sound,  which  is  given  in  parenthesis,  is  figured  in  accordance  with  the 
above  table  of  sounds.  A  letter  having  no  mark  over  it  is  to  be  sounded  as 
that  which  has  no  mark  in  the  table;  the  pupil  must  not  suppose  that  he  is 
to  give  it  the  English  sound.  The  accents  are  only  marks  indicating  sound, 
according  to  the  above  table.  When  the  letter  n  is  italicised  in  the  paren- 
thesis, it  is  to  have  the  English  sound  of  n,  and  not  the  French  nasal  sound. 


Amateur,  (a  ma  teur),  an  ad- 
inirer. 

Amour,  (a  mour),  a  love  affair. 

Bagatelle,  (ba  ga  tel),  a  trifle. 

Beau,  (bo),  a  fashionable  man. 

Belle,  (bell),  a  fashionable  wo- 
man. 

Bijou,  (bi  jou),  a  jewel  or  gem. 

Bonhommie,  (bo?i  om  i),  good 
nature. 

Boudoir,  (bou  doir),  a  private 
room. 

Bulletin,  (bul  tin),  a  daily  re- 
port. 

Bureau,  (bu  ro),  an  office;  a 
writing  desk. 

Caisson,  (ke  son),  a  chest  or 
case. 

Canaille,  (ka  nail),  the  rabble. 

Champetre,  (shan  petr'),  rural. 

Chateau,  (sha  to),  a  country 
seat. 

Ci-devant,  (sid  van),  formerly. 

Clique,  (clik),  a  party  or  fac- 
tion. 

Connoisseur,  (ko?i  ne  seur),  a 
skilful  judge. 

Contour,  (kon  tour),  outline  of 
a  figure. 

Corps,  (kor),  a  body  of  men. 

Cortege,  (kor  tej),  a  train  of  at- 
tendants. 

Coterie,  (kot  ri),  a  company. 

Coup,  (kou),  a  stroke  or  blow. 

Debris,  (de  bri),  broken  re- 
mains. 


Debut,  (de  bu),  first  appearance. 

Denouement,  (de  nou  man),  the 
unravelling  of  a  plot. 

Devoir,  (dvoir),  duty. 

Depot,  (de  po),  a  store  or  maga- 
zine. 

Deshabille,  (de  za  bi  li  6),  an 
undress. 

Domicile,  (do  mi  sil),  abode. 

Douceur,  (dou  seur),  a  bribe  or 
x  present. 

Eclaircissement,  (c  cler  sisman), 
x  explanation. 

Eclat,  (e"  cla),  splendor. 

Eleve,  (elev),  a  pupil. 

Elite,  (e  lit),  the  choice  part; 
the  flower. 

Embonpoint,  (an  bon  poin), 
jolly,  plump. 

Embouchure,  (an  bou  shur),  the 
mouth  of  a  river. 

Encore,  (an  cor),  again. 

Ennui,  (an  nu  i),  wearisome- 
ness. 

Entree,  (an  tre":  e"  is  long),  en- 
trance. 

Enveloppe,  (en  vlop),  a  cover. 

Epaulette,  (e  po  let),  a  shoulder- 
knot. 

Estafette,  (es  ta  fet),  an  express. 

Etiquette,  (e  ti  ket),  ceremony. 

Facade,  (fa  sad),  front. 

Fete,  (fet),  a  feast  or  festival. 

Fracas,  (fra  ca),  a  squabble. 

Gendarmes,  (jan  darm),  sol- 
diers of  the  police. 


FRENCH   PHRASES. 


211 


Goilt,  (gou),  taste. 

Hauteur,  (ho  teur),  haughtiness. 

Lever,  (leve),  a  morning  assem- 
bly at  court. 

Liqueur,  (li  keur),  a  cordial. 

Manoeuvre,  (ma  neuvr),  a  trick. 

Melee,  (me  le"),  a  conflict;  a 
fray. 

Messieurs ,  (me  si  eu),  gentle- 
men; used  as  the  plural  of 
Mr. 

Mignonette,  (mi  gno  net),  a 
sweet  smelling  flower. 

Morceau,  (mor  so),  a  morsel. 

Naivete,  (na  iv  te),  ingenuous- 
ness. 

Nonchalance,  (non  sha  lans), 
indifference. 

Nonpareil,  (non  pa  reil),  match- 
less. 

Outre,  (ou  tre),  preposterous. 

Parole,  (pa  rol),  word  of  promise. 

Parterre,  (par  tair),  a  flowerbed. 

Patois,  (pa  toi),  provincialism. 

Penchant,  (pan  shan),  inclina- 
tion. 

Prairie,  (pre  ri),  meadow  land. 

Protege,  (pro  te  je),  one  that  is 
patronized.  [soned  dish. 

Ragout,  (ra  gou),  a  highly  sea- 

Recherche,  (re  sher  she),  sought 
out;  exquisite. 


Rencontre,  (ran  kontr'),  an  un- 
expected meeting. 

Rendez-vous,  (ran  de  vou)., 
place  of  meeting. 

Reservoir,  (re  zair  voir),  a  re- 
serve of  water,  &c. 

Restaurateur,  (res  to  ra  teur),  a 
tavern-keeper. 

Rouge,  (rouj),  red  paint. 

Ruse,  (ruz),  a  stratagem. 

Sans,  (san),  without. 

Savant,  (sa  van),  a  learned 
man. 

Sobriquet,  (so  bri  ke),  a  nick- 
name* 

Soi-disani,  (soi  di  zan),  pre- 
tended, self-styled. 

Soiree,  (soi  re,  e  is  long},  an 
evening  party. 

Souvenir,  (souv  nir),  remem- 
brance. 

Suite,  (su  it),  retinue,  series. 

Surtout,  (sur  tou),  an  outer 
coat. 

Tapis,  (ta  pi),  the  carpet. 

Tirade,  (ti  rad),  a  long  train  of 
harsh  language. 

Toilette,  (toi  let),  a  dressing 
table. 

Tour,  a  journey. 

Trait,  (tre),  a  feature. 

Unique,  (u  nik),  singular. 


FRENCH   PHRASES. 

Aide-de-Camp,  (aid  de  kan),  assistant  to  a  general. 
A  la  mode,  (a  la  mod),  in  the  fashion. 
Apropos,  (a  pro  po),  seasonably;  by-the-bye. 
Aufait,  (6  fe),  to  the  point  or  business. 
Beau  monde,  (bo  mond),  the  gay  world. 
Belles  lettres,  (bel  letr),  polite  literature. 
Billet  doux,  (bi  lie  dou),  a  love  letter. 


212  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

Bon  gre,  mal  gre,  with  good  or  ill  will. 

Bon  mot,  (bon  mo),  a  witticism. 

Bon  ton,  high  fashion. 

Bon  vivant,  (bon  vivan),  a  high  liver. 

Carte  blanche,  (cart  blansh :  art  is  short),  blank  paper. 

Chef-d'oeuvre,  (she  deuvr'),  a  master-piece. 

Chevaux  defrise,  (shvod'friz),  a  sort  of  spiked  fence. 

Comme  ttfaut,  (ko??i  il  fo),  as  it  should  be. 

Conge  d'elire,  (kon  je  de  lir),  permission  to  elect. 

Coup  d'etat,  (kou  de  ta),  a  stroke  of  policy. 

Coup  de  grace,  (koud  grass),  the  finishing  stroke. 

Coup  de  main,  (koud  rain),  a  bold  stroke. 

Coup  d"ceil,  (kou  deuil),  a  glance  of  the  eye. 

Dejeuner  d  la  fourchettc,  (de  jeu  ne  a  la  fourshet),  a  breakfast 

with  meat, fowls,  &c. 

De  pied  en  cap,  (de  pie  tan  kap),  from  head  to  foot. 
Dernier  ressort,  (dair  ni4  'rsort),  a  last  resort. 
Dieu  et  mon  droit,  (dieu  e  nion  droi :  eu  as  u  in  tub),  God  and 

my  right. 

Double  entendre,  (doubi  an  tandr'),  double  meaning. 
En  masse,  (an  mas),  in  a  body. 
Entre  nous,  (an  tr'nou),  between  ourselves. 
Esprit  de  corps,  (es  pri  de  kor),  the  spirit  of  the  corps  or  body; 

mutual  animation. 

Faux  pas,  (fo  pa),  a  fault ;  misconduct. 

Feu  dejoie,  (feud  joi),  a  discharge  of  fire-arms  at  a  rejoicing. 
Femme  de  chambrc*  (fam  de  shainbr),  a  chambermaid. 
Fete  champfrre,  (fet  shan  petr),  a  feast  out  of  doors* 
Haul  ton,  (ho  ton),  the  highest  style  or  fashion. 
Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense,  (oni  soi  ki  mal  i  pans),  evil  be  to  him 

that  evil  thinks. 

Hors  de  combat,  (or  de  kom  ba),  disabled. 
Je  ne  sais  quoi,  (jeun  se  koi),  I  know  not  what. 
Jet  d"eau,  ( je  do),  a  water-spout ;  a  fountain. 
Jeu  d' esprit,  (je  des  pri),  a  witticism. 
Jeu-  de  mots,  (jeud  mo),  a  play  upon  words. 
Maitre  d' hotel,  (metr'  do  tel),  a  tavern-keeper. 
Mauvaise  honte,  (mo  vez  hont),  false  modesty,  bashfulness. 
N'importe,  (nan  port),  it  is  no  matter. 
Nom  de  guerre,  (?iond  gair),  an  assumed  name. 
Nous  verrons,  (nou  verron),  we  shall  see. 
On  dit,  (on  di),  literally,  they  sayj  a  flying  report. 
Petit  maltre,  (pti  metr'),  a  fop. 
Qui  vive,  (ki  viv),  look  out. 
Ruse  de  guerre,  (ruz  de  gair),  a  stratagem  of  war. 


ITALIAN   PHRASES.  213 

Sangfroid,  (san  froi),  coolness;  indifference. 

Tete  a  tvte,  (tait  a  tait),  a  private  conversation. 

Tout  ensemble,  (tout  an  sambl'),  the  wholfc, 

Valet  de  chambre,  (valed  chambr'),  a  gentleman's  servant. 

Vis  a  vis,  (vi  za  vi),  face  to  face. 

Vive  le  r&i,  (viv  le  roi),  long  live  the  king» 


ITALIAN  PHRASES. 

Che  sard,  sard,  (ke  sahrah',  sahrah'),  whatever  will  be,  will  be. 
Chi  face  confessa,  (kee  ta'tshe  confeh'sa),  silence  is  consent. 
Cicerone,  (tshee  tsheh  rone),  he  who  accompanies  a  stranger  to 

view  the  curiosities  of  a  city,  &c. 

Con  amore,  (con  ahmo're),  with  love;  with  earnestness  and  zeal. 
fJrba  mala  presto  cresce,  (erba  mah'la  pres'to  cresh'),  ill  weeds 

grow  apace. 

In  petto,  (in  peh'to),  within  the  breast;  held  in  reserve. 
Majordomo,  (mayordoh'mo),  a  steward  or  chief  servant. 
Mezzo  termine,  (may'dzo  ter'me*neh),  a  middle  course. 
Pian  piano,  si  va  lontano,  (pean'  peah'no,  se  vah'  lontah'no),  he 

who  goes  slowly  goes  far;  little  strokes  fell  great  oaks. 
Se  non  i  vero,  e  ben  trovato,  (se  non  eh  veh'ro,  eh  ben  trovah'to), 

if  it  be  not  true,  it  is  well  imagined  or  feigned. 


V.  ABBREVIATIONS. 


A.  B.  or  B.  A.  ar'tium  bacca- 

lau'reus,  bachelor  of  arts. 
Abp.  archbishop. 
A.   C.  an'te  Chris'tum,  before 

Christ. 

Acct.  account. 
A.  D.  an'no  dom'ini,  in  the  year 

of  our  Lord. 
Admr.  administrator. 
Ala.  Alabama. 
A.  M.  anfte  merid'iem,  before 

noon;    or,  an'no   mun'di,  in 


the  year  of   the  world;    or, 

ar'tium  magidter,  master  of 

arts. 

AnoiL  anonymous. 
Apr.  April. 
Ark.  Arkansas. 
Att'y.  Attorney. 
A.  U.  C.  an'no  ur'bis  con'ditce, 

in  the  year  of  the  city,  i.  e. 
,  Rome. 
Bart,  baronet. 
Bbl.  barrel. 


214 


THE    SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


B.  C.  before  Christ. 

B-  D-  baccalau! reus  divinita'tis, 

bachelor  of  divinity. 
Cap.  ca'put,  chapter  or  head. 
Capt.  captain. 

C.  A.  S.   Connecticuten' sis  Aca- 
demice  Socius,  fellow  of  the 
Connecticut  Academy. 

Chron.  Chronicles. 
Co.  company. 
Col.  colonel. 
Coll.  college. 
Com.  commodore. 
Cor.  Corinthians. 

C.  P.  Common  Pleas. 
Cr.  Creditor. 

Cts.  cents. 

Cwt.  hundred  weight. 

D.  C.  District  of  Columbia. 

D.  D.  divinita'tis  doc'tor,  doc- 
tor of  divinity. 
Dec.  December. 
Del.  Delaware. 
Deg.  degree. 
Dept.  deputy. 
Deut.  Deuteronomy. 
Do.  or  Ditto,  the  same. 
Dr.  doctor,  or  debtor. 

D.  V.   J)e'o  volen'te,  God  wil- 
ling. 

Dwt.  pennyweight. 
Eccl.  Ecclesiastes. 
Ed.  editor  or  edition. 

E.  g.  exem'pligra'tia,  for  exam- 
ple. 

Eng.  English. 

Ep.  epistle. 

Eph.  Ephesians. 

Esq.  esquire. 

Ex.  Exodus;  example. 

Exr.  executor. 

Feb.  February. 

Fig.  figure. 

Fla.  Florida, 

Fol.  folio. 


Fr.  French. 

F.  R.  S.  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

Ga.  Georgia. 

Gal.  Galatians. 

Gall,  gallon. 

Gen.  general;  Genesis. 

Gent,  gentleman. 

Geo.  George. 

Gov.  governor. 

Gr.  grain. 

G.  R.    Geor'gius    Rex,    King 
George. 

Heb.  Hebrews. 

Hhd.  hogshead. 

H.  M.  his  or  her  majesty. 

H.  B.  M.  his  or  her  Britannic 

majesty. 
Hon.  honorable. 
Hund.  hundred, 
la.  or  Ind.  Indiana. 
Ib.  ibi'dem,  in  the  same  place. 
Id.  fdem,  the  same. 
I.  e.  id  est,  that  is. 
I.  H.  S.  Je'sus  hom'inum  SaT- 

va'tor,  Jesus,  the  Saviour  of 

men. 

111.  Illinois. 

Incog,  incog'nito,  unknown. 
Inst.   instant,   i.  e.  present,  at 

hand. 

Isa.  Isaiah. 
Jac.  Jacob. 
Jan.  January. 
Jas.  James. 
Jno.  John. 
Jon.  Jonathan. 
Jos.  Joseph. 
Josh.  Joshua. 
Jun.jun'ior,  younger. 
K.  B.  knight  of  the  bath. 
Kt.  knight. 
Ky.  Kentucky. 
La.  Louisiana. 
Lam.  Lamentations. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


215 


Lat.  latitude. 

L.  C.  Lower  Canada. 

Ldp.  Lordship. 

Lev.  Leviticus. 

Lieut,  lieutenant. 

LL.  D.   le'gum   doc' tor,   doctor 

of  laws. 
Lon.  longitude. 
L.  S.  lo'cus  sigil'li,  the  place  of 

the  seal. 

M.  mil'le,  a  thousand, 
Maj.  major. 
Mai.  Malachi. 
Mar.  March. 

Mass,  or  Ms.  Massachusetts. 
Matt.  Matthew. 
M.  C.  member  of  Congress. 
Md.  Maryland. 
M.  D.  medici'nce  doc' tor,  doctor 

of  medicine. 
Me.  Maine. 
Messrs.  Messieurs. 
Mi.  Mississippi. 
Mich.  Michigan. 
Mo.  Missouri. 

M.  P.  member  of  parliament. 
Mr.  Mister. 
Mrs.  Mistress. 
MS.  manuscript. 
MSS.  manuscripts. 
N.  B.  no'ta  le'ne,  mark  Well; 

i.  e.  take  particular  notice. 
N.  C.  North  Carolina. 
N.    E.    New    England;    north 

east. 
Nem.    con.    nem'ine    contradi- 

cen'te,  no  one  expressing  dis- 
sent. 

N.  H.  New  Hampshire. 
N.  J.  New  Jersey. 
No.  number. 
Nov.  November. 
N.  S.  Nova  Scotia. 
Numb.  Numbers. 
N.  Y.  New  York. 


0-  Ohio. 

Obj.  objection. 

Obs.  obsolete. 

Obt.  obedient. 

Oct.  October. 

0.  S.  old  style. 

Oxon.  Oxo'nia,  Oxford. 

Oz.  ounces. 

Pa.  or  Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

Part,  participle. 

Pet.  Peter. 

P.    M.    post-master;    or,    post 

merid'iem,  after  noon. 
P.  M.  Gr.  post-master  general. 
P.  O.  post-office. 
Pres.  president. 
Prof,  professor. 
Ps.  psalm. 
P.  S.  post  scrip' turn,   (written 

afterwards),  postscript. 
Q.  or  Qu.  question, 
q.  d.   qua'si  dic'tum,  as  much 

as  to  say. 
Q.   E.    D.    quod   e'rat   demon- 

stran'dum,  which  was  to  be 

demonstrated, 
q.  1.  quan'tum  li'bet,  as  much 

as  you  please, 
q.  s.  quantum  sufficit,  as  much 

as  is  necessary. 
q.  v.  quod  vi'de,  which  see. 
Reed,  received. 
Rep.  representative. 
Rev.  reverend;  Revelation. 
R.  L  Rhode  Island. 
R.  N.  royal  navy. 
Rom.  Romans. 
Rt.  Hon.  right  honorable. 
S.  A.  South  America. 
S.  C.  South  Carolina. 
Sec.  secretary;  second. 
Sen.  senior;  senator. 
Sept.  September. 
Sol.  Solomon. 
Sq.  square. 


216 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


ss.  sctficet,  to  wit;  namely. 

St.  street;  saint. 

S.  T.  D.  sane' tee  theolo'gicB  doc'- 
tor,  doctor  of  theology. 

Tenn.  Tennessee. 

Thess.  Thessalonians. 

Thos.  Thomas. 

Tim.  Timothy. 

Tit.  Titus. 

Tr.  translator;  treasurer. 

U.  C.  Upper  Canada. 

Ult.  ul'timo  (men'se),  the  last 
(month). 

U.  S.  A.  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica. 

V.  or  vid.  vide,  see. 

Va.  Virginia. 

Viz.  videl'icet,  to  wit. 

vs.  ver'sus,  against. 


Vt.  Vermont. 

W.  I.  West  Indies. 

Win.  William. 

Wp.  worship. 

Wt.  weight. 

Xmas,  Christmas. 

Yd.  yard. 

Y!  ancient  mode  of  writing  the. 

Y*  your. 

&  et,  and. 

&c.  et  cetfera,  and  the  other 
things,  i.  e.  and  so  forth. 

4to.  quarto. 

8vo.  octavo. 

12mo.  duodecimo. 

18mo.  duodevigestimo,  eigh- 
teenth. 

24to.  vicesfimo  quarto,  twenty- 
fourth. 


VI.  WORDS  DERIVED  CHIEFLY  FROM  CLASSICAL   PROPER 
NAMES. 


>EO'LIAN,  a,  pertaining  to 
JE'olus,  the  fabled  god  of  the 
winds. 

ALEXAN'DRIAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Alexandria,  a  city 
of  Egypt. 

ANACREON'TIC,  a.  resembling 
the  style  of  Anac'reon,  a  Gre- 
cian poet,  who  wrote  amorous 
and  Bacchanalian  odes. 

AO'NIAN,  a.  belonging  to  Ao'nia, 
a  district  of  Greece  in  which 
was  situated  Mount  Helicon, 
sacred  to  the  Muses. 

ARCA'DIAN,  a.  belonging  to  Ar- 
ca'dia,  a  mountainous  part  of 
Greece,  where  dwelt  herds- 
men who  cultivated  pastoral 
music  in  a  high  degree. 


AR'GIVE,  s.  a  native  of  Argos. 

ARISTOTE'LIAN,  a.  relating  to 
the  doctrines  of  Ar'istotle. 

ARMOR'IC,  a.  pertaining  to  Brit- 
tany, in  France. 

AT'TIC,  a.  pertaining  to  At'tica, 
a  district  of  Greece,  in  which 
Athens  was  situated. 

AT'TICISM,  s.  an  imitation  of 
the  Attic  style;  an  elegant 
expression. 

AUGE'AN,  a.  relating  to  Auge'as, 
king  of  Elis  in  Greece,  whose 
stables,  containing  vast  num- 
bers of  cattle,  and  not  having 
been  cleansed  for  many  years, 
Hercules  is  fabled  to  have 
cleansed  in  one  day,  by  turn- 
ing a  river  through  them. 


CLASSICAL   DERIVATIVES,   ETC. 


217 


AUGUS'TAN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Augustus  the  Roman  em- 
peror. 

BODLEI'AN,  a.  library,  a  library 
in  Oxford,  (Eng.)  named  after 
its  founder,  Sir  Thomas  Bod- 
ley. 

CADME'AN,  relating  to  Cadmus, 
who,  it  is  supposed,  brought 
the  letters  of  the  Greek  al- 
phabet from  Phoenicia,  about 
1500  years  before  Christ. 

CAP'ITOLINE,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capito- 
li'nus  at  Rome. 

CARTE'SIAN,  a.  relating  to  the 
philosophy  of  Des  Cartes. 

CASTA'LIAN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Casta'lia,  a  fountain  on  Mount 
Parnassus,  sacred  to  the 
Muses. 

CEL'TIC,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Cel'tse,  a  people  who  came 
from  Asia  and  spread  them- 
selves over  a  great  part  of 
Europe. 

CHALDA'IC,  s.  the  language  of 
the  ancient  Chaldae'ans. 

CIMME'RIAN,  a.  relating  to  the 
ancient  Cimme'rii,  a  people 
living  near  the  Pa'lus  Mseo'- 
tis,  now  called  the  Sea  of 
Azof.  Their  country  was 
fabled  to  be  shrouded  in  dark- 
ness and  gloom. 

CIRCE'AN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Cir'ce,  a  fabulous  magician. 

COPER'NICAN,  a.  relating  to 
Coper'nicus,  the  celebrated 
European  astronomer. 

CYCLO'PEAN,  a.  relating  to  the 
Cyclops,  fabulous  giants  who 
had  but  one  eye,  situated  in 
tho  centre  of  the  forehead. 
Certain  massive  remains  of 


architecture  are  called  Cyclo- 
pean in  allusion  to  the  super- 
stitious notion  that  they  were 
the  work  of  an  ancient  race 
of  giants. 

DEL'PHIC,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
city  of  Delphi,. in  Greece. 

ELYS'IAN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Elys'ium,  the  place  repre- 
sented in  the  classic  mytholo- 
gy as  the  abode  of  the  blessed 
in  another  world. 

EPICU'REAN,  a.  relating  to  Epi- 
cu'rus,  an  ancient  philosopher 
who  taught  that  men  should 
seek  pleasure  as  the  supreme 
good  and  the  object  of  exist- 
ence. 

ER'IN,  Ireland. 

ERSE,  s.  the  language  of  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland;  a. 
pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Scotch. 

GAE'LIC,  s.  the  language  of 
the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, 

GOR'DIAN,  a.  intricate,  difficult; 
from  Gordius,  a  Phrygian 
husbandman,  who,  on  being 
made  king  by  the  oracle  of 
Apollo,  tied  the  yoke  of  his 
chariot  to  the  pole,  in  a  knot 
so  intricate,  that  no  one  could 
find  out  where  it  began  or 
ended.  It  was  pretended, 
that  whoever  should  loose 
this  knot  should  be  king  of 
all  Asia.  Alexander  cut  it 
with  his  sword. 

GOTH'IC,  a.  respecting  the  coun- 
try or  language  of  the  Goths; 
rude,  uncivilized;  denoting  a 
style  of  architecture,  whose 
principal  characteristic  is  the 
pointed  arch. 


218 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


GREGO'RIAN,  a.  denoting  the 
style  of  Pope  Gregory  XIII. 

HELVE'TIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Switzerland. 

HESPE'RIAN,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  Hesperides;  or  to  Hespe- 
ria,  an  ancient  name  of  Italy. 

HORA'TIAN,«.  imitating  Horace. 

HYBLE'AN,  pertaining  to  Hy'bla, 
a  town  in  Sicily,  famous  in 
ancient  times  for  its  honey. 

ION'IC  Order,  an  order  of  archi- 
tecture, invented  by  the  peo- 
ple of  Ionia. 

JU'LIAN,  a.  denoting  the  compu- 

.  tation  of  time  by  the  Julian 
calendar,  so  called  from  Julius 
Caesar. 

LACED^EMO'NIAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Lacedaemon  or 
Sparta,  a  city  of  Greece  : — s. 
a  native  of  Lacedaemon. 

LETHE'AN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  fabulous  river  Lethe ; 
causing  oblivion. 

LES'BIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  island  of  Lesbos,  the 
residence  of  Sappho  the  an- 
cient poetess. 

LYD'IAN,  a.  soft  and  slow;  an 
epithet  given  by  the  Greeks 
to  one  of  their  kinds  or  modes 
of  music. 

MACCHIAVEI/LIAN,  belonging 
to  the  political  school  of  Mac- 
chiavelli,  the  celebrated  Flo- 
rentine politician,  whose  doc- 
trines have  been  regarded  as 
highly  pernicious. 

MOS'LEM,  s.  a  Mussulman  or 
Mohammedan  believer;  the 
plural  of  Mussulman  is  Mus- 
sulmans; the  syllable  man  is 
not  from  the  English  word 
man. 


NICENE',  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Nice,  in  Asia  Minor. 

NOM'ADES,  s.  persons  who  are 
continually  changing  their 
place  of  residence;  erratic 
hordes. 

OLYM'PIAD,  s.  the  time  which 
elapsed  between  the  celebra- 
tions of  the  Olympic  Games, 
namely,  four  complete  years ; 
a  noted  era  among  the  Greeks, 
who  by  it  computed  their 
time. 

OLYM'PIAN,  OLYM'PIC,  a.  of 
Olympia,  a  town  of  Elis  in 
Peloponnesus,  where  famous 
games  dedicated  to  Jupiter 
Olympius,  were  performed. 

PA'RIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Paros,  an  island  of  the  Gre- 
cian archipelago,  famous  for 
its  marble.  In  this  island, 
264  years  before  Christ,  was 
engraved  in  capital  letters, 
on  marble,  a  chronicle  of  the 
city  of  Athens.  It  was  pre- 
sented by  the  Earl  of  Arundel 
to  the  University  of  Oxford, 
and  from  him  takes  the  name 
of  the  Arunde'lian  marbles. 

PARMESAN',  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to,  or  made  at  Parma,  in  Italy. 

PARNAS'SIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Mount  Parnassus,  which 
was  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

PELAS'GI,  PELAS'GIANS,  s.  a 
people  of  Greece,  so  named 
from  Pelasgus,  their  founder 
and  first  king. 

PELOPONNE'SIAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Peloponnesus,  in 
Greece ;  now  the  Morea. 

PERSEPOL'ITAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Persepolis. 

PIE'RIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 


CLASSICAL   DERIVATIVES,  ETC. 


219 


Pieria,  the  fabled  birthplace 
of  the  Muses. 

PROME'THEAN,  a.  resembling 
Prometheus,  who  surpassed 
all  mankind  in  cunning,  and 
who  is  fabled  to  have  stolen 
fire  from  heaven  and  given  it 
to  man,  for  which  act  he  was 
punished  by  being  chained  to 
a  rock  where  a  vulture  preyed 
upon  his  liver  which  was  con- 
stantly renewed. 

PROTE'AN,  a.  resembling  Pro- 
teus, a  seagod  who  could  as- 
sume various  forms. 

PTOLEMA'IC,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  astronomical  system  of 
Claudius  Ptolemy,  an  Egyp- 
tian philosopher;  in  which  it 
is  supposed  the  earth  is  fixed 
in  the  centre  of  the  universe. 

PU'NIC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Carthage. 

PYR'RHONISM,  s.  skepticism ; 
from  Pyi/rho,  a  Grecian  phi- 
losopher, who  doubted  of 
everything. 

PYTHAGO'REAN,  a.  denoting  the 
discipline  of  Pythagoras : — s. 
a  follower  of  Pythagoras. 

PYTH'IAN  Games,  games  insti- 
tuted by  Apollo,  in  commemo- 
ration of  his  victory  over  the 
serpent  Python. 

PY'THONESS,  s.  a  witch. 

ROMA'IC,  s.  the  modern  Greek 
language ;  so  called  in  refer- 
ence to  the  extension  of  Ro- 
man power  over  Greece. 

SARACEN'IC,  a.  denoting  the 
architecture  of  the  Saracens, 
or  the  modern  Gothic;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Saracens,  a 
celebrated  people  that  came, 
eome  centuries  ago,  from  the 


desert  of  Arabia : — they  were 
the  first  disciples  of  Moham- 
med. 

SARDON'IC  Grin,  an  involuntary 
show  of  laughter,  occasioned 
by  a  convulsive  distortion  of 
the  muscles  of  the  mouth; 
so  called  from  the  herb  sar- 
donia,  which,  it  is  said,  pro- 
duces it. 

SATURNA'LIAN,  a.  sportive, 
loose,  like  the  feasts  of  Sa- 
turn. 

STA'GIRITE,  s.  a  native  of  Sta- 
gira,  a  town  of  Macedonia, 
famed  as  the  birthplace  of 
Aristotle,  who  is  hence  called 
the  'Stagirite. 

STENTO'RIAN,  a.  exceedingly 
loud  or  strong;  from  Stentor, 
a  Grecian,  whose  voice,  Ho- 
mer tells  us,  was  as  loud  as 
the  united  voices  of  fifty 
men. 

STENTOROPHON'IC,  a.  loudly 
speaking  or  sounding  : — sten- 
torophonic  tube,  a  speaking 
trumpet. 

STY'GIAN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Styx,  a  fabulous  river  in  the 
infernal  regions. 

SYB'ARITE,  s.  an  inhabitant  of 
Sybaris,  once  a  powerful  city 
of  Calabria,  whose  inhabitants 
were  proverbially  effeminate 
and  luxurious ;  one  of  whom, 
it  is  said,  was  unable  to  sleep, 
because  one  of  the  rose  leave's 
which  composed  his  bed  was 
doubled  under  him. 

TARTA'REAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Tartarus;  the  name  given, 
in  ancient  mythology,  to  the 
place  of  punishment  in  an- 
other world. 


220 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


TARPE'IAN  ROCK,  a  Dame  given 
to  the  height  on  which  stood 
the  capitol  in  ancient  Rome. 

THE'BAN,   a.   of  or  pertaining 


to   Thebes; 
Thebes. 


s.    a   native   of 


TUS'CAN  Order ,  an  order  in  ar- 
chitecture, which  had  its  ori- 
gin in  Tuscany. 

TYR'IAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  city  of  Tyre,  an  ancient 
city  of  Phoenicia. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DERIVATIVES,  Ac. 


AFGHAN,  s.  a  native  of  Afghan- 
istan. 

ALGERINE',S.  a  native  of  Algiers; 
a.  of  or  pertaining  to  Algiers. 

AL'PINE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to, 
or  resembling  the  Alps. 

ANGLICAN,  a.  English. 

AN'GLO-DA'NISH,  a.  pertaining 
to  the  English  Danes. 

AN'GLO-NOR'MAN,  a.  pertaining 
to  the  English  Normans. 

AN'GLO-SAX'ON,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  English  Saxons. 

AR'ABS,  s.  tribes  inhabiting  the 
whole  African  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  Egypt,  Abys- 
synia,  and  the  eastern  side  of 
Africa  as  far  as  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  as  well  as  the 
peninsula  of  Arabia  in  Asia. 

AR'ABIC,  a.  of  Arabia;  s.  the 
language  of  Arabia. 

AR'NAUT^  s.  an  Albanian. 

ARRAGONESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Arragon,  in  Spain.  [Asia. 

J^SIAT'IC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

ASSAMESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Assam.  [Babylon. 

BABYLO'NISH,  a.  pertaining  to 

BEL'GIC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Belgium.  [Bengal. 

BENGALESE',  s.  the  natives  of 

BRAZILIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Brazil. 


BRIT'ON,  s.  a  native  of  Britain. 

BURMESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Ava,  or  the  Biriuan  empire; 
s.  the  natives  of  Ava. 

BYZAN'TINE,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Byzantium,  now  Constan- 
tinople. 

CAF'FRE,  s.  a  native  of  Caffraria 
in  Africa. 

CALABRESE',  CALA'BRIAN,  a. 
of  or  pertaining  to  Calabria; 
s.  a  native  of  Calabria. 

CALEDO'NIAN,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Scotland;  s.  a  native 
of  Scotland. 

CAM'BRIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Wales ;  s.  a  Welshman. 

CAM'BRO-BRIT'ON,  s.  a  Welsh- 
man. 

CANA'DIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Canada;  s.  a  native  of 
Canada. 

CAN'DIOTE,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Candia;  s.  a  native  of 
Candia. 

CARIBBE'AN,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  Caribbee  islands. 

CAUCA'SIAN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Mount  Caucasus. 

CEPHALO'NIOTE,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Cephalonia;  s.  a 
native  of  Cephalonia. 

CES'TRIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Cheshire. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DERIVATIVES,    ETC. 


221 


CEYLONESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Ceylon;  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Ceylon. 

CHIL'IAN,  a.  pertaining  to  Chili. 

CHINESE',  of  or  pertaining  to 
China;  s.  the  natives  of 
China. 

ClSAL'piNE,a.  an  epithet  applied 
to  the  countries  on  that  side 
of  the  Alps  next  to  France. 

COP'TIO,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Copts  or  ancient  Egyptians. 

COR'FUTE,  or  COR'FIOTE,  s.  a 
native  of  Corfu. 

COR'NISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Cornwall. 

COR'TES,  s.  the  states,  or  assem- 
bly of  the  states,  of  Spain  and 
of  Portugal. 

CRE'OLE,  s.  one  born  in  the 
West  Indies  of  Spanish  pa- 
rents. 

DAMASCE'NE,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Damascus. 

DANE,  s.  a  native  of  Denmark. 

EGYP'TIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Egypt;  s.  a  native  of 
Egypt. 

EN'GLISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  England. 

E'THIOP,  s.  a  native  of  Ethio- 
pia. 

EUROPE' AN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Europe; — s.  a  native  of 
Europe. 

FIN'NISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Finland. 

FLEM'ISH,  a.  pertaining  to  Flan- 
ders. 

FLORENTINE,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Florence  : — s.  a  native 
of  Florence 

FRANK,  s.  any  European  who 
is  not  a  Greek,  a  Jew,  or  a 
Turk. 


j  GAL'LICAN,  a.  French. 

•  G-ENEVESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Geneva: — s.  the  natives 
of  Geneva. 

j  GENOESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Genoa. 

GRE'CIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Greece. 

GREEK,  s.  a  native  of  Greece; 
a.  of  or  pertaining  to  Greece. 

HANSE,  s.  a  company  of  mer- 
chants ;  applied  to  certain 
towns  in  Germany,  confede- 
rated for  the  mutual  protec- 
tion of  their  commerce. 

HANSEAT'IC,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  Hanse  Towns. 

HES'SIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Hesse  in  Germany. 

HIBER'NIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Ireland : — s.  a  native  of 
Ireland. 

HINDOO',  s.  a  native  of  Hin- 
doostan. 

HINDOSTANEE',  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Hindoostan. 

HYD'RIOTE,  a.  pertaining  to  Hy- 
dra, a  small  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian archipelago  : — s.  a  native 
of  Hydra. 

ICELAN'DIC,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Iceland. 

TRISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Ireland. 

ITAL'IAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Italy  : — s.  a  native  of  Italy. 

JAPANESE',  s,  the  natives  of  Ja- 
pan. 

JA'VAN,  s.  a  native  of  Java. 

JAVANESE', s.the  natives  of  Java. 

LE  VAN'TINE,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Levant,  a  name  given  to  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  and  the  countries 
bordering  on  it. 


222 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


MADEGAS'SES,  s.  natives  of 
Madagascar. 

MAHARAT'TAS,  s.  natives  of 
Maharatta. 

MALTESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Malta  : — a.  belonging  to 
Malta.  [Man. 

MANK,  s.  a  native  of  the  Isle  of 

MANX,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Isle  of  Man. 

MILANESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Milan.  [the  Morea.  | 

MO'REOTE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to ' 

NEPAULESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Nepaul. 

NOR' MAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Normandy. 

NORWE'GIAN,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Norway. 

NORTHUMBRIAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Northumberland. 

OT'TOMAN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Turkish  empire. 

PARIS'IAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Paris. 

PARSEE',  s.  a  fire-worshipper  of 
the  East  Indies. 

PERU'VIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Peru. 

PIEDMONTESE',  s.  the  natives 
of  Piedmont. 

POLE,  s.  a  native  of  Poland. 

PO'LISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Poland. 

POLONESE',  a.  Polish. 

PORTUGUESE',  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Portugal. 

PYRENE'AN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Pyrenees,  mountains  sepa- 
rating France  and  Spain. 

RHJE'TIAN,  a.  an  epithet  applied 
to  a  portion  of  the  Alps,  j 
situated  between  the  Grisons ! 
country  and  Milan. 

SAVOY'ARD,  s.  a  native  of  Savoy. ! 


SAX'ON,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Saxony. 

SCOTCH,  SCOT'TISH,  a.  of  or 
pertaining  to  Scotland. 

SIAMESE',  s.  the  natives  of  Siam. 

SMYR'NIOTE,  s.  a  native  of 
Smyrna. 

SPAN'IARD,  s.  a  native  of  Spain. 

SPAN'ISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Spain. 

SU'LIOTE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Suli : — s.  a  native  of  Suli. 

SUMA'TRAN,  s.  a  native  of  Su* 
matra. 

SWEDE,  s.  a  native  of  Sweden. 

Swiss,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Switzerland. 

SYR'IAC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Syria. 

TAR'TAR,  s.  a  native  of  Tartary. 

THIBE'TIAN,  s.  a  native  of  Thi- 
bet. 

TRANSALPINE,  a.  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  countries  on 
that  side  of  the  Alps  furthest 
from  France. 

TRANSATLANTIC,  a.  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  countries  be- 
yond the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

TRIPOL'ITAN,  s.  a  native  of 
Tripoli : — a.  pertaining  to. 
Tripoli. 

TUNISIAN,  TUNISINE7,   a.  of  OF 

pertaining  to  Tunis. 
TURK,  a  native  of  Turkey. 
TYROLESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  the  Tyrol. 
VENE'TIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Venice. 
WALDEN'SES,  «.  the  natives  of 

Vaudois  in  Piedmont. 
WELSH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Wales.  [koutsk. 

YAKOUTE',  s.  a  native  of  Ya- 
ZAN'TIOTE,  s.  a  native  of  Zante. 


ENGLISH   SYNONYMS.  223 

PART  III. 

ENGLISH  SYNONYMS. 

WORDS  which  are  strictly  synonymous,  i.  e.,  which  are  used  to 
convey  precisely  the  same  idea,  and  might  be  substituted  for  each 
other  in  any  possible  connection,  are  almost,  if  not  entirely  un- 
known. But  the  term  synonymous  is  applied,  in  common  usage, 
to  words  which  represent  a  given  idea  under  different  limitations 
or  modifications,  while  the  words  belong  to  the  same  part  of 
speech.  As  the  degree  of  resemblance  between  the  signification 
of  such  words  may  vary  indefinitely,  a  larger  or  smaller  number 
of  words  would,  on  different  occasions,  be  classed  together  as 
synonyms,  according  to  the  different  purposes  for  which  the 
classification  should  be  made. 

In  attempting  to  express  ideas,  either  orally  or  in  writing,  it 
is  often  difficult  to  recall  the  word  which  most  nearly  meets  the 
case.  Young  writers,  especially,  are  much  embarrassed  in  this 
way;  and  without  some  aid,  they  will  not  rapidly  improve  in 
pertinency  and  variety  of  expression.  It  is  the  object  of  the 
following  collection  of  synonyms  to  furnish  the  aid  which  the 
difficulty  above  mentioned  renders  necessary.*  When  the  stu- 
dent is  in  doubt  respecting  the  distinction  between  the  significa- 
tions of  words  here  classed  together,  he  will  of  course  resort, 
either  to  a  large  English  dictionary,  or  to  a  proper  dictionary  of 
synonyms,  like  that  of  Crabbe.  In  consulting  the  following 
pages,  he  may  not  only  have  the  appropriate  word  suggested, 
when  the  memory  alone  is  at  fault,  but  may  become  acquainted 
with  new  words,  and  be  led  to  investigate  their  meaning. 

In  arranging  the  words  in  paragraphs  in  this  Part,  the  aim  has 
been  to  place  those  of  a  more  general  or  comprehensive  signifi- 
cation first,  and  those  more  limited  afterwards;  a  transition  to 
words  of  a  distinct  class  is  marked  by  a  semicolon.  Words  are 
occasionally  introduced  which  may  seem  too  remote;  but  if  it  is 
borne  in  mind  by  the  pupil  that  the  words  classed  together  are 
not  to  be  considered  as  defining  each  other,  no  error  will  be  occa- 
sioned by  thus  extending  the  classification. 

This  Part  may  be  used,  with  great  advantage,  as  the  basis  of 
exercises  in  which  the  pupil  shall  be  required  to  discriminate 
carefully  between  the  significations  of  words  more  or  less  nearly 
synonymous.  These  exercises  may,  of  course,  be  much  varied 
They  will  be  found  admirably  adapted  to  cultivate  habits  of  accu- 
racy in  thought  and  expression. 

*  This  collection  did  not  form  a  part  of  Butter's  Expositor,  but  is  derived 
from  a  work  by  William  Carpenter. 
16 


ENGLISH  SYNONYMS. 


ABO 


AGO 


T<?  ABASE,  depress,  degrade,  bring)  ABNEGATION,  denial,  renunciation, 
humble,    disgrace,     cast  To  ABRIDGE,  abbreviate,  curtail, 
shorten,  reduce,  compress,  con- 
tract, condense,  epitomize. 


down. 
To  ABBREVIATE,  contract,  curtail, 


shorten,  abridge,  compress,  con- 
dense, reduce,  epitomize. 

To  ABET,  aid,  assist. 

ABETTOR,  assistant,  accessary,  ally, 
accomplice. 

To  ABANDON,  forsake,  desert,  re- 
nounce, relinquish,  resign,  give 
up,  abdicate,  quit,  forego. 

ABANDONED,  profligate,  corrupt, 
vitiated,  depraved,  reprobate, 
vicious,  wicked. 

To  ABASH,  confuse,  confound,  dis- 
concert, shame. 

To  ABATE,  diminish,  reduce,  de- 
crease, lessen,  liquidate,  lower, 
subside. 

To  ABDICATE,  abandon,  relinquish, 
forsake,  resign,  renounce,  give 
up,  quit. 

To  ABHOR,  detest,  abominate, 
loathe. 

To  ABIDE,  stay,  remain,  tarry. 

ABILITY,  capacity,  faculty,  talent, 
capability,  aptness,  aptitude, 
skill,  efficiency. 

ABLE,  competent,  capable,  effi- 
cient, clever,  skilful,  fitted, 
qualified;  strong,  powerful,  ef- 
fective. 

ABJECT,  low,  mean,  base,  despica- 
ble, worthless,  servile,  vile. 

To  ABJURE,  forswear,  recant,  re- 
call, revoke,  retract.  ply,  agree,  acquiesce. 

ABODE,  residence,  dwelling,  habi-  To  ACCELERATE,  hasten,  quicken, 


ABNEGATE.  See  ABNEGATION  and 
ABOLISH. 

To  ABOMINATE,  abhor,  detest, 
loathe. 

ABRUPT,  rugged,  rough;  sudden, 
unexpected. 

ABSOLUTE,  positive,  peremptory ; 
arbitrary,  despotic. 

ABSOLUTELY,  completely,  unre- 
strictedly, unconditionally. 

To  ABSOLVE,  clear,  acquit,  set  free; 
remit ;  pardon,  forgive. 

To  ABSORB,  swallow  up,  imbibe, 
engulf,  engross,  consume. 

To  ABSTAIN,  refrain,  forbear,  with- 
hold. 

ABSTEMIOUS,  abstinent,  temperate, 
sober. 

ABSTERGENT,  cleansing,  purgative, 
abstersive. 

ABSTINENT,  abstemious,  temper- 
ate, sober. 

ABSURD,  foolish,  irrational,  ridicu- 
lous, preposterous. 

ABUNDANT,  ample,  copious,  exu- 
berant, plentiful,  plenteous. 

To  ABUSE,  reproach,  vilify,  revile, 
deceive. 

ABUSIVE,  reproachful,  scurrilous, 
opprobrious,  insolent,  insulting, 
offensive. 

To  ACCEDE,  assent,  consent,  com- 


tation,  domicile. 


expedite. 


ABOLISH,  abrogate,  annul,  repeal,  To  ACCEPT,  take,  receive. 

cancel,  revoke;   destroy,  anni- i ACCEPTABLE,  agreeable,  grateful, 
hilate.  welcome. 

224 


ACQ 


225 


ADJ 


ACCESS,  approach,  admittance,  ad- 
mission. 

ACCESSARY,  accomplice,  assistant, 
abettor,  ally. 

ACCESSION,  addition,  augmenta- 
tion, increase. 

ACCIDENT,  casualty,  contingency, 
incident,  adventure,  occur- 
rence. 

ACCIDENTAL,  casual,  fortuitous, 
contingent,  incident. 

ACCLAMATION,  applause,  plaudit, 
exultation,  shouting. 

To  ACCOMMODATE,  adapt,  adjust, 
suit,  fit,  serve. 

ACCOMPLICE,  abettor,  accessary, 
assistant,  ally. 

To  ACCOMPLISH,  fulfil,  realize, 
effect,  achieve,  complete,  exe- 
cute. 

ACCOMPLISHMENT,  achievement, 
feat,  deed ;  acquirement,  quali- 
fication. 

ACCORDANCE,  agreement,  harmo- 
ny, unison,  melody. 

ACCORDANT,  consonant,  consist- 
ent. 

ACCOUNT,  narrative,  description, 
relation,  recital,  detail,  expla- 
nation, narration. 

ACCOUNTABLE,  amenable,  answer- 
able, responsible. 

To  ACCUMULATE,  amass,  collect, 
gather,  heap  up. 

ACCURATE,  correct,  exact,  precise, 
nice. 

To  ACCUSE,  charge,  impeach,  cen- 
sure ;  arraign. 

To  ACCUSE  falsely,  asperse,  calum- 
niate, defame,  detract,  scandal- 
ize, slander,  vilify. 

To  ACHIEVE,  accomplish,  fulfil, 
realize,  effect,  complete,  exe- 
cute. 

ACHIEVEMENT,  feat,  exploit,  deed, 
accomplishment,  acquirement. 

ACID,  sour,  tart,  sharp,  acrimo- 
nious, acetous,  acetose. 

To  ACKNOWLEDGE,  avow,  confess, 
own,  recognise. 

To   ACQUAINT,    apprise,    inform, 


make  known ;  disclose,  commu- 
nicate. 

ACQUAINTANCE,  familiarity,  inti- 
macy ;  fellowship. 

To  ACQUIESCE,  accede,  assent,  con- 
sent, comply,  agree,  yield. 

To  ACQUIRE,  obtain,  attain,  gain, 
procure ;  win,  earn. 

ACQUIREMENT,  acquisition ;  quali- 
fication. 

To  ACQUIT,  set  free,  clear,  absolve ; 
pardon,  forgive. 

ACRIMONY,  asperity,  harshness, 
smartness,  tartness. 

ACTIVE,  agile,  assiduous,  alert, 
brisk,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  sprightly;  prompt;  in" 
dustrious,  laborious. 

ACTUAL,  real,  positive,  certain, 
genuine. 

To  ACTUATE,  move,  impel,  induce, 
instigate. 

ACUTE,  keen,  shrewd,  penetrating, 
piercing ;  sharp,  pointed. 

ADAGE,  maxim,  aphorism,  apoph' 
thegm,  proverb,  saying. 

To  ADAPT,  accommodate,  adjust, 
suit,  fit. 

ADEQUATE,  equal,  proportionate, 
commensurate. 

ADPICTED,  devoted,  attached. 

ADDITION,  accession,  augmenta* 
tion,  increase. 

ADDRESS,  ability,  dexterity. 

To  ADDUCE,  bring  forward,  ad- 
vance, allege,  assign,  cite, 
quote. 

To  ADHERE,  attach,  stick,  hold, 
cleave,  fi&. 

ADHERENCE,  adhesion,  attach- 
ment. 

ADHERENT,  follower,  disciple,  par- 
tisan. 

ADHESION,  adherence,  attach- 
ment. 

ADJACENT,  near  to,  adjoining, 
contiguous,  approximating. 

ADJOINING,  adjacent,  contiguous, 
approximating. 

To  ADJOURN,  prorogue ;  postpone, 
delay,  defer. 


AFF 


226 


AGR 


To  ADJUST,  accommodate,  adapt, 
set  right,  suit,  fit. 

To  ADMINISTER,  minister,  contri- 
bute, supply ;  serve,  manage. 

ADMIRATION,  amazement,  asto- 
nishment, wonder,  surprise. 

ADMISSION,  admittance,  access, 
approach. 

To  ADMIT,  allow,  concede,  permit, 
suffer,  tolerate,  grant. 

ADMITTANCE,  admission,  access, 
approach. 

To  ADORN,  decorate,  embellish, 
beautify. 

ADROIT,  clever,  skilful,  dextrous, 
expert. 

To  ADULATE,  flatter,  compliment. 

To  ADULTERATE,  corrupt,  con- 
taminate, defile,  vitiate,  sophis- 
ticate. 

To  ADVANCE,  bring  forward,  as- 
sign, adduce,  allege ;  proceed, 
go  forward. 

ADVANCEMENT,  progress,  pro- 
gression ;  improvement,  profi- 
ciency. 

ADVANTAGE,  good,  benefit,  profit. 

ADVENTURE,  occurrence,  incident, 
contingency,  casualty,  event, 
accident. 

ADVENTUROUS,  enterprising;  rash, 
foolhardy. 

ADVERSARY,  antagonist,  opponent, 
enemy,  foe. 

ADVERSE,  averse,  contrary,  oppo- 
site ;  inimical,  repugnant,  hos- 
tile. 

To  ADVERTISE,  announce,  pro- 
claim, publish,  promulgate. 

ADVICE,  counsel,  instruction,  in- 
formation ;  notice,  intelligence ; 
deliberation,  consultation. 

To  ADVISE  with,  seek  counsel,  de- 
liberate, consult. 

AFFABILITY,  courteousness,  ur- 
banity, courtesy,  complai- 
sance. 

AFFABLE,  courteous,  conciliating, 
^enrle,  urbane. 

AFFAIR,  business,  concern,  mat- 
ter. 


To  AFFECT,  influence,  act  upon, 
concern ;  assume,  pretend  to 
arrogate. 

I  AFFECTING,  pathetic,  touching, 
moving. 

AFFECTION,  attachment,  kindness, 
fondness,  love. 

AFFINITY,  alliance  ;  kindred,  re- 
lationship. 

To  AFFIRM,  assert,  declare,  assure, 
asseverate,  aver,  protest,  pro- 
nounce. 

To  AFFIX,  attach,  subjoin,  con- 
nect, annex. 

To  AFFLICT,  distress,  trouble, 
pain. 

AFFLUENCE,  wealth,  riches,  opu- 
lence. 

To  AFFORD,  give,  impart,  yield, 
produce ;  spare. 

AFFRAY,  fray,  quarrel,  brawl, 
feud,  altercation. 

To  AFFRIGHT,  frighten,  terrify, 
appall,  dismay,  shock. 

AFFRONT,  insult,  offence,  outrage. 

AFRAID,  fearful,  timid,  timor- 
ous. 

AGE,  time,  period,  generation, 
date,  era,  epoch,  century. 

AGED,  elderly,  old,  senile. 

AGENCY,  action,  operation;  ma- 
nagement. 

To  AGGRAVATE,  provoke,  irritate, 
exasperate,  tantalize ;  heighten, 
raise,  make  worse. 

AGGRESSION,  assault,  injury,  of- 
fence. 

AGILE,  active,  assiduous,  alert, 
brisk,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  sprightly,  prompt ;  in- 
dustrious, laborious. 

To  AGITATE,  shake,  disturb,  toss, 
move. 

AGITATION,  disturbance,  emotion, 
trepidation,  tremor. 

AGONY,  anguish,  pain,  distress, 
pang,  suffering. 

To  AGREE,  accede,  assent,  con- 
sent, comply,  acquiesce,  con- 
cur. 

AGREEABLE,    pleasant,    pleasing, 


ALT 


227 


ANN 


grateful,  welcome,  conformable, 
suitable,  acceptable. 

AGREEMENT,  concurrence,  com- 
pact, contract,  bargain,  cove- 
nant ;  accordance,  harmony, 
unison ;  melody. 

To  AID,  assist,  help,  relieve,  suc- 
cor. 

To  AIM,  point,  level;  endeavor, 
aspire. 

AIM,  end,  object,  purpose,  drift, 
scope,  design,  tendency. 

AIR,  look,  manner,  mien,  aspect, 
appearance. 

ALARM,  terror,  fright,  affright, 
consternation,  disquietude. 

ALERT,  active,  agile,  assiduous, 
brisk,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  prompt,  sprightly ;  in- 
dustrious, laborious. 

ALIEN,  stranger,  foreigner. 

To  ALIENATE,  estrange,  withdraw, 
transfer. 

To  ALLAY,  appease,  assuage, 
soothe,  compose,  calm,  tranquil- 
lize. 

To  ALLEGE,  adduce,  advance,  as- 
sign. 

To  ALLEVIATE,  mitigate,  relieve, 
abate,  diminish. 

ALLIANCE,  affinity,  connection ; 
confederacy,  league,  combina* 
tion,  coalition. 

To  ALLOT,  assign,  apportion,  ap- 
point, distribute. 

To  ALLOW,  admit,  concede  ;  per- 
mit, suffer,  tolerate;  grant, 
give. 

ALLOWANCE,  grant,  stipend,  pay, 
wages,  salary  ;  permission,  con- 
cession. 

To  ALLUDE,  hint,  refer,  glance 
at,  suggest,  intimate. 

To  ALLURE,  attract,  decoy,  entice, 
tempt,  seduce. 

ALLY,  associate,  accomplice,  ac- 
cessary, assistant. 

To  ALTER,  change,  vary. 

ALSO,  likewise,  too. 

ALTERCATION,  dispute,  affray, 
quarrel,  feud. 


ALWAYS,  constantly,  continually, 
incessantly,  perpetually,  ever. 

To  AMASS,  accumulate,  collect, 
gather,  pile  up,  heap  up. 

AMAZEMENT,  wonder,  surprise, 
astonishment,  admiration. 

AMBIGUOUS,  equivocal,  indistinct, 
doubtful. 

AMENABLE,  accountable,  answer- 
able, responsible. 

To  AMEND,  correct,  emend,  better, 
mend,  improve,  reform,  rectify. 

AMENDS,  restoration,  restitution, 
reparation. 

AMIABLE,  lovely,  charming,  de- 
lightful. 

AMOROUS,  loving,  fond. 

AMPLE,  spacious,  capacious;  abun- 
dant, copious,  plenteous. 

AMUSE,  entertain,  divert;  be- 
guile. 

AMUSEMENT,  diversion,  entertain- 
ment, sport,  recreation,  pas- 
time. 

ANCESTOR,  progenitor,  forefather, 
predecessor. 

ANCIENT,  old,  antique,  antiquated, 
old-fashioned,  obsolete. 

ANECDOTE,  story,  tale,  memoir, 
incident. 

To  ANGER,  irritate,  increase,  ag- 
gravate, enrage,  incite,  stimu- 
late, exasperate,  inflame. 

ANGRY,  irascible,  passionate, 
hasty,  hot. 

ANGUISH,  pain,  agony,  distress, 
suffering. 

ANIMADVERSION,  criticism,  stric- 
ture, censure. 

To  ANIMATE,  inspire,  exhilarate, 
enliven,  incite,  impel,  instigate, 
urge;  cheer. 

ANIMATION,  life,  vivacity,  spirits, 
buoyancy. 

ANIMOSITY,  enmity,  hostility,  ma- 
lignity. 

ANNALS,  chronicles,  memoirs, 
archives,  records,  registers. 

To  ANNEX,  affix,  attach,  subjoin. 

ANNOTATION,  comment,  note,  ob- 
servation, remark,  elucidation. 


APP 


228 


ARI 


To  ANNOUNCE,  advertise,  pro- 
claim, publish. 

To  ANNOY,  molest,  incommode, 
vex,  tease. 

ANNUL,  abolish,  abrogate,  repeal, 
cancel,  revoke,  destroy,  annihi- 
late. 

To  ANSWER  for,  guaranty,  war- 
rant, secure. 

ANSWER,  reply,  rejoinder,  re- 
sponse, replication. 

ANSWERABLE,  responsible,  ac- 
countable, amenable ;  suitable, 
correspondent. 

ANTAGONIST,  adversary,  opponent, 
enemy,  foe. 

ANTECEDENT,  anterior,  previous, 
prior,  preceding,  foregoing,  for- 
mer. 

ANTERIOR,  antecedent,  previous, 
prior,  preceding,  foregoing,  for- 
mer. 

To  ANTICIPATE,  prepossess,  pre- 
cede, prejudge ;  forestall. 

ANTIPATHY,  aversion,  dislike,  ha- 
tred, repugnance,  contrariety, 
opposition. 

ANTIQUE,  old,  ancient,  antiquated, 
old-fashioned,  obsolete. 

ANXIETY,  care,  solicitude,  per- 
plexity ;  caution,  attention. 

APATHY,  indifference,  insensibili- 
ty, unfeelingness. 

To  APE,  imitate,  mimic,  mock, 

APERTURE,  opening,  cavity. 

APHORISM,  apophthegm,  adage, 
maxim,  proverb,  saying. 

To  APPALL,  dismay,  terrify,  daunt. 

APPARENT,  visible,  obvious,  clear, 
plain,  evident,  manifest,  dis- 
tinct. 

To  APPEAL,  refer,  call  upon,  in- 
voke. 

To  APPEAR,  look,  seem. 

APPEARANCE,  air,  look,  manner, 
mien,  aspect,  semblance 

APPEARANCE  of  truth,  verisimili- 
tude, probability,  speciousness. 

To  APPEASE,  pacify,  allay,  as- 
suage, soothe,  compose,  calm, 
tranquillize,  propitiate. 


APPELLATION,  name,  denomina- 
tion, title,  cognomen. 

To  APPLAUD,  commend,  praise, 
extol,  approve. 

APPLAUSE,  acclamation,  plaudit, 
exultation,  shouting. 

To  APPLY,  devote,  addict,  ad- 
dress. 

To  APPOINT,  allot,  ordain,  depute, 
order,  prescribe,  constitute,  fix, 
provide. 

To  APPRECIATE,  estimate,  note, 
value ;  esteem. 

To  APPREHEND,  take,  seize,  catch, 
hold  ;  conceive,  imagine ;  anti- 
cipate, fear,  dread. 

To  APPRISE,  acquaint,  inform, 
make  known,  disclose,  commu- 
nicate. 

APPROACH,  access,  admittance, 
admission. 

APPROBATION,  approval,  concur- 
rence, consent. 

To  APPROPRIATE,  assume,  arro- 
gate, usurp ;  allot,  assign. 

APPROPRIATE,  peculiar,  particular, 
exclusive. 

To  APPROXIMATE,  approach,  come 
near. 

APT,  ready,  fit,  meet,  prompt, 
suitable,  dextrous. 

ARBITER,  arbitrator,  judge,  um- 
pire. 

ARBITRARY,  absolute,  despotic, 
peremptory,  imperious,  tyran- 
nical ;  optional. 

ARBITRATOR,  arbiter,  judge,  um- 
pire. 

ARCHIVES,  annals,  chronicles,  re- 
gisters, records. 

ARDENT,  vehement,  hot,  eager, 
passionate,  violent,  fiery,  fer- 
vent. 

ARDUOUS,  hard,  difficult. 

To  ARGUE,  dispute,  debate, 
evince ;  expostulate,  remon- 
strate. 

ARGUMENT,  reason,  proof,  dis- 
pute. 

|  ARIDITY,  dryness;  sterility,  bar- 

I     renness,  unfaithfulness. 


ASS 


229 


ATT 


To  ARISE,  rise,  mount,  ascend; 
scale. 

To  ARRAIGN,  accuse,  charge,  im- 
peach, censure. 

To  ARRANGE,  place,  class,  range, 
dispose. 

ARRAY,  apparel,  attire ;  show,  ex- 
hibition. 

ARROGANCE,  assumption,  haugh- 
tiness, presumption,  usurpa- 
tion. 

^RT,  cunning,  deceit,  duplicity; 
skill,  aptitude,  contrivance,  ex- 
pertness. 

To  ARTICULATE,  speak,  utter,  pro- 
nounce. 

ARTIFICE,  trick,  finesse,  stratagem, 
deception,  cheat,  imposture,  de- 
lusion, fraud,  deceit,  guile,  im- 
position. 

ARTLESS,  ingenuous,  candid,  open, 
frank. 

To  ASCEND,  arise,  rise,  mount, 
soar,  scale,  climb. 

ASCENDENCY,  influence,  authority, 
sway,  domination. 

To  ASCRIBE,  attribute,  impute. 

To  ASK,  request,  solicit,  entreat, 
beg,  claim,  demand ;  inquire, 
question. 

ASPECT,  appearance,  air,  look, 
mien. 

ASPERITY,  acrimony^  harshness, 
smartness,  tartness. 

To  ASPERSE,  accuse  falsely,  calum- 
niate, defame,  detract,  scandal- 
ize, slander,  vilify. 

To  ASSAIL,  attack,  assault,  en- 
counter. 

To  ASSASSINATE,  kill,  murder, 
slay. 

To  ASSAULT,  assail,  attack,  en- 
counter. 

ASSEMBLAGE,  assembly,  collection, 
group. 

To  ASSEMBLE,  collect,  muster,  con- 
vene, convoke. 

ASSAILANT,  aggressor. 

ASSEMBLY,  assemblage,  collec- 
tion, group;  company,  con- 
gregation, congress,  conven- 


tion, diet,  meeting,  convocation, 
council. 

ASSENT,  consent,  concurrence,  ap- 
probation. 

To  ASSERT,  affirm,  declare,  asseve- 
rate, aver,  protest,  pronounce ; 
maintain,  vindicate. 

ASSESSMENT,  tax,  rate,  impost. 

To  ASSEVERATE,  assert,  affirm, 
aver,  declare,  assure,  protest, 
pronounce,  vouch. 

ASSIDUOUS,  active,  agile,  alert, 
brisk. 

To  ASSIGN,  adduce,  allege,  ad- 
vance; allot,  apportion. 

To  ASSIST,  aid,  help,  relieve,  suc- 
cor. 

ASSISTANT,  helper. 

ASSOCIATE,  companion,  ally,  co- 
adjutor, partner. 

ASSOCIATION,  combination,  com- 
pany, society,  partnership. 

To  ASSUAGE,  allay,  soothe,  ap- 
pease, calm,  tranquillize,  miti- 
gate. 

To  ASSUME,  arrogate,  usurp,  ap- 
propriate, affect. 

ASSURANCE,  confidence,  persua- 
sion ;  impudence. 

To  ASSURE,  affirm,  assert,  asseve- 
rate, aver,  protest,  vouch. 

ASTONISHMENT,  amazement,  won- 
der, surprise,  admiration. 

ASTRINGENT,  binding,  styptic, 
astrictive,  restringent,  cos- 
tive. 

ASTUTE,  arch,  cunning,  penetra- 
ting, wily,  crafty,  artful. 

ASYLUM,  refuge,  retreat,  shelter. 

ATROCIOUS,  flagrant,  flagitious, 
heinous. 

To  ATTACH,  affix,  subjoin,  con- 
nect, annex;  adhere,  stick,  hold, 
cleave. 

ATTACHMENT,  affection,  inclina- 
tion, fondness,  love. 

To  ATTAIN,  reach,  acquire,  ob- 
tain, gain,  procure,  get. 

To  ATTACK,  assail,  assault,  en- 
counter; impugn. 

ATTEMPT,    effort,    endeavor;    es« 


AVO 


230 


BAR 


say,   trial;    enterprise,   under- 
taking. 

To  ATTEND,  accompany,  escort, 
wait  on  ;  hearken,  listen. 

To  ATTEND  to,  mind,  heed,  re- 
gard. 

NOT  ATTENDING  to,  absent,  inat- 
tentive, abstracted. 

ATTENTION,  heed,  care;  applica- 
tion, study. 

ATTENTIVE,  careful,  mindful. 

ATTITUDE,  posture,  gesture,  ac- 
tion, gesticulation. 

To  ATTRACT,  draw,  allure,  en 
tice. 

ATTRACTIONS,  charms,  allure- 
ments. 

To  ATTRIBUTE,  ascribe,  impute. 

ATTRIBUTE,  quality,  property. 

AUDACITY,  boldness,  effrontery, 
hardihood. 

AUGMENTATION,  accession,  addi- 
tion, increase. 

AUGUR,  forebode,  betoken,  pre- 
sage, portend. 

AUGUST,  majestic,  magisterial, 
dignified,  stately,  pompous. 

AUSPICIOUS,  favorable,  propi- 
tious. 

AUSTERE,  rigid,  severe,  stern, 
rigorous. 

AUTHORITATIVE,  commanding,  im- 
perative, imperious. 

AUTHORITY,  ascendency,  sway, 
influence,  power,  dominion, 
force. 

AVAIL,  advantage,  use,  benefit, 
utility,  service. 

AVARICE,  covetousness,  cupidity. 

To  AVER,  affirm,  assert,  declare, 
assure,  asseverate,  protest. 

AVERSE,  adverse,  backward,  loth, 
reluctant,  unwilling. 

To  AVENGE,  revenge,  vindicate. 

AVERSION,  antipathy,  dislike,  re- 
pugnance, hatred. 

AVIDITY,  eagerness,  greediness. 

AVOCATION,  calling,  business, 
employment,  engagement,  of- 
fice, trade,  profession,  occupa- 
tion. 


To  AVOID,  shun,  elude,  eschew. 

AVOIDED  (not  to  be),  inevitable, 
unavoidable. 

To  Avow,  acknowledge,  own,  con- 
fess, recognise. 

To  AWAKEN,  arouse,  stir  up,  ex- 
cite ;  provoke. 

AWARE,  apprised,  on  one's  guard, 
cautious. 

AWE,  reverence,  dread,  fear. 

AWKWARD,  clumsy,  uncouth, 
untoward,  unhandy,  unpo- 
lite. 

AWRY,  crooked,  bent,  curved, 
oblique. 

B 

To  BABBLE,  clatter,  prate,  prat- 
tle. 

BABBLING,  garrulity,  loquacity, 
talkativeness. 

BACKWARD,  averse,  unwilling, 
loth,  reluctant. 

To  go  BACKWARD,  retrograde,  re- 
trocede,  recede,  retreat,  retire, 
withdraw. 

BAD,  evil,  unsound,  wicked. 

BADGE,  mark,  sign,  stigma. 

To  BAFFLE,  confuse,  disconcert, 
confound,  defeat. 

To  BALANCE,  poise,  equipoise, 
equiponderate,  counterpoise ; 
weigh. 

BAND,  shackle,  fetter,  chain;  com* 
pany,  crew,  gang. 

BANE,  pest,  ruin  ;  poison. 

BANISHMENT,  exile,  outlawry,  ex- 
pulsion, proscription. 

BANQUET,  feast,  entertainment, 
carousal,  treat. 

To  BANTER,  deride,  ridicule, 
mock,  rally. 

BARBAROUS,  savage,  cruel,  inhu- 
man, brutal. 

BARE,  naked,  uncovered,  desti- 
tute ;  scanty,  mere. 

BAREFACED,  glaring,  impudent. 

To  BARGAIN,  cheapen,  buy,  pur- 
chase. 

BARGAIN,  agreement,  compact, 
contract,  covenant. 


BEH 


231 


BIA 


BARRENNESS,  unfruitfulness,  ste- 
rility, aridity. 

BARTER,  exchange,  interchange, 
dealing,  trade,  traffic,  truck. 

BASE,  low,  mean,  dishonorable, 
vile. 

BASHFUL,  modest ;  diffident. 

BASIS,  foundation,  ground ;  pe- 
destal. 

BASTARD,  illegitimate,  spurious, 
not  genuine. 

BATTLE,  combat,  engagement. 

To  BE,  exist,  subsist. 

BEAM,  ray,  gleam. 

To  BEAR,  support,  endure,  sus- 
tain, carry ;  suffer,  under- 
go- 
To  BEAR  down,  oppress,  over- 
bear, overpower,  subdue,  over- 
whelm. 

BEARING,  endurance,  suffering, 
patience;  tolerance,  toleration, 
sufferance. 

BEAST,  animal,  brute. 

BEASTLY,  bestial,  brutish,  brutal ; 
irrational,  sensual. 

To  BEAT,  strike,  hit;  overthrow, 
defeat,  overpower. 

BEATITUDE,  happiness,  bliss,  feli- 
city, blessedness. 

BEAU,  gallant,  spark,  sweet- 
heart. 

BEAUTIFUL,  handsome,  fine,  pret- 
ty- 

To  BEAUTIFY,  adorn,  embellish, 
decorate,  deck,  ornament. 

BECOMING,  fit,  meet,  suitable,  be- 
fitting, comely,  decent,  grace- 
ful. 

BEFITTING,  becoming,  suitable, 
meet,  fit,  decent. 

To  BEG,  ask,  entreat,  crave,  so- 
licit, beseech,  implore,  suppli- 
cate. 

To  BEGIN,  enter  upon,  commence ; 
originate. 

To  BEGUILE,  amuse ;  deceive,  im- 
pose upon. 

BEHAVIOR,  conduct,  deportment, 
carriage,  demeanor,  manner, 
address. 


To    BEHEAD,    decapitate, 
late. 

BEHEST,  command,  injunction, 
mandate,  precept,  order,  charge. 

To  BEHOLD,  see,  look,  eye,  view, 
observe. 

BEHOLDER,  observer,  spectator, 
looker-on. 

BELIEF,  credence,  credit,  trust, 
faith,  confidence. 

BELOW,  beneath,  under. 

To  BEMOAN,  bewail,  lament. 

To  BEND,  lean,  incline,  distort. 

To  BEND  backward,  recline. 

BENEATH,  under,  low. 

BENEFACTION,  gift,  donation,  pre- 
sent. 

BENEFICENT,  benevolent,  bounti- 
ful, bounteous,  munificent,  libe- 
ral, generous. 

BENEFIT,  advantage,  good ;  ser- 
vice, avail,  use. 

BENEVOLENCE,  beneficence,  be- 
nignity, kindness,  generosity, 
humanity,  tenderness,  good- 
ness. 

BENIGNITY.     See  BENEVOLENCE. 

BENT,  crooked,  curved,  awry; 
bias,  inclination,  prepossession, 
turn. 

BENUMBED,  numbed,  torpid,  sense- 
less. 

To  BEQUEATH,  give,  devise. 

To  BEREAVE,  deprive,  strip. 

To  BESEECH,  beg,  entreat,  crave, 
solicit,  implore,  supplicate. 

BESIDES,  moreover,  more  than 
that,  over  and  above. 

BESTIAL,  beastly,  brutish,  bru- 
tal. 

To  BESTOW,  give,  confer,  grant. 

BETIMES,  early,  soon. 

To  BETOKEN,  augur,  presage,  fore- 
bode, portend,  signify. 

To  BETTER,  improve,  amend, 
emend,  ameliorate,  meliorate ; 
reform  ;  rectify. 

To  BEWAIL,  bemoan,  lament. 

BEYOND,  over,  above. 

BIAS,  bent,  inclination,  preposses- 
sion, prejudice. 


BOL 


232 


BRI 


To  BID,  offer,  tender,  propose; 
call,  invite,  summon. 

BIG,  great,  large. 

BILLOW,  wave,  surge,  breaker. 

To  BIND,  tie ;  engage,  oblige,  lay 
under  obligation. 

BINDING,  astringent,  styptic,  as- 
trictive,  restringent,  costive. 

To  BLAME,  censure,  reproach,  re- 
prove, condemn,  upbraid,  repre- 
hend. 

BLAMABLE,  culpable,  censura- 
ble, reprehensible,  reprova- 
ble. 

BLAMELESS,  inculpable,  irrepre- 
hensible,  irreprovable,  irre- 
proachable, guiltless  ;  unblem- 
ished, spotless. 

To  BLAST,  strike,  desolate,  wither 
up;  destroy,  annihilate. 

BLAST,  gust,  gale,  breeze,  storm. 

BLAZE,  flare,  glare,  flame. 

BLEEDING,  phlebotomy,  venesec- 
tion. 

BLEMISH,  flaw,  speck,  spot,  defect, 
fault. 

To  BLEND,  mix,  mingle,  con- 
found. 

BLESSEDNESS,  bliss,  happiness,  fe- 
licity, beatitude. 

BLISS.     See  BLESSEDNESS. 

BLOODY,  bloodthirsty,  sanguina- 
ry. 

To  BLOT  out,  expunge,  erase, 
obliterate,  cancel,  efface. 

BLUNDER,  mistake,  error. 

BLUNT,  pointless,  obtuse. 

To  BOAST,  glory,  vaunt. 

BOASTER,  braggadocio,  braggart, 
braggard,  bravado. 

BOASTING,  vaunting,  ostentation, 
vain-glory,  parade,  rodomon- 
tade. 

BODILY,  corporal,  corporeal. 

BODY,  carcass,  corpse. 

BODYLESS,  incorporeal ;  immate- 
rial, spiritual. 

BOISTEROUS,  violent,  furious,  im- 
petuous, vehement. 

BOLD,  fearless,  undaunted,  dar- 
ing, intrepid)  audacious;  in- 


solent, impudent,  contuma- 
cious. 

BOMBASTIC,  tumid,  turgid,  inflat- 
ed. 

BONDAGE,  slavery,  servitude,  im- 
prisonment. 

BOOTY,  spoil,  prey. 

BORDER,  edge,  brim,  rim,  verge, 
brink,  margin. 

To  BORE,  pierce,  penetrate,  per- 
forate. 

To  BOUND,  limit,  circumscribe, 
restrict,  confine,  terminate. 

BOUNDLESS,  illimitable,  unlimited, 
unbounded,  infinite. 

To  BOUND  back,  recoil,  rebound, 
reverberate. 

BOUNTY,  munificence,  liberality, 
generosity,  benevolence,  benefi- 
cence, benignity. 

BOUNTEOUS,  generous,  beneficent, 
bountiful,  liberal,  munificent, 
kind. 

BRACE,  pair,  couple. 

BRAVE,  courageous,  gallant,  dar- 
ing, valorous,  valiant,  bold,  he- 
roic, intrepid,  magnanimous, 
fearless. 

BREACH,  chasm,  opening,  gap, 
break. 

To  BREAK,  rend,  rack;  violate, 
infringe ;  demolish,  destroy. 

BREAKER,  wave,  billow,  surge. 

BREEDING,  education,  instruc- 
tion. 

BREEZE,  gale,  gust,  blast. 

BREVITY,  conciseness.  See  next 
word. 

BRIEF,  short,  concise,  compen- 
dious, summary,  succinct,  la- 
conic. 

BRIGHT,  clear,  lucid,  limpid, 
splendid,  translucent,  resplen- 
dent. 

To  BRIGHTEN,  polish,  burnish. 

BRILLIANCY,  splendor,  lustre, 
brightness,  radiance. 

BRIM,  border,  edge,  rim,  brink, 
margin,  verge. 

BRINK,  brim,  border,  edge,  rim, 
margin,  verge. 


BYW 


233 


CAP 


To  BRING  forward,  adduce,  ad- 
vance, assign,  allege. 

BRISK,  active,  agile,  assiduous, 
alert,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  sprightly,  prompt. 

BRITTLE,  fragile,  frail,  frangi- 
ble. 

BROAD,  wide,  large,  ample,  exten- 
sive. 

BROIL,  affray,  fray,  quarrel,  feud, 
altercation. 

BROTHERHOOD,  fraternity. 

BRUTE,  animal,  beast. 

BRUTISH,  cruel,  inhuman,  bar- 
barous, savage ;  irrational,  sen- 
sual. 

To  BRUISE,  break,  crush,  contuse, 
squeeze,  pound. 

To  BUD,  sprout,  germinate,  shoot 
forth. 

To  BUILD,  erect,  construct; 
found. 

BULK,  size,  magnitude,  greatness, 
extent,  largeness. 

BUOYANCY,  lightness ;  animation, 
vivacity. 

BURDEN,  load,  weight,  freight, 
cargo. 

BURDENSOME,  heavy,  weighty, 
ponderous. 

BURIAL,  interment,  sepulchre,  in- 
humation. 

BURYING-PLACE,  grave,  tomb,  se- 
pulchre, cemetery. 

BURLESQUE,  satire,  irony,  humor, 
wit. 

BURNING,  ardent,  fiery,  hot. 

To  BURST,  break,  crack,  split. 

BURSTING  forth,  eruption,  explo- 
sion. 

BUSINESS,  affair,  concern,  matter  ; 
avocation,  calling,  employment, 
engagement,  occupation,  trade, 
profession  ;  office,  duty. 

BUSTLE,  tumult,  hurry. 

BUTCHERY,  carnage,  slaughter, 
massacre. 

To  BUY,  cheapen,  bargain,  pur- 
chase. 

BY-WORD,  adage,  saying,  re- 
proach. 


CABAL,  combination,  conspiracy, 
plot. 

To  CAJOLE,  coax,  wheedle,  fawn, 
flatter. 

CALAMITY,  disaster,  misfortune, 
mishap,  mischance. 

To  CALCULATE,  reckon,  compute, 
number,  count. 

To  CALL,  cry,  exclaim;  name, 
bid,  invite,  summon. 

To  CALL  back,  retract,  recant,  re- 
call. 

To  CALL  together,  convene,  con- 
voke. 

CALLING,  avocation,  business, 
employment,  engagement,  oc- 
cupation, trade,  profession,  of- 
fice. 

To  CALL  out,  exclaim,  ejaculate; 
evoke. 

CALLOUS,  hard,  obdurate,  unfeel- 
ing, insensible,  unsusceptible. 

To  CALM,  pacify,  allay,  appease, 
assuage,  soothe,  compose,  tran- 
quillize. 

CALM,  serene,  placid,  composed, 
unruffled,  undisturbed,  quiet. 

To  CALUMNIATE,  accuse  falsely, 
defame,  detract,  scandalize, 
slander,  vilify. 

To  CANCEL,  abolish,  annul,  re' 
peal,  revoke,  abrogate,  destroy, 
annihilate. 

CANDID,  open,  artless,  ingenuous, 
frank,  plain. 

CAPABLE,  able,  competent,  effi- 
cient, qualified,  fitted,  clever, 
skilful,  effective. 

CAPACIOUS,  ample,  spacious. 

CAPACITY,  ability,  faculty,  talent, 
capability,  skill,  efficiency. 

CAPRICE,  humor,  fancy,  freak. 

CAPRICIOUS,  fantastical,  whimsi- 
cal. 

CAPTIOUS,  cross,  petulant,  fretful, 
peevish. 

To  CAPTIVATE,  charm,  enchant, 
fascinate;  enslave,  take  pri* 
soner. 


CAT 


234 


CHA 


CAPTIVITY,  confinement,  impri- 
sonment, bondage. 

CAPTURE,  seizure,  prize. 

CARCASS,  body,  corpse. 

CARE,  anxiety,  solicitude,  atten- 
tion, concern,  regard ;  manage- 
ment. 

CAREFUL,  cautious,  attentive,  pro- 
vident, circumspect,  heedful, 
solicitous. 

CARELESS,  negligent,  heedless,  in- 
attentive, incautious,  thought- 
less, remiss,  indolent,  supine, 
listless* 

To  CARESS,  fondle,  endear. 

CARGO,  freight,  lading,  load. 

CARNAGE,  butchery,  massacre, 
slaughter. 

CAROUSAL,  feast,  entertainment, 
banquet,  treat. 

To  CARP,  censure,  cavil. 

CARRIAGE,  gait,  manner,  walk, 
behavior,  deportment,  demea- 
nor. 

To  CARRY,  bear,  sustain  ;  convey, 
transport. 

To  CARRY  on,  conduct,  manage, 
regulate,  direct, 

CASE,  situation,  condition,  state, 
plight,  predicament. 

CAST  down,  depressed,  discou* 
raged,  dejected. 

To  CAST,  hurl,  throw. 

To  CAST  off,  reject,  forsake,  aban- 
don. 

To  CAST  back,  retort,  repel,  re- 
buff. 

CASUAL,  accidental,  fortuitous, 
contingent,  incidental. 

CASUALTY,  accident,  contingency, 
incident,  adventure,  occur- 
rence, event. 

CATALOGUE,  list,  register,  roll,  re- 
cord. 

To  CATCH,  seize,  lay  hold  on, 
grasp,  gripe,  snatch,  cap- 
ture. 

A  CATCHINQ,  caption,  capture; 
arrest,  apprehension,  seizure. 

CATCHING,  infectious,  contagious, 
pestilential. 


To  CAVIL,  carp,  censure. 

CAVITY,  aperture,  opening. 

CAUSE,  motive,  reason,  induce- 
ment, incitement. 

To  CAUSE,  occasion,  induce,  give 
rise  to. 

OAUTION,  admonition,  warning, 
notice,  advice;  circumspection, 
care,  solicitude, 

CAUTIOUS,  careful,  wary,  eircunv 
spect,  prudent,  watchful. 

To  CEASE,  leave  off,  desist,  discon- 
tinue. 

A  CEASING,  cessation,  discon- 
tinuance, pause,  intermis- 
sion. 

Without  CEASING,  incessant,  con- 
tinual, unintermitting. 

To  CEDE,  give  up,  concede,  yield, 
surrender,  deliver. 

CELEBRATED,  famous,  renowned, 
illustrious. 

CELERITY,  quickness,  speed, 
swiftness,  fleetness,  rapidity, 
velocity. 

CELESTIAL,  heavenly. 

To  CENSURE,  blame,  reprove,  re- 
proach, condemn,  upbraid ; 
carp,  cavil,  accuse. 

CENSURE,  blame,  reproach,  con- 
demnation ;  animadversion, 
stricture. 

CEREMONY,  form,  observance, 
rite. 

CERTAIN,  sure,  doubtless,  secure ; 
real,  actual,  positive. 

CESSATION,  intermission,  rest, 
discontinuance. 

To  CHAFE,  rub,  gall,  fret,  vex. 

CHAGRIN,  vexation,  fretfulness, 
mortification. 

CHANCE,  fortune,  hazard,  acci- 
dent, (happening  by.) 

CHANCE  (to  happen  by),  acci- 
dental, casual,  fortuitous,  con- 
tingent, incidental. 

j  To  CHANGE,  alter,  vary;  ex- 
change, barter. 

CHANGE,  variety,  variation ;  al- 
teration, mutation ;  vicissitude, 
revolution. 


CHE 


235 


CLA 


CHANGEABLE,  mutable,  fickle,  va- 
riable, inconstant,  unstable,  un- 
certain, wavering,  versatile, 
unsteady,  irresolute. 

CHARACTER,  cast,  turn,  descrip- 
tion ;  reputation. 

To  CHARACTERIZE,  name,  denomi- 
nate, describe,  designate,  style, 
entitle. 

To  CHARGE,  accuse,  impeach,  ar- 
raign. 

CHARGE,  care,  custody,  trust, 
management ;  cost,  price,  ex- 
pense ;  assault,  attack,  encoun- 
ter, onset. 

To  CHARM,  enchant,  fascinate, 
enrapture,  captivate,  transport, 
bewitch,  allure. 

CHARMING,  delightful,  pleasura- 
ble, graceful,  fascinating,  capti- 
vating, enchanting. 

A  CHARM,  spell,  incantation,  en- 
chantment. 

CHASE,  race,  hunt. 

To  CHASTEN,  chastise,  correct, 
punish. 

CHASTENESS,  chastity,  continence, 
purity;  simplicity. 

CHASTITY,  continence,  purity ; 
chasteness,  modesty. 

To  CHASTISE,  chasten,  correct, 
punish. 

To  CHAT,  '  chatter,  prattle,  prate, 
babble. 

CHATTELS,  goods,  furniture,  effects, 
movables. 

To  CHEAPEN,  bargain,  buy,  pur- 
chase. 

To  CHEAT,  defraud,  trick,  beguile. 

CHEAT,      deception,      imposture, 
fraud,  delusion,  artifice,  deceit,  j 
trick,  imposition,  guile,  finesse  ;  \ 
stratagem. 

CHRONICLES,  annals,  memoirs,  ar- 
chives, records,  registers. 

To  CHECK,  curb,  restrain,  repress, 
control,  inhibit ;  chide,  reprove, 
rebuke. 

To  CHEER,  exhilarate,  animate, 
enliven,  encourage,  comfort. 


CHEERFULNESS,  gayety,  sprighfc. 
liness,  merriment,  mirth,  liveli- 
ness, blithesomeness,  vivacity, 
jocundity,  jollity. 

To  CHERISH,  nurture,  nourish, 
foster,  indulge. 

To  CHIDE,  check,  reprimand,  re- 
prove, rebuke. 

CHIEF,  principal,  main;  leader, 
head,  chieftain. 

To  CHEW,  masticate. 

CHILD  (with)  pregnant,  enceinte, 
large. 

CHIEFLY,  principally,  mainly,  par- 
ticularly, especially. 

CHILDISH,  infantine,  puerile. 

CHILDHOOD,  infancy,  minority. 

CHILDREN,  offspring,  issue,  pro- 
geny. 

A  CHINK,  fissure,  cranny. 

CHILL,  cold. 

To  CHOKE,  stifle,  suffocate,  smo- 
ther. 

CHOICE,  option  ;  select. 

CHOLER,  anger,  rage,  fury. 

To  CHOOSE,  prefer,  select,  elect, 
pick. 

CIRCLE,  orb,  sphere,  globe. 

To  CIRCULATE,  spread,  diffuse, 
disseminate,  propagate. 

To  CIRCUMSCRIBE,  bound,  limit, 
restrict,  confine,  enclose. 

CIRCUMSTANCE,  situation,  position ; 
incident,  fact. 

CIRCUMSPECT,  cautious,  wary,  par- 
ticular. 

CIRCUMSPECTION,  caution,  delib- 
eration, thoughtfulness,  wari- 
ness. 

CIRCUMSTANTIAL,  particular,  mi- 
nute. 

To  CITE,  quote,  summon,  call. 

CIVIL,  polite,  complaisant,  oblig- 
ing. 

CIVILITY,  courteousness,  urbanity, 
courtesy,  affability,  complai- 
sance, politeness. 

CIVILIZATION,  culture,  cultivation, 
refinement. 

To  CLAIM,  ask,  demand. 


COA 


236 


COM 


CLAIM,  pretension,  right. 

CLAMOR,  cry,  outcry,  noise,  up- 
roar. 

CLANDESTINE,  secret,  hidden,  pri- 
vate. 

To  CLASP,  embrace,  hug. 

CLASS,  order,  rank,  degree,  grade. 

To  CLASS,  arrange,  rank,  distri- 
bute, classify. 

CLEANSING,  purgative,  abstergent, 
abstersive. 

To  CLEAR,  absolve,  acquit,  set 
free,  remit;  pardon,  forgive, 
discharge. 

CLEAR,  apparent,  visible,  obvious, 
plain,  evident,  manifest,  dis- 
tinct ;  fair,  lucid,  bright. 

CLEARLY,  distinctly,  plainly,  ob- 
viously, explicitly. 

To  CLEAR  from,  extricate,  disen- 
gage, disentangle,  disembarrass, 
evolve. 

To  CLEAR  of  a  fault,  exonerate, 
exculpate;  justify. 

To  CLEAVE,  adhere,  attach,  stick, 
hold. 

CLEMENCY,  lenity,  mercy,  mild- 
ness. 

CLERGYMAN,  parson,  priest,  minis- 
ter. 

CLEVER,  expert,  dextrous,  skilful, 
adroit. 

To  CLIMB,  scale,  mount,  get  up. 

To  CLOAK,  mask,  veil,  cover, 
blind. 

To  CLOG,  load,  encumber ;  hinder, 
obstruct,  embarrass. 

CLOSE,  compact,  solid,  dense,  firm ; 
near,  nigh. 

To  CLOSE,  shut;  conclude,  end, 
terminate. 

To  CLOY,  glut,  satiate. 

CLOTHES,  garments,  dress,  appa- 
rel, attire,  array,  vesture,  rai- 
ment. 

CLUMSY,  awkward,  unhandy,  un- 
couth, untoward. 

COADJUTOR,  colleague,  partner, 
assistant,  ally. 

COALITION,   alliance,    connection, 


union,  confederacy,  league, 
combination,  conspiracy. 

COALESCE,  join,  unite. 

COARSE,  rough,  rude. 

To  COAX,  wheedle,  fawn,  cajole. 

To  COERCE,  restrain,  check. 

COEVAL,  contemporary,  contempo- 
raneous. 

COGENT,  forcible,  strong,  resist- 
less. 

COGNOMEN,  title,  name,  denomina- 
tion, appellation. 

COINCIDE,  agree,  concur. 

COLD,  frigid,  chill. 

COLDNESS,  frigidity,  algidity,  al- 
gor. 

COLLEAGUE,  partner,  coadjutor, 
assistant,  ally. 

To  COLLECT,  gather,  assemble, 
muster. 

COLLECTED,  composed,  calm,  pla^ 
cid. 

COLLECTION,  assemblage,  group. 

COLLOQUY,  convocation,  confer- 
ence, dialogue. 

COLOR,  hue,  tint,  tinge. 

COLORABLE,  specious,  plausible, 
feasible. 

COMBAT,  battle,  engagement,  con- 
flict, contest. 

COMBINATION,  alliance,  tinion, 
confederacy,  league,  coalition, 
conspiracy,  cabal. 

COMELY,  becoming,  seemly,  de- 
cent, agreeable,  graceful. 

To  COMFORT,  solace,  console,  en- 
courage, revive. 

COMFORTLESS,  forlorn,  disconso- 
late, desolate,  wretched. 

COMIC,  droll,  ludicrous,  ridiculous, 
laughable. 

A  COMING  forth,  egress,  egres- 
sion. 

COMING  between,  intervening,  in- 
termediate, intermedial,  inter- 
posing, interfering. 

COMMAND,  order,  injunction,  man- 
date, precept,  behest. 

COMMANDING,  authoritative,  im- 
perative, imperious. 


COM 


237 


COM 


To  COMMENCE,  begin,  enter  upon. 
To    COMMEND,    applause,     extol, 

praise,  recommend,  laud. 
COMMENSURATE,       proportionate, 


COMPASSION,  pity,  sympathy,  com- 


miseration. 


COMPATIBLE,  consistent,  suitable, 

agreeable. 
To  COMPEL,  force,  oblige,  neces- 


equal,  adequate. 

COMMENT,   annotation,    note,   ob-i     sitate. 
servation,      remark,      elucida-|  COMPENDIOUS,  summary,  laconic, 

succinct,     short,      brief,     con- 


tion. 


COMMERCE,  dealing,  trade,  traffic ; 


cise. 


intercourse,  communication.       !  To  COMPENSATE.     See  COMPENSE. 


COMMERCIAL,  mercantile,  trading. 

COMMISERATION,  sympathy,  com- 
passion, condolence. 

To  COMMISSION,  authorize,  em- 
power. 

To  COMMIT,  perpetuate;  intrust, 
consign. 

COMMODIOUS,  suitable,  useful. 

COMMODITY,  advantage,  profit ; 
wares,  goods,  merchandise. 

COMMON,  ordinary,  vulgar,  usual, 
frequent,  low,  mean;  gene- 
ral. 

COMMONWEALTH,  state,  realm ; 
democracy,  republic. 

COMMOTION,  disturbance,  tumult. 

To  COMMUNICATE,  impart,  make 
known,  disclose. 

COMMUNICATION,  commerce,  inter- 
course. 

COMMUNICATIVE,  free,  open,  libe- 
ral. 

COMMUNION,  fellowship,  con- 
verse. 


COMPENSATION,  amends,  satisfac- 
tion, remuneration,  reward,  re- 
quital, recompense. 

To  COMPENSE,  make  amends,  com- 
pensate, recompense,  remune- 
rate, requite. 

COMPETENT,  capable,  efficient, 
able,  qualified,  fitted,  clever, 
skilful,  effective. 

COMPETITION,  rivalry,  emulation, 
contest. 

To  COMPLAIN,  murmur,  lament, 
regret,  repine. 

COMPLAINING,  querulous,  queri- 
monious. 

COMPLAISANCE,  condescension,  ci- 
vility, courtesy,  urbanity,  sua- 
vity. 

COMPLAISANT,  courteous,  affable; 
civil,  obliging. 

To  COMPLETE,  accomplish,  fulfil, 
realize,  effect,  execute,  achieve ; 
consummate,  finish,  fill  up,  ter- 
minate. 


COMMUNITY,     society,     common-!  COMPLETE,       finished,      perfect; 

wealth.  whole,  entire,  total. 

To  COMMUTE,   exchange,   barter,  >  COMPLEX,  compound,  complicate, 


truck. 


composite,  intricate. 


COMPACT,     agreement,     contract,  COMPLIANT,  yielding,  submissive, 
covenant,  close.  complaisant. 

COMPANION,    coadjutor,    partner,  I  To  COMPLIMENT,  praise,  flatter, 
ally,   associate,   comrade,   con-  j  To  COMPLY,    yield,    accede,  con- 
federate, accomplice.  sent,  assent,  acquiesce. 

COMPANY,   association,  assembly,  ]  To  COMPOSE,  form  compound,  put 


society,    assemblage,     corpora- 
tion ;  troop,  crew,  gang. 

COMPARISON,  simile,  similitude. 

To    COMPASS,    encircle,    environ, 


together,     constitute ;     soothe, 
calm,  settle. 

COMPOUND,  complex,    complicate, 
intricate. 


invest,  enclose ;  grasp,  obtain, ;  To  COMPREHEND,  comprise,  em- 
attain,  procure;  bring  about,;  brace,  include;  conceive. under- 
consummate,  i  stand. 


CON 


238 


CON 


COMPREHENSIVE,  extensive;  com- 
pendious. 

COMPREHENSION,  capacity,  know- 
ledge. 

To  COMPRESS,  condense,  press, 
squeeze. 

COMPULSION,  constraint,  force. 

COMPUNCTION,  repentance,  contri- 
tion, remorse,  penitence. 

To  COMPUTE,  calculate,  count, 
number,  reckon,  estimate,  rate. 

To  CONCEDE,  give  up,  deliver, 
surrender,  yield,  cede,  admit, 
allow,  grant. 

To  CONCEAL,  hide,  secrete;  dis- 
guise, dissemble. 

CONCEIT,  fancy,  imagination ; 
pride,  vanity. 

CONCEITED,  proud,  opinionated, 
egotistical,  vain. 

To  CONCEIVE,  apprehend,  ima- 
gine, suppose,  comprehend,  un- 
derstand. 

CONCEPTION,  notion,  idea;  per- 
ception. 

CONCERN,  care,  regard,  interest ; 
affair,  business,  matter. 

TO*CONCERT,  contrive,  manage. 

To  CONCILIATE,  propitiate,  recon- 
cile. 

CONCISE,  brief,  short,  compen- 
dious, summary,  succinct,  la- 
conic. 

To  CONCLUDE,  close,  finish,  termi- 
nate. 

CONCLUSION,  inference,  deduc- 
tion. 

CONCLUSIVE,  decisive,  convincing. 

CONCOMITANT,  accompaniment, 
comparison. 

CONCORD,  harmony,  unity. 

To  CONCUR,  agree,  coincide,  ap- 
prove, acquiesce. 

CONCUSSION,  shock. 

To  CONDEMN,  blame,  reprove,  re- 
proach, upbraid,  censure,  re- 
probate :  doom,  sentence. 

To  CONDENSE,  compress,  con- 
tract. 

CONDESCENSION,  preference,  com- 
plaisance. 


CONDITION,  situation,  state, 
plight,  case,  predicament ; 
article,  term. 

CONDOLENCE,  sympathy,  commi- 
seration, compassion. 

To  CONDUCE,  contribute,  tend, 
lead,  conduct. 

CONDUCT,    carriage,    deportment, 

behavior,  demeanor. 
! To  CONDUCT,   guide,   lead;    ma- 
nage,  direct. 

CONFEDERACY,    alliance,    league, 

combination,  coalition. 
I  CONFEDERATE,  accomplice,  ally. 

To  CONFER,  bestow,  give;  dis» 
course. 

:  CONFERENCE,  conversation,  dia- 
logue, colloquy. 

To  CONFESS,  acknowledge,  avow, 
own,  recognise. 

To  CONFIDE,  trust,  repose,  defend, 
rely. 

CONFIDENCE,  assurance,  hope,  ex- 
pectation, trust,  reliance. 

CONFIDENT,  dogmatical,  positive, 
absolute. 

To  CONFINE,  limit,  bound,  circum- 
scribe, restrict,  restrain. 

CONFINED,     narrow,     contracted, 

restrained. 

:To  CONFIRM,  corroborate,  esta- 
blish. 

CONFLICT,  combat,  contest. 

To  CONFORM,  submit,  yield,  com- 
ply. 

CONFORMABLE,  agreeable,  suita- 
ble. 

CONFORMATION,  form,  figure. 

To  CONFOUND.     See  CONFUSE. 

CONFUSION,  disorder,  distraction. 
j  To  CONFUSE,  abash,  confound,  dis- 
concert. 

CONFUSED,  indiscriminate,  indis- 
tinct ;  deranged,  disordered ; 
intricate,  involved. 

To  CONFUTE,  refute,  disprove, 
oppugn. 

To  CONGRATULATE,  felicitate. 

CONJECTURE,     surmise,     supposi* 

tion,  guess. 
I  CONJUNCTURE,  crisis. 


CON 


239 


CON 


To  CONNECT,  unite,  combine. 

CONNECTED,  joined,  united,  re- 
lated. 

CONNECTION,  union  ;  intercourse 
commerce,  communication ;  fa- 
mily. 

To  CONQUER,  vanquish,  subdue, 
overcome,  subjugate,  sur- 
mount. 

CONSANGUINITY,  kindred,  rela- 
tionship, affinity. 

CONSCIENTIOUS,  scrupulous. 

CONSCIOUS,  aware,  apprised,  sen- 
sible. 

To  CONSECRATE,  dedicate,  devote, 
hallow. 

CONSENT,  assent,  acquiescence, 
concurrence,  approval. 

To  CONSENT,  assent,  accede,  com- 
ply, acquiesce,  agree. 

CONSEQUENCE,  effect,  result,  is- 
sue. 

Of  CONSEQUENCE,  avail,  weight, 
importance,  moment. 

CONSEQUENTLY,  accordingly,  there- 
fore. 

To  CONSIDER,  reflect,  regard,  pon- 
der, deliberate. 

CONSIDERATE,  thoughtful,  deliber- 
ate. 

To  CONSIGN,  commit,  intrust. 

CONSISTENT,  accordant,  conso- 
nant. 

To  CONSOLE,  solace,  comfort, 
soothe. 

CONSONANT,  accordant,  consist- 
ent. 

CONSPICUOUS,  distinguished,  not- 
ed, eminent,  prominent,  illus- 
trious. 

CONSPIRACY,  combination,  cabal, 
plot. 

CONSTANCY,  firmness,  stability, 
steadiness. 

CONSTANTLY,  continually,  inces- 
santly, perpetually,  ever;  un- 
changeably. 


CONSTITUTION,  frame,  temper-, 
temperament. 

CONSTRAINT,  compulsion ;  confine- 
ment. 

To  CONSTRUCT,  build,  erect ;  com. 
pile,  constitute. 

To  CONSULT,  advise  with,  deliber- 
ate ;  debate. 

CONSULTATION,  deliberation. 

To  CONSUME,  waste,  destroy, 
swallow  up,  imbibe,  engulf, 
absorb. 

CONSUMMATION,  completion,  finish, 
perfection. 

CONSUMPTION,  decay,  decline, 
waste. 

CONTACT,  touch. 

CONTAGIOUS,  infectious,  pestilen- 
tial. 

To  CONTAIN,  comprise,  com- 
prehend, embrace,  include, 
hold. 

To  CONTAMINATE,  pollute,  defile, 
corrupt,  taint. 

To  CONTEMN,  despise,  disdain, 
scorn. 

To  CONTEMPLATE,  meditate, 
muse. 

CONTEMPORARY,  contemporane- 
ous, coeval. 

CONTEMPTIBLE,  despicable,  con* 
temptuous,  paltry,  pitiful,  dis- 
dainful, mean,  vile. 

To  CONTEND,  contest,  debate, 
argue,  dispute  ;  strive,  vie. 

CONTENTION,  strife,  discord,  dis- 
sension, dispute. 
CONTENTMENT,  acquiescence,  sat- 
isfaction, gratification. 

To  CONTEST,  debate,  argue,  dis- 
pute, contend. 

CONTIGUOUS,  adjacent,  adjoining, 

approximating  to. 
CONTINENCE,  chastity. 

CONTINGENCY,  accident,  casualty, 
incident,  adventure,  occurrence, 
event. 


CONSTERNATION,     alarm,     fright,  CONTINGENT,   accidental,    casual, 
terror.  fortuitous,  ir-cidental. 

To  CONSTITUTE,  form,   compose;  CONTINUAL,  perpetual,  constant, 
appoint,  depute.  j  CONTINUALLY,  always,  constantly, 

16 


CON 


240 


COU 


incessantly,  perpetually,  un- 
changeably. 

CONTINUATION,  continuance,  con- 
tinuity, duration. 

To  CONTINUE  in  an  attempt,  per- 
severe, persist,  prosecute,  pur- 
sue. 

To  CONTRACT,  abbreviate,  shorten, 
condense,  abridge,  reduce. 

CONTRACT,  agreement,  compact, 
bargain,  covenant. 

To  CONTRADICT,  oppose,  deny. 

CONTRARY,  adverse,  opposite,  in- 
imical, repugnant. 

CONTRAST,  opposition. 

To  CONTRIBUTE,  administer,  min- 
ister, conduce. 

CONTRITION,  compunction,  repent- 
ance, penitence,  remorse. 

CONTRIVANCE,  device,  plan, 
scheme,  invention. 

To  CONTROL,  check,  curb,  restrain, 
govern. 

CONTROVERSY,  debate,  disputation, 
contest. 

CONTUMACIOUS,  obstinate,  stub- 
born, headstrong. 

CONTUMELY,  obloquy,  reproach, 
ignominy. 

To  CONVENE,  convoke,  assem- 
ble. 

CONVENIENT,  commodious,  suita- 
ble, adapted. 

CONVENTION,  assembly,  meeting, 
convocation,  company. 

CONVERSATION,  dialogue,  confer- 
ence, colloquy. 

CONVERSE,  communion,  discourse, 
conversation. 

To  CONVERSE,  speak,  talk,  dis- 
course, commune. 

To  CONVEY,  carry,  transport, 
bear. 

CONVICT,  malefactor,  culprit,  felon. 

CONVIVIAL,  social,  sociable. 

CONVOCATION,  assembly,  congre- 
gation, company,  congress, 
meeting,  diet,  convention, 
synod,  council. 

To  CONVOKE,  assemble,  convene, 
call  together. 


COOL,  cold,  frigid,  dispassionate. 

COPIOUS,  ample,  abundant,  exu- 
berant, plentiful,  plenteous, 
full. 

COPY,  model,  transcription,  imi- 
tation, counterfeit. 

COQUET,  jilt,  affected  woman. 

CORDIAL,  warm,  hearty,  sincere. 

CORNER,  angle,  extremity. 

CORPORAL,  corporeal,  bodily,  ma- 
terial. 

CORPSE,  body,  carcass,  corse. 

CORPULENT,  stout,  lusty,  robust. 

To  CORRECT,  amend,  emend,  mend, 
better,  rectify,  reform,  im- 
prove. 

CORRECT,  accurate,  exact,  precise, 
faultless ;  punctual,  strict. 

CORRECTION,  discipline,  punish- 
ment, chastisement. 

CORRECTNESS,  propriety,  just- 
ness, exactness,  exactitude, 
accuracy,  precision,  faultless- 
ness. 

CORRESPONDENT,  answerable,  suit- 
able. 

To  CORROBORATE,  confirm,  estab- 
lish, strengthen. 

To  CORRUPT,  contaminate,  defile, 
taint,  pollute,  infect,  vitiate, 
adulterate,  sophisticate. 

CORRUPTION,  defilement,  contami- 
nation, pollution,  infection, 
adulteration ;  depravity. 

To  CORUSCATE,  shine,  radiate, 
glisten,  sparkle,  gleam. 

COST,  price,  charge,  expense. 

COSTIVE,  close,  bound,  styptic. 

COSTLY,  valuable,  precious. 

COUNCIL,  assembly,  company, 
meeting,  congress,  diet,  conven- 
tion, convocation. 

COUNSEL,  advice,  instruction,  no- 
tice, intelligence ;  deliberation,' 
consultation. 

To  COUNT,  calculate,  compute, 
estimate,  reckon,  number,  rate. 

To  COUNTENANCE,  encourage, 
sanction,  support. 

COUNTERFEIT,  spurious,  supposi- 
Aitious,  false. 


CRO 


241 


CYN 


COUNTRYMAN,  peasant,  swain,  rus- 
tic, hind,  boor. 

COUNTRIFIED,  rural,  rustic. 

COUPLE,  brace,  pair. 

COURAGE,  resolution,  fortitude, 
firmness,  fearlessness,  bravery, 
boldness, 

COURAGEOUS,  brave,  gallant,  dar- 
ing, valorous,  valiant,  bold,  he- 
roic, intrepid,  fearless. 

COURSE,  way,  road,  route,  passage, 
race ;  series,  succession  ;  way, 
manner,  method,  mode. 

COURTEOUS,  affable,  conciliating, 
complaisant. 

COURTEOUSNESS,  urbanity,  civility, 
courtesy,  affability,  complai- 
sance, politeness. 

COVENANT,  agreement,  compact, 
contract,  bargain. 

To  COVER,  shelter,  screen,  hide, 
overspread. 

COVERING,  tegument. 

To  COVET,  desire,  long  for,  hanker 
after. 

COVETOUSNESS,  avarice,  cupidity, 
inordinate  desire. 

COWARD,  poltroon,  dastard. 

COWARDICE,  timidity,  pusillani- 
mity, fear. 

To  CRACK,  split,  burst,  break. 

CRAFTY,  cunning,  artful,  deceit- 
ful, sly,  subtil,  wily. 

CRAPULOUS,  drunken,  inebriated, 
intoxicated. 

CRITICISM,  animadversion,  stric- 
ture, censure. 

To  CRAVE,  beg,  entreat,  solicit, 
beseech,  implore. 

To  CREATE,  cause,  produce,  make, 
form,  occasion. 

CREDIT,  belief,  trust,  confidence  ; 
favor,  influence ;  name,  reputa- 
tion, character. 

CREW,  company,  band,  gang. 

CRIME,  vice,  sin,  wickedness. 

CRIMINAL,  culprit,  convict,  male- 
factor, felon. 

CRISIS,  juncture,  conjuncture. 

CRITERION,  standard,  measure. 

CROOKED,      curved,      incurvated 


bent,    bowed,    awry,    oblique*, 
deformed,  disfigured. 

CROSS,  perverse,  intractable,  vex- 
atious, froward,  peevish,  petu* 
lant,  untoward,  fretful,  splene- 
tic, ill-tempered. 

To  CROSS,  thwart,  obstruct,  em- 
barrass, hinder,  impede,  per- 
plex, retard. 

CROWD,  multitude,  throng, 
swarm. 

CRUEL,  inhuman,  barbarous,  mer- 
ciless, pitiless,  savage,  fero- 
cious, brutal,  unmerciful,  inex- 
orable. 

To  CRUSH,  break,  bruise;  over- 
whelm. 

To  CRY  out,  exclaim,  shout,  ejacu- 
late ;  call. 

CULPABLE,  faulty,  blamable,  cen- 
surable. 

CUL.PRIT.     See  CRIMINAL. 

CULTIVATION,  culture,  civilization, 
refinement. 

CUNNING,  art ;  deceit,  duplicity  ; 
crafty,  sly,  subtil,  wily. 

CUPIDITY,  avarice,  covetousness, 
inordinate  desire. 

To  CURB,  check,  control,  re~ 
strain. 

To  CURE,  heal,  remedy,  restore. 

CURIOUS,  inquisitive,  prying. 

CURRENT,  stream,  tide. 

CURSE,  malediction,  execration, 
imprecation,  anathema. 

CURSORY,  slight,  superficial,  hasty, 
desultory,  careless. 

To  CURTAIL,  abbreviate,  contract, 
abridge,  shorten. 

CURVED,  crooked,  incurvated, 
bent,  awry. 

CUSTODY,  keeping  guard. 

CUSTOM,  habit,  manner,  usage, 
practice,  fashion ;  prescrip- 
tion. 

CUSTOM,  tax,  duty,  impost,  toll, 
tribute. 

To  CUT  off,  amputate,  sever,  sepa- 
rate. 

CYNICAL,  snarling,  snappish, 
waspish. 


DEC 


242 


DEF 


DAILY,  diurnal,  quotidian. 

DAINTY,  nice,  delicate,  squeam- 
ish, scrupulous. 

DAMAGE,  detriment,  loss,  hurt, 
injury. 

DAMPNESS,  humidity,  moistness. 

DANGER,  peril,  hazard,  risk,  ven- 
ture. 

To  DARE,  brave,  challenge,  defy ; 
venture,  presume. 

DARING,  bold,  brave,  courageous, 
valorous,  fearless,  intrepid,  he- 
roic. 

DARK,  opaque,  obscure,  dim,  dis- 
mal, gloomy,  mysterious. 

DATE,  time,  period,  age,  era, 
epoch. 

To  DAUNT,  dismay,  appall,  terrify, 
frighten. 

DEAD,  inanimate,  lifeless. 

DEADLY,  mortal,  fatal ;  implaca- 
ble. 

DEALING,  commerce,  trade,  traf- 
fic. 

DEARTH,  scarcity,  famine. 

DEATH,  decease,  demise,  depart- 
ure. 

To  DEBAR,  deprive,  hinder,  ex- 
clude. 

To  DEBASE,  abase,  humble,  de- 
grade, disgrace. 

To  DEBATE,  argue,  dispute,  con- 
test. 

To  DEBILITATE,  weaken,  enervate, 
enfeeble. 

DEBILITY,  weakness,  infirmity, 
imbecility. 

DEBT,  due,  obligation. 

To  DECAPITATE,  behead,  decol- 
late. 

DECAY,  decline,  consumption. 

DECEASE,  death,  demise,  depart- 
ure. 

DECEIT,  duplicity,  guile,  art,  cun- 
ning, deception,  fraud,  double- 
dealing. 

DECEITFUL,  fallacious,  delusive, 
illusive,  fraudulent,  subtil. 

DECENCY,  decorum,  propriety. 


DECENT,  becoming,  comely,  seem- 
ly, fit. 

DECEPTION,  duplicity,  artifice, 
guile,  deception  ;  fraud,  trick, 
imposition,  double-dealing. 

To  DECIDE,  determine,  conclude 
upon,  resolve. 

DECISION,  judgment,  sentence. 

DECISIVE,  decided,  conclusive, 
convincing. 

To  DECLAIM,  inveigh,  harangue. 

To  DECLARE,  state,  afiirm,  assert, 
aver,  asseverate,  assure,  pro- 
nounce, protest,  testify,  utter, 
manifest,  reveal,  discover  ;  pro- 
claim. 

To  DECLINE,  droop,  sink,  de- 
viate ;  decay ;  refuse,  repel,  re- 
ject. 

To  DECOLLATE,  behead,  decapi- 
tate. 

To  DECORATE,  adorn,  embellish, 
ornament,  beautify. 

DECORUM,  decency,  propriety. 

To  DECOY,  allure,  entice,  in- 
veigle, tempt,  seduce,  abduct. 

To  DECREASE,  lessen,  diminish, 
abate,  liquidate,  lower,  sub- 
side. 

DECREE,  edict,  proclamation,  ordi- 
nance. 

To  DECRY,  disparage,  detract, 
cry  down,  depreciate,  traduce, 
degrade. 

To  DEDICATE,  devote,  consecrate, 
hallow. 

To  DEDUCE,  derive,  draw  from, 
trace,  infer. 

To  DEDUCT,  subtract,  separate, 
dispart. 

DEDUCTION,  conclusion,  infer- 
ence. 

DEED,  achievement,  feat,  exploit, 
accomplishment. 

To  DEEM,  think,  suppose,  ima- 
gine, believe. 

DEEPNESS,  depth,  profundity. 

To  DEFACE,  disfigure,  deform. 

To  DEFAME,  calumniate,  accuse 
falsely,  asperse,  detract,  scan- 
dalize, vilify,  slander. 


DEL 


243 


DEP 


To  DEFEAT,  overpower,  overcome, 
beat,  rout;  baffle,  disconcert, 
foil,  frustrate. 

DEFECT,  fault,  blemish,  flaw,  im- 
perfection. 

DEFECTIVE,  deficient,  imperfect. 

To  DEFEND,  vindicate,  justify; 
plead ;  exculpate ;  guard,  pro- 
tect. 

DEFENDER,  advocate,  pleader,  vin- 
dicator. 

DEFENSIBLE,  justifiable. 

DEFENCE,  apology,  plea,  excuse; 
vindication,  justification. 

To  DEFER,  postpone,  delay,  pro- 
tract, prolong,  procrastinate, 
retard. 

DEFERENCE,  condescension,  com- 
plaisance ;  respect,  submission. 

DEFICIENT,  defective,  imperfect. 

To  DEFILE,  corrupt,  contaminate, 
taint,  pollute,  infect,  vitiate. 

DEFINITE,  positive,  certain,  exact, 
precise. 

DEFINITION,  explanation,  explica- 
tion, description. 

To  DEFORM.     See  DEFACE. 

To  DEFRAUD,  cheat,  trick,  de- 
ceive. 

To  DEFY,  brave,  dare,  challenge. 

To  DEGRADE,  abuse,  depress,  dis- 
grace, humble,  disparage,  tra- 
duce, depreciate,  decry. 

DEGREE,  class,  rank,  order. 

DEJECTION,  melancholy,  depres- 
sion. 

To  DELAY.     See  DEFER. 

DELEGATE,  deputy,  substitute,  re- 
presentative. 

DELIBERATE,  thoughtful,  conside- 
rate, wary. 

To  DELIBERATE,  consult,  seek, 
counsel,  debate. 

DELIBERATION,  thoughtfulness, 
circumspection,  wariness,  cau- 
tion. 

DELICATE,  nice,  fine,  tender. 

DELIGHT,  pleasure,  joy,  rapture, 
charm. 

DELIGHTFUL,  charming,  lovely, 
beautiful. 


To  DELINEATE,  depict,  sketch, 
paint. 

DELINQUENT,  offender,  criminal, 
misdoer. 

To  DELIVER,  give  up,  surrender, 
yield,  cede,  concede ;  rescue, 
save. 

To  DELUDE,  deceive,  impose  upon, 
cheat,  lead  away. 

DELUGE,  overflow,  inundation. 

DELUSION,  fallacy,  illusion,  cheat, 
guile. 

To  DEMAND,  ask  for,  claim,  re- 
quire. 

DEMEANOR,  behavior,  deportment, 
carriage,  conduct. 

DEMISE,  death,  decease,  depart- 
ure. 

To  DEMOLISH,  destroy,  dismantle, 
raze. 

To  DEMONSTRATE,  prove,  evince, 
manifest. 

To  DEMUR,  pause,  doubt,  hesitate, 
object. 

To  DENOMINATE,  name,  entitle, 
style,  designate. 

DENOMINATION,  name,  title,  appel- 
lation. 

To  DENOTE,  signify,  imply,  mark, 
betoken. 

DENSE,  close,  compact,  heavy, 
thick. 

To  DENY,  oppose,  contradict,  re- 
fuse, disown,  disclaim,  disa> 
vow. 

DEPARTURE,  exit,  forsaking,  aban- 
doning. 

DEPENDENCE,  reliance  ;  trust,  con- 
fidence. 

To  DEPICT,  delineate,  paint, 
sketch,  represent. 

To  DEPLORE,  bewail,  bemoan,  la' 
ment,  mourn. 

DEPONENT,  evidence,  witness. 

DEPORTMENT.     See  DEMEANOR. 

DEPOSIT,  pledge,  security,  pawn. 

DEPRAVED,  abandoned,  profli- 
gate, corrupt,  vitiated,  vi> 
cious. 

DEPRAVITY,  corruption,  vitiation; 
vice,  wickedness. 


DES 


244 


DEX 


To  DEPRECIATE,  disparage,  de- 
tract, traduce,  degrade,  decry, 
lower. 

To  DEPRESS,  abase,  degrade, 
humble,  bring  low,  disgrace. 

DEPRESSION,  dejection,  melan- 
choly. 

To  DEPRIVE,  bereave,  hinder,  de- 
bar, abridge. 

DEPTH,  profundity,  deepness. 

To  DEPUTE,  constitute,  appoint. 

DEPUTY,  delegate,  substitute,  en- 
voy, representative. 

To  DERANGE,  disorder,  disconcert, 
discompose.  , 

DERANGEMENT,  insanity,  madness, 
lunacy,  mania. 

To  DERIDE,  inock,  ridicule,  rally, 
banter. 

To  DERIVE,  trace,  deduce,  infer. 

To  DEROGATE,  despise,  degrade. 

To  DESCRIBE,  relate,  recount,  nar- 
rate, represent. 

DESCRIPTION,  account,  narrative, 
relation,  recital,  detail,  expla- 
nation, narration. 

To  DESCRY,  discover,  find  out, 
espy. 

DESERT,  merit,  worth. 

To  DESIGN,  purpose,  intend,  pro- 
pose, mean,  project,  scheme. 

To  DESIGNATE.  See  DENOMI- 
NATE. 

To  DESIRE,  wish,  long  for,  han- 
ker after,  covet,  beg,  soli- 
cit. 

To  DESIST,  leave  off,  cease,  dis- 
continue. 

DESOLATE,  solitary,  desert,  de- 
vastated. 

DESPAIR,  desperation,  despond- 
ency, hopelessness. 

To  DESPATCH,  hasten,  accelerate, 
expedite,  speed. 

DESPERATE,  despairing,  hopeless, 
desponding. 

DESPICABLE,  contemptible,  pitiful, 
mean,  vile,  worthless. 

To  DESPISE,  contemn,  scorn,  dis- 
dain. 

PESPONDENCY.     See  DESPAIR. 


DESPOTIC,  arbitrary,  absolute,  self- 
willed. 

DESTINATION,  destiny,  purpose, 
appointment,  fate,  lot,  doom. 

DESTITUTE,  bare,  scanty;  for- 
saken, forlorn. 

To  DESTROY,  demolish,  consume, 
waste,  annihilate,  raze,  dis- 
mantle, ruin. 

DESULTORY,  loose,  immethodical, 
cursory,  hasty,  slight,  roving, 
wavering. 

To  DETACH,  separate,  sever,  dis- 
join. 

DETAIL,  account,  narrative,  de- 
scription, relation,  recital,  ex- 
planation, narration. 

To  DETAIN,  hold,  keep,  retain. 

To  DETECT,  discover,  convict. 

To  DETER,  discourage,  dishearten. 

To  DETERMINE,  resolve,  decide, 
conclude  upon,  fix,  settle;  limit, 
put  an  end  to. 

DETERMINED,  decided,  fixed,  reso- 
lute, firm. 

To  DETEST,  abhor,  loathe,  abomi- 
nate. 

To  DETRACT,  asperse,  calumni- 
ate ;  defame,  scandalize,  vilify, 
slander. 

DETRIMENT,  disadvantage,  hurt, 
injury,  prejudice,  loss,  dam- 
age. 

DEVASTATION,  ravage,  desolation, 
havoc,  waste. 

To  DEVELOP,  unfold,  unravel,  ex- 
hibit. 

To  DEVIATE,  swerve,  stray,  wan- 
der, err,  digress. 

DETESTABLE,  abominable,  execra- 
ble, hateful. 

DEVICE,  contrivance,  invention, 
scheme,  design. 

To  DEVISE,  contrive,  invent,  de- 
sign ;  bequeath. 

DEVOID,  vacant,  empty,  void. 

To  DEVOTE,  addict,  apply,  dedi- 
cate ;  consecrate. 

DEVOUT,  religious,  holy,  pious. 

DEXTERITY,  ability,  skilfulness, 
adroitness,  address. 


DIS 


245 


DIS 


DEXTROUS,  clever,  skilful,  apt, 
ready,  adroit,  expert. 

DIALECT,  tongue,  language, 
speech,  idiom. 

DIALOGUE,  conversation,  confer- 
ence, colloquy. 

To  DICTATE,  prescribe,  suggest. 

DICTION,  style,  phrase,  phraseolo- 
gy, expression. 

DICTION ARY,  vocabulary,  lexicon, 
nomenclature. 

To  DIE,  expire,  perish,  depart. 

DIET,  food,  regimen. 

To  DIFFER,  vary,  disagree,  dissent. 

DIFFERENCE,  variety,  contrariety, 
variance,  dissimilitude,  ine- 
quality. 

DIFFERENT,  distinct,  separate,  di- 
verse, various ;  unlike. 

DIFFICULT,  hard,  arduous. 

DIFFICULTY,  obstacle,  impediment, 
obstruction,  trouble,  trial,  em- 
barrassment. 

DIFFIDENT,  distrustful, suspicious; 
modest,  bashful. 

DIFFUSE,  prolix,  expansive,  spread 
out. 

To  DIGEST,  dispose,  arrange. 

DIGNIFIED,  magisterial,  stately, 
august,  pompous,  lofty. 

To  DIGRESS,  deviate,  wander. 

To  DILATE,  enlarge,  extend,  ex- 
pand ;  expatiate. 

DiLATORy,  slow,  tardy,  tedious. 

DILIGENT,  active,  assiduous,  ex- 
peditious, sedulous,  persever- 
ing, laborious. 

DIM,  obscure,  dark,  mysterious. 

To  DIMINISH,  liquidate,  abate,  de- 
crease, lessen,  subside. 

DIMINUTIVE,  small,  little. 

To  DIRECT,  regulate,  dispose,  con- 
duct, manage. 

DIRECTION,  address,  superscrip- 
tion. 

DIRECTLY,  immediately,  promptly, 
instantly,  instantaneously. 

DISABILITY,  inability,  weakness, 
incompetency. 

DISADVANTAGE,  detriment,  injury, 
hurt,  prejudice. 


To  DISAGREE,  differ,  vary,  dissent, 

DISAGREEMENT,  dissension,  divi- 
sion, discord. 

To  DISAPPEAR,  vanish. 

To  DISAPPOINT,  frustrate,  foil,  de- 
feat. 

DISAPPROBATION,  displeasure,  cen- 
sure. 

DISASTER,  calamity,  misfortune, 
mishap,  mischance. 

To  DISAVOW,  disown,  disclaim, 
deny, 

DISBELIEF,  unbelief,  skepticism. 

To  D  SCARD.  dismiss,  discharge. 

To  DISCERN,  distinguish,  discover, 
penetrate,  discriminate. 

DISCERNIBLE,  perceptible,  ascer- 
tainable,  apparent,  visible,  evi- 
dent, manifest. 

DISCIPLE,  follower,  scholar,  adhe- 
rent, partisan. 

DISCIPLINE,  education,  govern- 
ment ;  correction,  punishment, 
chastisement. 

To  DISCLAIM,  disown,  disavow, 
deny. 

To  DISCLOSE,  discover,  reveal, 
make  known,  divulge. 

To  DISCOMPOSE,  disorder,  discon- 
cert, derange. 

To  DISCONCERT,  unsettle,  ruffle, 
discompose,  derange,  disorder, 
displace,  confuse. 

To  DISCONTINUE,  cease,  leave  off, 
desist. 

DISCORD,  disagreement,  conten- 
tion, strife,  dissension. 

To  DISCOURAGE,  deter,  dishearten ; 
dissuade. 

To  DISCOVER,  uncover,  disclose, 
make  known,  communicate, 
impart,  reveal;  detect,  find 
out. 

DISCREDIT,  disgrace,  reproach, 
scandal,  disrepute,  ignominy, 
dishonor ;  opprobrium,  obloquy, 
shame. 

DISCRETION,  judgment,  prudence. 

DISCRIMINATION,  discernment, 
judgment,  acuteness,  penetra- 
tion. 


DIS 


246 


DIS 


DISDAIN,  arrogance,  haughtiness, 
scorn,  contempt. 

DISEASE,  disorder,  distemper, 
malady. 

To  DISENTANGLE,  disengage,  ex- 
tricate. 

To  DISFIGURE,  deface,  deform. 

DISGRACE.     See  DISCREDIT. 

To  DISGRACE,  degrade,  abase,  de- 
base, dishonor. 

To  DISGUISE,  dissemble,  con- 
ceal. 

DISGUST,  aversion,  dislike,  dis- 
taste ;  loathing,  nausea. 

To  DISHEARTEN,  discourage,  de- 
press. 

DISHONOR,  disgrace,  shame,  oppro- 
brium. 

DISINCLINATION,  dislike,  aver- 
sion. 

To  DISJOIN,  separate,  sever,  dis- 
sever, detach. 

DISLIKE,  aversion,  antipathy,  re- 
pugnance. 

DISMAL,  dull,  gloomy,  sad. 

To  DISMAY,  appall,  daunt,  terrify. 

To  DISMEMBER,  disjoint,  dislo- 
cate. 

DISMISS,  discharge,  discard. 

DISORDER,  derangement,  confu- 
sion ;  disease,  distemper,  mala- 
dy- 

DISORDERLY,  irregular,  inordinate, 
intemperate. 

To  DISOWN,  disavow,  disclaim, 
deny,  renounce. 

To  DISPARAGE,  depreciate,  dero- 
gate, detract,  decry,  degrade. 

DISPARITY,  inequality,  dissimili- 
tude, unlikeness. 

DISPASSIONATE,  cool,  calm. 

To  DISPEL,  dissipate,  disperse. 

To  DISPERSE,  distribute,  deal  out ; 
scatter,  spread. 

To  DISPLAY,  exhibit,  show,  pa- 
rade. 

To  DISPLEASE,  offend,  vex,  an- 
ger. 

DISPLEASURE,  dislike,  dissatis- 
faction, distaste,  disapproba- 
tion. 


[  DISPOSAL,  disposition,  arrange- 
ment. 

To  DISPOSE,  arrange,  place,  re- 
gulate, order. 

DISPOSITION,  temper,  inclination. 

To  DISPROVE,  refute,  confute,  op- 
pugn. 

To  DISPUTE,  argue,  debate,  con- 
test, contend,  controvert. 

DISPUTE,  altercation,  quarrel,  con- 
test, difference. 

To  DISREGARD,  slight,  neglect, 
contemn. 

DISSATISFACTION.  See  DISPLEA- 
SURE. 

To  DISSEMBLE,  disguise,  conceal. 

To  DISSEMINATE,  spread,  propa- 
gate, circulate,  diffuse. 

DISSENSION,  discord,  contention. 

To  DISSENT,  differ,  disagree, 
vary. 

DISSERTATION,  essay,  treatise, 
tract. 

DISSIMULATION,  simulation,  deceit, 
hypocrisy. 

To  DISSIPATE,  disperse,  dispel, 
expend,  squander,  waste. 

DISSOLUTE,  loose,  lax,  vague,  li- 
centious. 

DISTANT,  far,  remote. 

DISTASTE,  dislike,  dissatisfaction, 
disgust. 

DISTEMPER,  disorder,  disease, 
malady. 

DISTINCT,  separate,  different ; 
plain,  visible,  obvious. 

DISTINCTION,  difference;  superh 
ority,  rank. 

DISTINCTLY,  clearly,  plainly,  ob- 
viously. 

To  DISTINGUISH,  perceive,  dis- 
cern ;  discriminate ;  signalize, 
mark  out. 

DISTINGUISHED,  conspicuous,  not- 
ed, eminent,  illustrious. 

To  DISTORT,  turn,  twist,  bend, 
wrest,  pervert. 

DISTRACTED,  discomposed,  dis- 
turbed, perplexed. 

To  DISTRESS,  afflict,  trouble,  pain, 
harass,  perplex. 


DOO 


247 


DUP 


DISTRESS,  anguish,  agony,  pain, 
suffering ;  adversity. 

To  DISTRIBUTE,  apportion,  assign, 
allot,  share. 

DISTRICT,  region,  division,  tract, 
quarter,  portion. 

DISTRUSTFUL,  suspicious ;  diffi- 
dent. 

To  DISTURB,  interrupt,  trouble, 
molest,  disquiet,  tumultuate. 

DISTURBANCE,  derangement,  com- 
motion. 

To  DIVE,  plunge. 

To  DIVE  into,  pry,  scrutinize. 

DIVERS,  different,  several,  sundry, 
various. 

DIVERSION,  amusement,  enter- 
tainment, recreation,  sport,  pas- 
time. 

To  DIVERT,  amuse,  entertain. 

To  DIVIDE,  separate,  part;  dis- 
tribute, share. 

DIVINE,  heavenly,  godlike,  holy, 
sacred. 

To  DIVINE,  guess,  conjecture. 

DIVISION,  part,  share,  portion, 
section. 

To  DIVULGE,  disclose,  make 
known,  communicate,  reveal, 
discover,  impart. 

DIURNAL,  daily,  quotidian. 

To  Do,  make,  act ;  effect,  effectu- 
ate, accomplish,  perform,  exe- 
cute, achieve. 

DOCILE,  tractable,  ductile,  pliant, 
yielding. 

DOCTRINE,  dogma,  tenet. 

DOGMATICAL,  "positive,  confident, 
authoritative,  magisterial. 

DOLEFUL,  piteous,  woful,  rueful. 

DOMESTIC,  servant,  menial, 
drudge. 

DOMINEERING,  imperious,  lordly, 
overbearing. 

DOMINION,  rule,  empire,  autho- 
rity ;  reign,  strength,  force. 

DONATION,  gift,  present,  alms. 

DOOM,  fate,  destiny,  lot,  sen- 
tence. 

DOUBLE-DEALING,  deceit,  duplicity, 
deception,  fraud,  dishonesty. 


DOUBT,  hesitation,  uncertainty, 
suspense. 

To  DOUBT,  question,  hesitate, 
demur,  scruple,  waver. 

DOUBTFUL,  dubious,  uncertain, 
equivocal,  ambiguous,  ques- 
tionable, precarious. 

To  DOZE,  sleep,  slumber,  drowse, 
nap. 

To  DRAG,  draw,  pull,  haul, 
tug. 

To  DRAIN,  exhaust,  expend. 

To  DRAW.     See  DRAG. 

To  DRAW  from,  exact,  extort, 
extract. 

To  DRAW  back,  withdraw,  retreat, 
recede,  retire. 

To  DREAD,  fear,  stand  in  awe; 
apprehend. 

DREADFUL,  fearful,  frightful,  ter- 
rific, awful,  horrid,  horrible, 
tremendous. 

DREGS,  sediment,  refuse,  dross, 
scum,  recrement. 

To  DRENCH,  steep,  soak. 

DRIFT,  scope,  aim,  tendency. 

DRESS,  apparel,  array,  attire,  gar- 
ments, vestments. 

DRINK,  beverage,  potion. 

DROLL,  laughable,  ludicrous,  ridi- 
culous, comic,  comical. 

To  DROOP,  languish,  pine,  sink, 
fade. 

DROSS.     See  DREGS. 

To  DROWSE.     See  DOZE. 

DRUDGE,  servant,  domestic,  me- 
nial. 

DRUDGERY,  labor,  toil,  work. 

DRUNKENNESS,  intoxication,  ine- 
briety, crapulousness. 

DUBIOUS,  doubtful,  questionable, 
equivocal,  ambiguous ;  precari- 
ous, uncertain. 

DUCTILE,  tractable,  docile. 

DRYNESS,  drought,  aridity. 

DUE,  debt,  right. 

DULL,  stupid,  heavy,  drowsy, 
gloomy,  sad,  dismal 

DUMB,  silent,  mute,  speechless. 

DUPLICITY,  deceit,  deception, 
double-dealing,  guile. 


EFF 


248 


EME 


DURABLE,  lasting,  permanent, 
constant,  continuing. 

DUTIFUL,  obedient,  submissive, 
respectful. 

DUTY,  business,  office ;  obedience, 
respect,  obligation. 

DWELLING,  abode,  residence,  do- 
micile, habitation. 

To  DWELL,  abide,  stay,  rest,  so- 
journ ;  reside,  inhabit. 

E 

EAGER,  hot,  ardent,  vehement,  im- 
petuous; forward. 

EAGERNESS,  avidity,  greediness. 

EARLY,  soon,  betimes. 

To  EARN,  acquire,  obtain,  gain, 
win. 

EARNEST,  eager,  serious ;  pledge. 

EASE,  quiet,  rest,  repose;  light- 
ness, facility. 

To  EASE,  or  calm,  assuage,  alle- 
viate, allay,  mitigate,  appease, 
pacify. 

EBULLITION,  effervescence,  fer- 
mentation, a  boiling  over. 

ECCENTRIC,  irregular,  anoma- 
lous ;  singular,  odd,  particular, 
strange. 

ECCLESIASTIC,  divine,  theolo- 
gian. 

ECONOMICAL,  sparing,  saving, 
thrifty,  careful,  frugal,  par- 
simonious, niggardly,  penuri- 
ous. 

ECSTASY,  delight,  raptnre,  trans- 
port. 

EDGE,  border,  rim,  margin,  brink, 
brim,  verge. 

EDICT,  decree,  proclamation. 

EDIFICE,  structure,  fabric. 

EDUCATION,  instruction,  tuition, 
breeding. 

To  EFFACE,  blot  out,  expunge, 
rase,  erase,  obliterate,  can- 
cel. 

To  EFFECT,  accomplish,  fulfil, 
realize,  achieve,  complete,  exe- 
cute. 

EFFECT,  consequence,  result,  issue, 
event. 


EFFECTS,  goods,  chattels,  furni- 
ture, movables,  property. 

EFFECTIVE,  efficient,  efficacious, 
effectual,  operative. 

EFFEMINATE,  feminine,  female, 
womanish,  tender. 

EFFETE,  barren  :  worn  out. 

EFFICIENT,  competent,  able,  capa- 
ble, fitted,  effectual,  effective. 

EFFIGY,  image,  picture,  like- 
ness. 

EFFORT,  endeavor,  exertion,  essay, 
trial,  attempt. 

EFFRONTERY,  boldness,  audacity, 
assurance,  hardihood,  impu- 
dence. 

EFFUSION,  dispersion ;  waste. 

EGOTISTICAL,  conceited,  vain,  opi- 
nionated. 

ELDER,  senior,  older. 

To  ELECT,  choose,  select,  appoint. 

ELEGANT,  graceful,  beautiful. 

To  ELEVATE,  raise,  lift,  exalt, 
erect. 

ELIGIBLE,  fit,  worthy,  preferable. 

ELOCUTION,  eloquence,  oratory, 
rhetoric. 

To  ELUCIDATE,  explain,  illustrate, 
clear  up. 

ELUCIDATION,  explanation,  expo- 
sition, annotation,  comment. 

To  ELUDE,  evade,  escape,  avoid, 
shun. 

To  EMANATE,  arise,  proceed,  is- 
sue, spring,  flow. 

To  EMBARRASS,  entangle,  perplex, 
distress,  trouble. 

To  EMBELLISH,  adorn,  decorate, 
beautify,  deck,  illustrate. 

EMBLEM,  figure,  type,  symbol, 
adumbration,  allusion. 

To  EMBRACE,  clasp,  hug;  com- 
prise, comprehend,  contain,  in- 
clude. 

EMBRYO,  foetus,  germ;  unfinished, 
imperfect. 

To  EMEND,  amend,  correct,  bet- 
ter, mend,  reform,  rectify ;  im- 
prove. 

To  EMERGE,  rise,  issue,  emanate, 
come  forth. 


END 


249 


ENS 


EMERGENCY,  exigency,  neces- 
sity. 

EMINENT,  distinguished,  conspicu- 
ous, noted,  prominent;  elevated, 
illustrious 

EMISSARY,  spy,  secret  agent. 

To  EMIT,  send  forth,  evaporate, 
exhale. 

EMOLUMENT,  gain,  profit,  lucre, 
advantage. 

EMOTION,  agitation,  trepidation, 
tremor. 

EMPHASIS,  stress,  accent. 

EMPIRE,  dominion,  power,  reign  ; 
kingdom,  state. 

EMPLOYMENT,  business,  avocation, 
engagement,  office,  trade,  pro- 
fession, occupation. 

To  EMPOWER,  authorize,  commis- 
sion ;  enable. 

EMPTY,  void,  devoid,  vacant, 
vacuous,  unfilled. 

EMULATION,  rivalry,  competi- 
tion. 

To  ENCHANT,  charm,  fascinate, 
captivate,  enrapture. 

To  ENCIRCLE,  enclose,  embrace ; 
surround,  environ,  circum- 
scribe. 

ENCOMIUM,  eulogy,  panegyric, 
praise. 

To  ENCOMPASS.  See  ENCIR- 
CLE. 

ENCOUNTER,  attack,  combat,  as- 
sault. 

To  ENCOURAGE,  countenance, 
sanction,  support,  foster,  che- 
rish; animate,  embolden,  cheer; 
incite,  urge,  impel,  stimulate, 
instigate. 

To  ENCROACH,  intrude,  intrench, 
infringe,  invade. 

To  ENCUMBER,  load,  clog;  im- 
pede, hinder. 

END,  aim,  object,  purpose;  close, 
termination,  extremity,  sequel, 
finish. 

To  ENDEAVOR,  attempt,  try,  aim, 
essay,  strive. 

ENDEAVOR,  aim,  effort,  exertion, 
attempt. 


ENDLESS,     eternal,     everlasting, 
interminable,    perpetual,     infi- 
nite. 
|  To  ENDOW,  endue,  invest. 

ENDOWMENT,  gift,  talent. 
I  ENDURANCE,   fortitude,    patience, 

resignatioa. 

I  To  ENDURE,  support,  bear,  suffer, 
sustain. 

ENEMY,  foe,  opponent,  antagonist, 
adversary. 

ENERGY,  force,  vigor,  strength, 
potency,  efficacy. 

To  ENERVATE,  enfeeble,  weaken, 
unnerve,  debilitate. 

To  ENGAGE,  attract,  invite,  allure, 
entertain. 

ENGAGEMENT,  avocation,  business, 
employment,  occupation,  office, 
profession ;  word,  promise ; 
battle,  combat. 

To  ENGENDER,  breed,  generate, 
produce. 

ENGRAVING,  picture,  print. 

To  ENGROSS,  absorb,  swallow 
up,  imbibe ;  monopolize. 

To  ENGULF,  swallow  up,  absorb, 
engross. 

ENJOYMENT,  pleasure,  fruition, 
gratification. 

To  ENLARGE,  increase,  extend, 
lengthen. 

To  ENLIGHTEN,  illumine,  illumi- 
nate. 

To  ENLIST,  enroll,  register,  re- 
cord. 

To  ENLIVEN,  animate,  inspire, 
exhilarate,  cheer. 

ENMITY,  animosity,  hostility, 
hatred,  ill-will,  malignity. 

ENORMOUS,  huge,  vast,  immense, 
prodigious. 

ENOUGH,  sufficiency,  plenty, 
abundance. 

To  ENRAGE,  irritate,  incense,  ag» 
gravate,  incite,  stimulate,  ex 
asperate,  inflame. 

To  ENRAPTURE.     See  ENCHANT. 
j  To  ENROLL.     See  ENLIST. 
|  ENSAMPLE,  example,  pattern. 
j  To  ENSLAVE,  captivate. 


ERA 


250 


EVE 


To  ENSUE,  follow,  succeed. 

To  ENTANGLE,  perplex,  embar- 
rass, inveigle,  insnare,  impli- 
cate, infold,  involve,  entrap. 

ENTERPRISE,  undertaking,  adven- 
ture, attempt. 

ENTERPRISING,  adventurous. 

To  ENTER  upon,  begin,  com- 
mence. 

To  ENTERTAIN,  amuse,  divert. 

ENTERTAINMENT,  amusement,  di- 
version, recreation,  pastime, 
sport ;  feast,  banquet,  carousal, 
treat. 

ENTHUSIAST,  visionary,  fanatic. 

To  ENTICE,  allure,  attract,  decoy, 
tempt,  seduce,  abduct. 

ENTIRE,  whole,  complete,  perfect, 
integral,  total. 

To  ENTITLE,  name,  designate,  de- 
nominate, style,  characterize. 

To  ENTRAP.     See  ENTANGLE. 

To  ENTREAT,  beg,  crave,  soli- 
cit, beseech,  implore,  suppli- 
cate. 

ENTREATY,  petition,  prayer,  re- 
quest, suit. 

To  ENVEIGLE.     See  ENTANGLE. 

To  ENVIRON.     See  ENCIRCLE. 

ENVY,  jealousy,  suspicion,  grudg- 
ing. 

EPICURE,   voluptuary,   sensualist. 

To  EPITOMIZE,  abridge,  reduce, 
condense. 

EPOCH,  time,  period,  era,  age, 
date. 

To  EQUIP,  fit  out,  prepare,  qua- 
lify. 

EQUAL,  equable,  uniform;  ade- 
quate, proportionate,  commen- 
surate ;  equivalent. 

EQUAL  to,  adequate,  commensu- 
rate, proportionate. 

EQUITABLE,  just,  fair,  honest,  rea- 
sonable. 

EQUIVOCAL,  ambiguous,  doubt- 
ful. 

To  EQUIVOCATE,  evade,  prevari- 
cate. 

ERA,  time,  point,  period,  date, 
epoch,  age. 


To  ERADICATE,  extirpate,  root  out, 
exterminate. 

To  ERASE,  blot  out,  expunge, 
rase,  efface,  obliterate,  can- 
cel. 

To  ERECT,  set  up,  raise,  elevate, 
construct;  institute,  establish, 
found. 

ERRAND,  mission,  message. 

ERROR,  mistake,  blunder,  fault. 

ERUDITION,  learning,  knowledge, 
science. 

ERUPTION,  explosion,  breaking 
out. 

To  ESCAPE,  elude,  evade. 

To  ESCHEW,  avoid,  shun,  elude. 

To  ESCORT,  attend,  accompany, 
wait  on. 

ESPECIALLY,  particularly,  spe- 
ciauy,  principally,  chiefly. 

To  ESPY,  discern,  discover,  find 
out,  descry. 

ESSAY,  attempt,  trial,  endea- 
vor, effort;  tract,  treatise,  dis- 
sertation. 

ESSENTIAL,  necessary,  indispensa- 
ble, requisite. 

To  ESTABLISH,  confirm,  settle,  fix, 
institute,  found. 

To  ESTEEM,  prize,  value,  appre- 
ciate ;  respect. 

ESTEEM,  regard,  respect,  prize, 
value,  revere. 

To  ESTIMATE,  count,  calculate, 
compute,  reckon,  number,  rate, 
appraise ;  appreciate,  esteem, 
value. 

ETERNAL,  everlasting,  bound- 
less, interminable,  endless,  in- 
finite. 

EULOGY,  encomium,  panegyric. 

To  EVADE,  escape,  elude ;  equivo- 
cate, prevaricate. 

To  EVAPORATE,  exhale,  emit. 

EVASION,  shift,  subterfuge;  pre- 
varication, equivocation. 

EVEN,  equal,  equable,  uniform; 
smooth,  plain,  level. 

EVENT,  incident,  occurrence,  ad- 
venture, issue,  consequence,  re- 
sult, accident. 


EXE 


251 


EXP 


EVER,  always,  perpetually,  con 
tinually,  incessantly, unceasing 
ly,  constantly. 

EVERLASTING.     See  ETERNAL. 

EVIDENCE,  testimony,  deposition 
proof;  deponent,  witness. 

EVIL,  bad,  wicked ;  misfortune 
harm,  mischief,  ill. 

To  EVINCE,  argue,  prove,  mani 
fest,  demonstrate. 

To  EXACT,  extort,  draw  from. 

EXACT,  accurate,  correct,  precise, 
nice. 

To  EXALT,  raise,  elevate,  erect, 
lift  up. 

EXAMINATION,  search,  inquiry, 
research,  scrutiny,  investiga- 
tion ;  discussion. 

EXAMPLE,  pattern,  ensample,  pre- 
cedent. 

To  EXASPERATE,  aggravate,  pro- 
voke, excite,  irritate. 

To  EXCEED,  excel,  surpass,  tran- 
scend, outdo. 

EXCELLENCE,  superiority,  perfec- 
tion. 

EXCEPT,  unless,  besides. 

EXCEPTION,  objection,  difficulty. 

EXCESS,  superfluity,  redundance ; 
intemperance. 

To  EXCHANGE,  change,  barter, 
truck,  commute. 

EXCHANGE,  interchange,  recipro- 
city;  barter,  dealing,  trade, 
traffic. 

To  EXCITE,  incite,  awaken, 
arouse,  stimulate,  provoke,  irri- 
tate. 

To  EXCLAIM,  call,  shout,  cry. 

To  EXCULPATE,  exonerate,  ab- 
solve, acquit,  justify. 

EXCURSION,  ramble,  tour,  trip, 
jaunt. 

To  EXCUSE,  exculpate,  absolve, 
acquit. 

EXCUSE,  pretence,  pretension,  pre- 
text. 

EXECRABLE,  abominable,  detest- 
able, hateful,  accursed. 

EXECRATION,  curse,  malediction, 
imprecation. 


To  EXECUTE,  accomplish,  fulfil, 
realize,  effect,  achieve,  consum- 
mate, complete,  finish. 

EXEMPTION,  freedom,  immunity, 
privilege. 

To  EXERCISE,  exert,  practise,  car- 
ry on. 

To  EXHALE,  emit,  evaporate. 

To  EXHAUST,  spend,  drain, 
empty. 

To  EXHIBIT,  show,  display. 

EXHIBITION,  show,  sight,  specta- 
cle, representation. 

To  EXHILARATE,  animate,  inspire, 
enliven,  cheer. 

To  EXHORT,  persuade,  incite. 

To  EXHUME,  unbury,  disinter. 

EXIGENCY,  emergency,  neces- 
sity. 

EXILE,  banishment,  expulsion, 
proscription. 

To  EXONERATE,  exculpate,  relieve, 
absolve,  clear,  acquit,  discharge, 
justify. 

To  EXPAND,  spread,  diffuse,  di- 
late. 

To  EXPECT,  look  for,  await. 
XPECTATION,  hope,  anticipation, 
confidence,  trust. 

EXPEDIENT,* fit,  necessary,  essen- 
tial, requisite. 

fo  EXPEDITE,  accelerate,  quicken, 
hasten. 

EXPEDITIOUS,     prompt,     diligent, 

speedy,  quick. 

To  EXPEL,  cast  out,  banish, 
exile. 

Fo    EXPEND,     spend,     dissipate, 
waste. 
XPENSE,  cost,  price,  charge. 

EXPENSIVE,  costly,  dear,  sumptu- 
ous, valuable. 

EXPERIENCE,  experiment,  trial, 
proof,  test, 

EXPERT,  clever,  dextrous,  adroit, 
skilful. 

["o  EXPIATE,  atone  for,  blot 
out. 

?o  EXPLAIN,  expound,  interpret, 
elucidate. 

EXPLANATION,    explication,   reel- 


FAB 


252 


FAR 


tal,  account,  description,  detail, 
relation. 

EXPLICIT,  express,  plain,  defi- 
nite. 

EXPLOIT,  achievement,  feat,  deed, 
accomplishment. 

To  EXPLORE,  search,  pry  into. 

EXPOSED,  subject,  liable,  obnox- 
ious. 

EXPOSTULATE,  remonstrate,  alter- 
cate, discuss. 

To  EXPOUND,  explain,  interpret, 
unfold. 

EXPRESS,  explicit,  plain,  defi- 
nite. 

To  EXPRESS,  declare,  utter,  signi- 
fy, testify,  intimate. 

EXPRESSIVE,  significant. 

To  EXPUNGE,  blot  out,  erase,  ef- 
face, obliterate. 

To  EXTEND,  enlarge,  increase, 
stretch  out. 

EXTENSIVE,  comprehensive,  wide, 
large. 

EXTENUATE,  palliate,  lessen,  di- 
minish. 

EXTERIOR,  outward,  external. 

To  EXTERMINATE,  extirpate,  era- 
dicate, root  out,  destroy. 

EXTERNAL,  exterior,  outward. 

To  EXTOL,  praise,  laud,  applaud, 
commend. 

To  EXTORT,  exact,  draw  from. 

EXTRAORDINARY,  remarkable,  un- 
common, eminent. 

EXTRAVAGANT,  prodigal,  lavish, 
profuse,  excessive, 

EXTREME,  extremity,  end,  termi- 
nation. 

To  EXTRICATE,  disengage,  disen- 
tangle, disembarrass. 

EXTRINSIC,  extraneous,  foreign. 

EXUBERANT,  plenteous,  luxuriant, 
plentiful,  abundant. 

EXULTATION,  transport,  joy. 


FABRIC,  edifice,  structure. 
To    FABRICATE,    invent,    frame, 
feign,  forge. 


FABRICATION,  fiction,  falsehood, 
invention. 

To  FACE,  confront. 

FACE,  countenance,  visage. 

FACETIOUS,  pleasant,  jocular,  jo- 
cose. 

FACILITY,  ease,  lightness. 

FACT,  incident,  circumstance. 

FACTION,  party,  junta,  junto. 

FACULTY,  ability,  talent,  gift,  en- 
dowment. 

FAILING,  failure,  imperfection, 
weakness,  frailty,  foible;  mis- 
carriage, misfortune. 

FAINT,  languid,  weak,  low. 

FAIR,  clear;  honest,  equitable, 
reasonable. 

FAITH,  belief,  trust,  credit,  fideli- 
ty. 

FAITHFUL,  trusty. 

FAITHLESS,  perfidious,  unfaithful, 
treacherous. 

To  FALL,  drop,  sink,  tremble, 
droop. 

To  FALL  short,  fail,  be  deficient. 

FALLACIOUS,  deceitful,  fraudulent, 
delusive,  illusive. 

FALSEHOOD,  untruth,  fiction,  fabri- 
cation, falsity. 

To  FALTER,  hesitate,  waver. 

FAME,  reputation,  renown,  cele- 
brity, credit,  honor;  report, 
rumor. 

FAMILIAR,  free,  affable;  inti- 
mate. 

FAMILIARITY,  acquaintance,  in- 
timacy, affability,  fellow- 
ship. 

FAMILY,  house,  lineage,  race. 

FAMOUS,  celebrated,  renowned, 
illustrious,  eminent,  distin- 
guished, transcendent,  excel- 
lent. 

FANATIC,  enthusiast,  visionary. 

FANCIFUL,  fantastical,  whimsical, 
capricious,  ideal. 

FANCY,  imagination,  conceit, 
ideality. 

FAR,  distant,  remote. 

FARE,  provision;  journey,  pas- 
sage. 


FEL 


253 


FIT 


FAREWELL,  taking  leave,  valedic- 
tion. 

To  FASCINATE,  charm,  enrapture, 
enchant. 

FASHION,  custom,  manner,  prac- 
tice, mode. 

To  FASHION,  form,  mould,  shape. 

To  FASTEN,  fix,  stick,  hold;  affix, 
attach,  annex. 

FASTIDIOUS,  squeamish,  over- 
nice. 

FATAL,  deadly,  mortal. 

FATE,  destiny,  lot,  doom ;  chance, 
fortune. 

FATIGUE,  weariness,  lassitude. 

FAVOR,  benefit,  kindness,  civility, 
grace. 

FAVORABLE,  auspicious,  propi- 
tious. 

FAULT,  blemish,  defect,  imperfec- 
tion, vice,  error,  failing. 

To  FAWN,  coax,  wheedle,  cajole. 

To  FEAR,  apprehend,  dread. 

FEAR,  fright,  apprehension,  terror, 
alarm,  consternation,  trepida- 
tion, dread. 

FEARFUL,  afraid,  timid,  timorous ; 
dreadful,  frightful,  horrible, 
distressing. 

FEARLESS,  brave,  bold,  courage- 
ous, undaunted,  daring,  valor- 
ous, heroic,  intrepid,  magnani- 
mous. 

FEASIBLE,  specious,  colorable, 
plausible. 

FEAST,  banquet,  carousal,  treat, 
entertainment,  festival. 

FEAT,  achievement,  exploit,  deed, 
accomplishment. 

FEEBLE,  weak,  infirm. 

FEELING,  sensibility,  sensation, 
consciousness,  susceptibility ; 
kindness,  generosity. 

To  FEIGN,  pretend,  dissemble; 
invent,  forge. 

To  FELICITATE,  make  joyful,  de- 
light; congratulate. 

FELICITY,  happiness,  bliss,  bless- 
edness, beatitude. 

FELLOWSHIP,  society ;  acquaint- 
ance, intimacy,  familiarity. 


FELON,  criminal,  culprit,  malefac- 
tor. 

FENCE,  guard,  security, 

FEROCIOUS,  fierce,  savage,  raven- 
ous. 

FERTILE,  fruitful,  prolific,  produc- 
tive. 

FERTILITY,  fruitfulness,  fecundity, 
productiveness. 

FERVOR,  ardor,  warmth,  vehe- 
mence. 

FEUD,  affray,  fray,  quarrel,  broil, 
dispute. 

FICKLE,  changeable,  variable,  in- 
constant, unstable,  wavering, 
versatile. 

FICTION,  falsehood,  fabrication, 
invention. 

FIDELITY,  faith,  honesty,  integ- 
rity. 

FIERCE,  ferocious,  savage. 

FIERY,  hot,  ardent,  passionate, 
fervent,  impetuous. 

FIGHT,  conflict,  combat,  contest, 
encounter,  contention,  battle, 
engagement,  struggle. 

FIGURE,  form,  semblance,  shape  ; 
metaphor,  allegory,  emblem. 

FILTHY,  nasty,  foul,  unclean, 
dirty,  gross. 

FINAL,  ultimate,  last,  latest,  con- 
clusive ;  decisive. 

To  FIND  out,  discover,  descry,  de- 
tect ;  ascertain. 

FINE,  delicate,  pure,  nice ;  hand- 
some, pretty,  beautiful,  elegant, 
showy. 

A  FINE,  mulct,  penalty,  forfeiture, 
amercement. 

FINESSE,  artifice,  trick,  stratagem, 
delusion,  deceit,  guile. 

To  FINISH,  perfect,  complete,  con- 
clude, terminate,  close. 

FINITE,  limited,  bounded,  termi- 
nable. 

FIRM,  stable,  solid,  robust,  strong, 
sturdy. 

FIRST,  primary,  primitive,  pris- 
tine, original. 

To  FIT,  suit,  adapt,  adjust ;  equip, 
prepare,  qualify. 


FON 


254 


FOR 


FIT,  apt,  suitable,  meet;  becom- 
ing, decent ;  expedient. 

FITTED,  competent,  adapted, 
qualified,  suited. 

To  Fix,  fasten,  attach,  stick ;  set- 
tle, establish,  limit,  determine ; 
institute,  appoint 

To  FLAG,  decline,  droop,  languish, 
pine. 

FLAGITIOUS,  flagrant,  heinous, 
atrocious. 

FLAT,  level ;  insipid,  dull,  spirit- 
less, tasteless,  vapid,  inanimate, 
lifeless. 

FLATTERY,  false  compliment,  adu- 
lation, obsequiousness,  syco- 
phancy, parasitism. 

FLAVOR,  taste,  relish,  savor. 

FLAW,  blemish,  spot,  speck,  crack, 
defect. 

FLEETING,  temporary,  transient, 
transitory. 

FLEETNESS,  quickness,  celerity, 
swiftness,  rapidity,  velocity. 

FLEXIBLE,  pliant,  supple. 

FLIGHTINESS,  levity,  lightness, 
giddiness,  volatility. 

FLIMSY,  light,  weak,  superficial, 
shallow. 

To  FLIRT,  jeer,  gibe,  scoff,  taunt. 

To  FLOURISH,  thrive,  prosper. 

To  FLUCTUATE,  waver,  hesitate, 
vacillate,  scruple. 

To  FLUTTER,  palpitate,  undulate, 
vibrate,  pant. 

FOE,  enemy,  opponent,  antago- 
nist, adversary. 

FOIBLE,  imperfection,  failing, 
frailty,  weakness. 

To  FOIL,  defeat,  frustrate,  disap- 
point. 

FOLKS,  persons,  people,  individu- 
als. 

To  FOLLOW,  succeed,  ensue ;  imi- 
tate, copy ;  pursue. 

A  FOLLOWER,  adherent,  disci- 
ple, partisan  ;  pursuer,  succes- 
sor. 

FOLLY,  weakness,  irrationality ; 
foolery. 

To  FONDLB,  oaress. 


FONDNESS,  affection,  attachment* 
kindness,  love 

To  FORSAKE,  abandon,  desert,  re- 
nounce, abdicate,  relinquish, 
quit,  give  up,  forego 

FOOD,  diet,  regimen. 

FOOL,  idiot,  buffoon. 

FOOLERY,  folly,  absurdity. 

FOOLHARDY,  adventurous,  rash, 
incautious,  venturesome,  ven- 
turous, hasty,  precipitate. 

FOOLISH,  simple,  silly,  irrational; 
ridiculous,  preposterous. 

FOOTSTEP,  trace,  track,  mark. 

FOPPISH,  finical,  spruce,  dandy- 
ish. 

To  FORBEAR,  abstain,  refrain, 
withhold. 

To  FORBID,  interdict,  prohibit. 

FORECAST,  forethought,  foresight, 
premeditation. 

FORCE,  strength,  vigor,  mighty 
energy,  power,  violence. 

To  FORCE,  compel,  constrain, 
oblige,  necessitate. 

FORCIBLE,  strong,  cogent,  irresisti- 
ble. 

To  FOREBODE,  augur,  presage, 
portend,  betoken. 

FOREFATHER,  progenitor,  ances- 
tor. 

FOREGOING,  antecedent,  anterior, 
previous,  prior,  former,  preced- 
ing. 

FOREIGN,  extraneous,  exotic,  ex- 
trinsic. 

FORERUNNER,  precursor,  harbin- 
ger, messenger. 

FORESIGHT.     See  FORECAST. 

To  FORETELL,  predict,  prophesy, 
prognosticate,  presage,  betoken, 
augur,  portend. 

FORETHOUGHT,  foresight,  forecast, 
premeditation. 

FORFEITURE,  fine,  mulct,  penalty, 
amercement. 

To  FORGE,  invent,  frame,  feign, 
fabricate,  counterfeit. 

FORGETFULNESS,  oblivion. 

To  FORGIVE,  pardon,  absolve,  re- 
mit, acquit,  excuse. 


FRA 


255 


FRU 


FORLORN,  forsaken,  destitute. 

FORM,  figure,  shape,  conforma- 
tion, fashion,  appearance,  re- 
presentation, semblance;  cere- 
mony, observance,  rite. 

To  FORM,  make,  create,  produce, 
constitute ;  fashion,  mould, 
shape. 

FORMAL,  ceremonious,  precise, 
exact,  stiff,  methodical. 

FORMER,  antecedent,  anterior, 
previous,  prior,  preceding,  fore- 
going. 

FORMERLY,  anciently,  m  times 
past,  in  days  of  yore. 

FORMIDABLE,  terrible,  tremen- 
dous, shocking. 

To  FORSAKE,  abandon,  desert,  re- 
nounce ;  abdicate. 

FORSAKEN,  abandoned,  forlorn, 
destitute. 

To  FORSWEAR,  perjure. 

To  FORTIFY,  strengthen,  invigo- 
rate. 

FORTITUDE,  resolution,  courage, 
bravery. 

FORTUITOUS,  accidental,  casual, 
contingent,  incidental. 

FORTUNATE,  lucky,  prosperous, 
successful. 

FORTUNE,  chance,  fate. 

FORWARD,  onward,  progressive ; 
confident,  presumptuous,  im- 
modest. 

To  FORWARD,  advance,  promote, 
prefer. 

To  FOSTER,  cherish,  indulge,  har- 
bor. 

FOUL,  nasty,  filthy,  defiled. 

To  FOUND,  ground,  rest,  build; 
institute,  establish. 

FOUNDATION,  ground,  basis;  esta- 
blishment, settlement. 

FOUNTAIN,  spring,  source. 

FRACTION,  part,  piece. 

FRACTURE,  rupture,  breach. 

FRAGILE,  brittle,  weak,  frail. 

FRAILTY,  weakness,  imperfection, 
failing,  foible. 

FRAME,     temper,     temperament, 
constitution. 
17 


To  FRAME,  invent,  fabricate,  forge, 
feign. 

FRANK,  artless,  candid,  free,  open, 
ingenuous,  plain. 

FRATERNITY,  brotherhood. 

FRAUD,  deceit,  guile,  cheat,  impo- 
sition. 

FRAY,  affray ;  quarrel,  broil,  feud, 
altercation. 

FREAK,  whim,  caprice. 

FREE,  liberal,  generous,  bountiful, 
munificent,  unconstrained,  un- 
confined,  unreserved ;  familiar, 
easy,  frank,  candid,  ingenuous ; 
exempt,  clear. 

To  FREE,  set  free,  deliver,  libe- 
rate, affranchise. 

FREEDOM,  liberty,  independence, 
unrestraint;  familiarity;  ex- 
emption, privilege. 

FREIGHT,  cargo,  lading,  load,  bur- 
den. 

To  FREQUENT,  resort  to,  haunt. 

FREQUENTLY,  often,  commonly, 
usually,  generally. 

FRESH,  new,  novel,  recent,  mo- 
dern. 

To  FRET,  gall,  rub,  chafe;  agi- 
tate, vex. 

FRETFUL,  splenetic,  peevish,  petu- 
lant, captious. 

FRIENDLY,  amicable ;  social,  socia- 
ble. 

FRIGID,  cool,  cold. 

FRIGHT,  alarm,  terror,  consterna- 
tion. 

To  FRIGHTEN,  affright,  intimi- 
date. 

FRIGHTFUL,  fearing,  dreadful,  ter- 
rific, horrid,  horrible. 

FRIVOLOUS,  trifling,  trivial,  petty. 

FROLIC,  gambol,  prank,  spree. 

FROWARD,  awkward,  cross,  unto- 
ward, perverse. 

FRUGAL,  economical,  saving,  par- 
simonious. 

FRUITFUL,  fertile,  prolific,  preg- 
nant, productive,  abundant, 
plentiful. 

FRUITION,  enjoyment,  gratifica* 
tion. 


GAZ 


256 


GLO 


FRUITLESS,  ineffectual,  vain,  abor- 
tive. 

FRUSTRATE,  defeat,  foil,  disap- 
point. 

To  FULFIL,  accomplish,  realize, 
effect,  complete. 

FULLY,  largely,  copiously,  abun- 
dantly, completely. 

FULNESS,  plenitude,  complete- 
ness, satiety,  copiousness,  abun- 
dance. 

FUNCTION,  office,  place,  charge. 

FURIOUS,  violent,  boisterous,  ve- 
hement, impetuous,  angry. 

To  FURNISH,  provide,  procure, 
supply. 

FURNITURE,  goods,  chattels,  mov- 
ables, effects. 

FURY,  madness,  frenzy,  rage, 
anger. 

FUTILE,  trifling,  trivial,  frivolous, 
useless. 

G 

To  GAIN,  get,  acquire,  obtain,  at- 
tain, procure ;  win. 

GAIN,  profit,  emolument,  advan- 
tage, lucre,  benefit. 

GAIT,  carriage,  walk. 

GALE,  breeze,  blast,  gust;  hurri- 
cane, tempest,  storm. 

To  GALL,  rub,  chafe,  fret,  vex. 

GALLANT,  brave,  courageous, 
daring,  valorous,  valiant, 
bold,  heroic,  intrepid,  fear- 
less. 

GAMBOL,  frolic,  prank,  spree. 

GAME,  play,  sport,  amusement, 
pastime. 

GANG,  band,  company,  crew. 

GAP,  chasm,  cleft,  breach, 
break. 

To  GAPE,  gaze,  stare. 

GARRULITY,  loquacity,  babbling, 
talkativeness. 

To  GATHER,  assemble,  muster, 
collect. 

GAUDY,  showy,  gay,  glittering. 

GAY,  cheerful,  merry,  sprightly, 
debonnair. 

To  GAZE,  gape,  stare. 


GENERALLY,  commonly,  fre- 
quently, usually. 

GENERATION,  race,  breed 

GENEROUS,  beneficent,  bountiful, 
munificent,  liberal,  bounteous 

GENIUS,  intellect,  invention,  ta- 
lent, taste. 

GENTEEL,  refined,  polished,  po- 
lite. 

GENTLE,  mild,  meek,  tame. 

GENUINE,  real,  unalloyed,  unadul- 
terated, not  spurious. 

Not  GENUINE,  spurious,  supposi- 
titious, adulterated. 

To  GERMINATE,  bud,  sprout, 
grow. 

GESTURE,  gesticulation,  action, 
posture,  attitude. 

To  GET,  acquire,  obtain,  attain, 
gain,  procure,  realize. 

GHASTLY,  hideous,  grim,  grisly. 

GHOST,  spectre,  apparition,  phan- 
tom, vision. 

To  GIBE,  scoff,  sneer,  jeer,  mock, 
taunt. 

GIDDINESS,  lightness ;  flightiness, 
levity,  volatility. 

GIFT,  donation,  benefaction,  gra- 
tuity, present;  endowment,  ta- 
lent. 

To  GIVE,  grant,  bestow,  confer, 
yield. 

To  GIVE  up,  abandon,  forsake, 
renounce,  dedicate,  relinquish, 
quit. 

GLAD,  pleased,  cheerful,  joyful,  ex- 
hilarated, delighted,  gratified. 

GLANCE,  glimpse,  look. 

GLARE,  flare,  blaze,  glitter,  radia- 
tion. 

To  GLEAM,  glimmer. 

To  GLIDE,  slip,  slide. 

To  GLITTER,  shine,  sparkle,  glare, 
radiate. 

GLOBE,  circle,  sphere,  ball,  orb. 

GLOOM,  heaviness,  sadness,  dull- 
ness, sullenness,  moroseness, 
spleen. 

To  GLORY,  boast,  vaunt. 

To  GLOSS,  varnish,  palliate,  cover, 
hide. 


GRI 


257 


HAR 


GLOSSARY,  lexicon,  dictionary, 
vocabulary. 

To  GLUT,  satisfy,  satiate,  cloy. 

GODLIKE,  divine,  heavenly,  super- 
human. 

GODLY,  righteous,  holy,  pious. 

To  Go  before,  precede. 

GOOD,  benefit,  advantage,  profit. 

GOOD  office,  service,  benefit. 

GOODS,  furniture,  chattels,  effects, 
movables ;  commodities,  wares, 
merchandise. 

GOVERNMENT,  rule,  administra- 
tion, regulation,  constitu- 
tion. 

GRACE,  face,  kindness,  benefi- 
cence. 

GRACEFUL,  becoming,  comely,  ele- 
gant. 

GRACIOUS,  merciful,  kind,  benig- 
nant. 

GRAND,  majestic,  stately,  pomp- 
ous, august,  dignified,  lofty, 
elevated,  exalted,  splendid, 
magnificent,  sublime,  noble. 

To  GRANT,  give,  yield,  concede, 
cede,  allow;  bestow,  con- 
fer. 

GRANT,  allowance,  stipend;  con- 
cession. 

To  GRASP,  lay  hold  on,  catch, 
seize,  gripe. 

GRATEFUL,  agreeable,  pleasing, 
welcome ;  thankful. 

GRATIFICATION,  enjoyment,  frui- 
tion, pleasure. 

GRATITUDE,  thankfulness. 

GRATUITOUS,  voluntary. 

GRATUITY,  gift,  recompense. 

GRAVE,  serious,  sedate,  thought- 
ful, solemn,  sober ;  important, 
weighty. 

GRAVE,  tomb,  sepulchre. 

GREAT,  big,  large.  See  also 
GRAND. 

GREATNESS,  magnitude,  bulk, 
size. 

GREEDINESS,  avidity,  eagerness, 
voracity. 

GREETING,  salutation. 

GRIEF,  affliction,  sorrow. 


GRIEVANCE,  hardship,  uneasi- 
ness. 

To  GRIEVE,  mourn,  lament,  sor- 
row, bewail. 

GRIM,  hideous,  grisly,  ghastly. 

To  GRIPE,  lay  hold  on,  catch, 
seize,  grasp ;  press,  squeeze, 
pinch. 

To  GROAN,  moan. 

GROSS,  coarse ;  unseemly,  shame- 
ful. 

To  GROUND,  found,  rest,  base. 

GROUP,  assembly,  assemblage, 
collection. 

To  GROW,  increase. 

GRUDGE,  malice,  rancor,  spite, 
pique. 

To  GUARANTY,  answer  for,  war- 
rant, secure. 

GUARD,  fence,  security,  shield, 
defence. 

To  GUESS,  conjecture,  divine,  sur- 
mise, suppose. 

GUEST,  visitant,  visitor. 

To  GUIDE,  lead,  conduct,  direct,, 
regulate. 

GUILE,  deceit,  fraud. 

GUILTLESS,  innocent,  harmless. 

GUISE,  manner,  mien,  habit. 

GULF,  abyss. 

To  GUSH,  stream,  flow. 

GUST,  breeze,  blast,  gale. 

H 

HABIT.     See  GUISE. 

HABITATION,  dwelling,  residence, 
abode. 

To  HALE,  draw,  drag,  haul,  pull, 
tug. 

To  HALLOW,  consecrate,  dedicate, 
sanctify. 

HANDSOME,  pretty,  beautiful,  fine. 

To  HANKER  after,  desire,  long  for, 
covet. 

HANGING  over,  impending,  immi-> 
nent. 

HAPPINESS,  felicity,  bliss,  beati- 
tude. 

HARANGUE,  address,  speech,  ora- 
tion. 

To    HARASS,     distress,     perplex, 


HAU 


258 


HIL 


weary,  tire,  jade ;  molest,  dis- 
turb. 

HARBINGER,  forerunner,  precur- 
sor, messenger. 

HARBOR,  port,  haven. 

To  HARBOR,  lodge,  shelter ;  in- 
dulge, cherish,  foster. 

HARD,  firm,  solid ;  hardy,  unfeel- 
ing, insensible;  difficult,  ardu- 
ous. 

HARD-HEARTED,  insensible,  un- 
feeling, cruel,  unmerciful,  mer- 
ciless. 

HARDENED,  hard,  callous,  obdu- 
rate, unfeeling,  insensible,  im- 
penetrable. 

HARDIHOOD,  audacity,  effrontery, 
boldness. 

HARDLY,  scarcely,  with  difficulty. 

HARDSHIP,  grievance. 

HARM,  evil,  ill,  misfortune,  mis- 
hap ;  injury,  damage,  hurt. 

HARMLESS,  unconscious,  inno- 
cent ;  inoffensive,  unoffend- 
ing. 

HARMONY,  agreement,  accord- 
ance, unison ;  melody. 

HARSH,  rough,  severe,  rigorous. 

HARSHNESS,  acrimony,  asperity, 
smartness,  tartness. 

To  HASTEN,  accelerate,  quicken, 
expedite. 

HASTINESS,  precipitancy,  rash- 
ness, temerity. 

HASTY,  quick ;  irascible,  pas- 
sionate, angry,  hot;  cursory, 
slight. 

To  HATE,  detest,  abhor,  loathe, 
abominate. 

HATEFUL,  odious,  detestable, 
execrable,  abominable,  loath- 
some. 

HATRED,  aversion,  antipathy, 
repugnance,  enmity,  ill-will, 
rancour. 

HAVEN,  harbor,  port. 

HAUGHTINESS,  arrogance,  disdain, 
pride,  loftiness,  highminded- 
ness. 

To  HAUL,  draw,  drag,  hale,  pull, 
tug. 


HAZARD,  danger,  peril,  chance, 
risk,  venture. 

HEAD,  chieftain,  leader,  chief. 

HEADSTRONG,  heady,  obstinate* 
stubborn,  forward,  venture- 
some. 

To  HEAL,  cure,  remedy. 

HEALTHY,  sound,  sane;  sain* 
brious,  wholesome,  salutary,, 
salutiferous. 

To  HEAP,  pile,  amass,  accumu- 
late. 

To  HEAR,  hearken,  overhear. 

To  HEARKEN,  attend,  listen. 

HEARSAY,  rumor,  report. 

HEARTY,  warm,  cordial,  sincere, 

HEATING,  calorific,  calefactory. 

To  HEAVE,  hoist,  lift,  swell. 

HEAVENLY,  celestial,  divine,  god- 
like, angelic. 

HEAVINESS,  weight,  gravity, 
gloom. 

HEAVY,  burdensome,  ponderous, 
weighty,  dull,  drowsy,  slug- 
gish. 

To  HEED,  attend  to,  mind,  regard, 
notice. 

HEEDLESS,  inattentive,  negligent, 
remiss,  careless,  thoughtless. 

HEIGHT,  crisis,  acme. 

To  HEIGHTEN,  raise,  aggravate. 

HEINOUS,  flagrant,  flagitious,  atro- 
cious. 

To  HELP,  aid,  assist,  succor,  re- 
lieve;  serve. 

HERESY,  heterodoxy,  schism. 

HEROIC,  brave,  courageous,  gal- 
lant, valiant,  bold,  intrepid, 
fearless. 

To  HESITATE,  falter,  pause;  de- 
mur, scruple. 

HIDDEN,  secret,  latent,  occult, 
mysterious. 

To  HIDE,  conceal,  disguise,  se- 
crete, cover ;  shelter,  screen ; 
dissemble. 

HIDEOUS,   ghastly,    grim,   grisly, 

frightful. 

I  HIGH,  tall,  lofty,  elevated. 
'  HILARITY,  mirth,  merriment,  jo- 
viality, jollity. 


HUM 


259 


ILL 


countryman,  peasant, 
swain,  rustic. 

To  HINDER,  prevent,  impede,  ob- 
struct, oppose,  thwart,  retard, 

*  stop,  embarrass. 

To  HINT,  allude,  refer,  glance  at, 
intimate,  suggest. 

HIRE,  allowance,  stipend,  salary, 
wages,  pay. 

HIRELING,  mercenary,  venal. 

To  HIT,  strike,  beat. 

To  HOARD,  treasure,  heap  up. 

To  HOIST,  lift,  heave. 

To  HOLD,  keep,  detain,  retain ; 
support,  maintain,  possess,  oc- 
cupy. 

HOLINESS,  sanctity,  piety,  devo- 
tion. 

HOLLOW,  vacant,  empty,  void. 

HOLY,  pious,  devout,  religious; 
sacred,  divine. 

HOLYDAY,  feast,  festival. 

HONESTY,  integrity,  purity,  pro- 
bity, sincerity,  veracity,  virtue, 
justice,  equity,  uprightness, 
rectitude,  honor. 

To  HONOR,  reverence,  venerate, 
respect,  revere ;  dignify,  ex- 
alt. 

HOPE,  expectation,  anticipation, 
trust,  confidence. 

HOPELESS,  desperate,  desponding, 
despairing. 

HORRIBLE,  fearful,  dreadful, 
frightful,  terrible,  terrific,  hor- 
rid. 

HOSTILE,  inimical,  repugnant, 
adverse,  opposite,  contrary. 

HOSTILITY,  animosity,  enmity,  op- 
position. 

HOT,  ardent,  burning,  fiery. 

HOUSE,  family,  lineage,  race; 
habitation,  dwelling. 

HOWEVER,  yet,  nevertheless,  not- 
withstanding. 

HUE,  color,  tint. 

To  HUG,  clasp,  embrace,  squeeze. 

HUGE,  large,  vast,  enormous,  im- 
mense. 

HUMANITY,  kindness,  benevolence, 
benignity,  tenderness. 


To  HUMBLE,  debase,  abase,  de- 
grade, disgrace,  humiliate. 

HUMBLE,  lowly,  modest,  submis- 
sive, unpretending,  unpresum- 
ing,  unassuming. 

HUMIDITY,  moisture,  dampness. 

HUMOR,  temper,  mood,  frame ; 
caprice,  disposition ;  wit,  bur- 
lesque, satire. 

To  HURL,  cast,  throw. 

HURRICANE,  tempest,  storm,  blast 

To  HURRY,  hasten;  expedite; 
precipitate. 

HURT,  harm,  injury,  damage, 
detriment,  disadvantage,  mis- 
chief, bane ;  sorry,  grieved. 

HURTFUL,  pernicious,  baneful, 
nocent,  noxious,  mischievous, 
detrimental,  injurious,  prejudi- 
cial. 

HUSBANDRY,  cultivation,  tillage, 
farming. 

HYPOCRISY,  simulation,  dissimu- 
lation, deceit. 


IDEA,  imagination,  thought,  con- 
ception, notion,  perception. 

IDEAL,  imaginary,  intellectual. 

IDIOM,  dialect. 

IDIOT,  fool,  natural. 

IDLE,  lazy,  indolent,  sluggish; 
unemployed,  vacant,  at  leisure. 

IGNOMINY,  opprobrium,  infamy, 
shame,  disgrace. 

IGNORANT,  uninformed,  unin- 
structed,  unenlightened,  un- 
learned, untaught,  illiterate, 
unlettered. 

ILL,  bad,  evil. 

ILLIMITABLE,  boundless,  immense, 
unlimited,  infinite. 

ILLITERATE.     See  IGNORANT. 

ILLNESS,  sickness,  indisposition, 
disease,  distemper,  disorder, 
malady. 

ILL-TEMPERED,  morose,  crabbed, 
sour. 

To  ILLUMINE,  illuminate,  enlight- 
en, illume. 


IMP 


260 


IMP 


ILLUSION,  fallacy,  chimera,  decep- 
tion. 

To  ILLUSTRATE,  explain,  elucidate, 
clear. 

ILLUSTRIOUS,  distinguished,  con- 
spicuous, noted,  eminent,  fa- 
mous, celebrated,  renowned. 

ILL-WILL,  enmity,  hatred,  ran- 
cor. 

IMAGE,  likeness,  picture,  repre- 
sentation, effigy. 

IMAGINARY,  ideal,  fanciful. 

To  IMAGINE,  think,  conceive,  ap- 
prehend ;  deem,  suppose. 

IMBECILITY,  weakness,  debility, 
infirmity. 

To  IMBIBE,  absorb,  swallow  up, 
take  in ;  ingulf,  engross,  con- 
sume. 

To  IMITATE,  ape,  mimic,  mock; 
copy,  counterfeit,  follow. 

IMMATERIAL,  uncorporeal,  unsub- 
stantial, unbodied,  spiritual ; 
unimportant,  insignificant,  in- 
considerable. 

IMMEDIATELY,  directly,  instantly, 
instantaneously. 

IMMENSE,  enormous,  huge,  vast, 
prodigious,  monstrous,  illimita- 
ble. 

IMMINENT,  impending,  threaten- 
ing. 

IMMODERATE,  intemperate,  exces- 
sive. 

IMMODEST,  indecent,  indelicate, 
impudent,  shamel&ss. 

IMMUNITY,  privilege,  prerogative, 
exemption.  * 

To  IMPAIR,  injure ;  diminish,  de- 
crease. 

To  IMPART,  communicate,  make 
known,  reveal,  divulge,  dis- 
close, discover ;  give,  yield. 

IMPASSABLE,  inaccessible,  imper- 
vious. 

To  IMPEACH,  accuse,  charge,  ar- 
raign, censure. 

To  IMPEDE,  hinder,  retard,  ob- 
struct, prevent. 

To  IMPEL,   animate,  actuate,  in- 


duce, move,  incite,  instigate, 
encourage. 

IMPENDING,  imminent,  threaten- 
ing. 

IMPERATIVE,  commanding,  autho- 
ritative, imperious,  despotic. 

IMPERFECTION,  fault,  defect,  vice  ; 
weakness,  frailty,  failing,  foi- 
ble. 

IMPERIOUS,  commanding,  impera- 
tive, authoritative  ;  lordly,  over* 
bearing,  domineering. 

IMPERTINENT,  irrelevant,  inappli- 
cable ;  rude,  saucy,  impudent, 
insolent. 

IMPERVIOUS,  unpassable,  impass- 
able, inaccessible,  unapproach- 
able. 

IMPETUOUS,  violent,  boisterous, 
furious,  vehement,  rapid. 

To  IMPINGE,  strike  against,  touch, 
clash  with. 

IMPIOUS,  profane,  irreligious. 

IMPLACABLE,  unrelenting,  relent- 
less, inexorable. 

To  IMPLANT,  ingraft,  instill,  in- 
fuse, inculcate. 

To  IMPLICATE,  involve,  entangle, 
embarrass. 

To  IMPLORE,  beg,  solicit,  be- 
seech, entreat,  crave,  suppli- 
cate. 

To  IMPLY,  infold,  involve  ;  denote, 
signify. 

To  IMPORT,  imply,  denote,  mean, 
signify. 

IMPORTANCE,  signification,  avail, 
consequence,  weight,  moment. 

IMPORTANT,  momentous,  signifi- 
cant, weighty,  consequential. 

IMPORTUNATE,  pressing,  urgent. 

IMPORTUNITY,  solicitation. 

To  IMPOSE  upon,  deceive,  de- 
lude. 

IMPOST,  tax,  duty,  custom,  tri- 
bute. 

IMPOSTOR,  deceiver,  cheat. 

IMPOSTURE,  cheat,  deception, 
fraud,  delusion,  artifice,  trick, 
imposition,  stratagem. 


INC 


261 


IND 


IMPRECATION,  curse,  malediction, 
execration,  anathema. 

To  IMPRESS,  imprint,  stamp,  fix. 

IMPRISONMENT,  captivity,  confine- 
•ment. 

To  IMPROVE,  amend,  correct, 
emend,  better,  mend,  reform, 
rectify. 

IMPROVEMENT,  progress,  proficien- 
cy ;  amendment,  &c. 

IMPUDENCE,  assurance,  confidence, 
insolence. 

IMPUDENT,  impertinent,  rude, 
saucy,  insolent ;  immodest, 
shameless. 

To  IMPUGN,  attack,  assault,  in- 
vade. 

To  IMPUTE,  ascribe,  attribute. 

INABILITY,  disability,  impuis- 
sance,  impotence. 

INACCESSIBLE,  unapproachable, 
impervious. 

INACTIVE,  inert,  lazy,  slothful, 
sluggish,  idle. 

INADEQUATE,  incapable,  insuffi- 
cient, incompetent. 

INADVERTENCY,  inattention,  over- 
sight. 

INANIMATE,  lifeless,  dead,  inert. 

INATTENTIVE,  inadvertent,  negli- 
gent, careless,  remiss,  thoughts 
less,  heedless. 

INBRED,  inborn,  inherent,  innate. 

INCAPABLE.     See  INADEQUATE. 

INCESSANTLY,  unremittingly,  un- 
ceasingly, always,  continually, 
perpetually. 

INCIDENT,  circumstance,  fact, 
event,  occurrence,  adventure ; 
accident,  casualty,  contingency. 

INCIDENTAL,  accidental,  casual, 
fortuitous,  contingent. 

To  INCITE,  excite,  provoke,  stimu- 
late, aggravate,  move ;  encour- 
age, animate,  urge. 

INCLINATION,  disposition,  tenden- 
cy, bent,  bias,  prepossession, 
predilection,  propensity,  prone- 
ness  ;  affection,  attachment. 

To  INCLINE,  lean,  bend. 


To  INCLOSE,  include,  circumscribe. 

To  INCLUDE,  comprise,  compre- 
hend, contain,  embrace. 

INCOHERENT,  incongruous,  incon- 
'  sistent. 

INCOMMODE,  annoy,  molest,  dis- 
turb, inconvenience. 

INCOMPETENT,  inadequate,  incapa. 
ble,  insufficient. 

INCONSIDERABLE,  unimportant,  in* 
significant,  immaterial. 

INCONSISTENT,  incongruous,  inco- 
herent. 

INCONSTANT,  changeable,  fickle, 
variable,  versatile. 

INCONTROVERTIBLE,  indubitable, 
unquestionable,  indisputable, 
undeniable,  irrefragable. 

INCONVENIENCE,  annoyance,  mo- 
lestation, disturbance,  incom- 
modiousness. 

INCORPOREAL,  unsubstantial,  im- 
material, spiritual. 

IN  COURSE,  naturally,  consequent- 

T     ly* 

INCREASE,  augmentation,  acces- 
sion, addition. 

INCREDULITY,  unbelief,  infidelity, 
skepticism. 

To  INCULCATE,  infuse,  instil,  im- 
plant. 

INCULPABLE,  blameless. 

INCURSION,  invasion,  irruption, 
inroad. 

INDECENT,  indelicate,  immodest. 

To  INDICATE,  point  out,  show, 
mark. 

INDICATION,  mark,  sign,  note, 
symptom,  token. 

INDIFFERENCE,  apathy,  careless- 
ness, insensibility. 

INDIFFERENT,  unconcerned,  re- 
gardless. 

INDIGENCE,  want,  need,  penury, 
poverty. 

INDIGENOUS,  natal,  native. 

INDIGNATION,  anger,  ire,  wrath, 
resentment. 

INDIGNITY,  insult,  affront;  out- 
rage. 


IN? 


262 


IXQ 


INDISCRIMINATE,  promiscuous,  un- 
distinguishing. 

INDISPOSITION,  illness,  sickness  ; 
aversion,  dislike. 

INDISPUTABLE,  indubitable,  unde- 
niable, incontrovertible,  irre-  j 
frugable,  unquestionable. 

INDISTINCT,  confused ;  ambiguous, 
doubtful. 

INDIVIDUAL,  particular,  identical. 

INDOLENT,  supine,  listless,  care- 
less, idle,  lazy. 

INDUBITABLE.    See  INDISPUTABLE. 

INDUCE,  move,  actuate,  impel,  in- 
stigate, urge. 

INDUCEMENT,  motive,  reason, 
cause,  incitement. 

To  INDULGE,  foster,  cherish,  fon- 
dle, harbor. 

INDUSTRIOUS,  active,  diligent,  as- 
siduous, laborious. 

INEFFABLE,  unspeakable,  unutter- 
able, inexpressible. 

INEFFECTUAL,  vain,  fruitless,  in- 
effective. 

INEQUALITY,  disparity,  uneven- 
ness. 

INERT,    inactive,     lazy,    slothful, 


INEVITABLE,   not  to  be  avoided, 
unavoidable. 

INEXORABLE,     implacable,     unre- 
lenting, relentless. 

INEXPRESSIBLE,   unspeakable,  in- 
effable, unutterable. 

INFAMOUS,  scandalous,   shameful, 
ignominious,  opprobrious. 

INFATUATION,  intoxication,  stupe- 
faction. 

To    INFECT,    contaminate,    taint, 
defile,  pollute,  vitiate. 

INFECTION,  contagion,  taint,  poi- 
son. 

INFERENCE,  conclusion,  deduction. 

INFERIOR,     secondary ;     subordi- 
nate, subservient. 

INFIDELITY,  unbelief,  incredulity, 
skepticism. 

INFINITE,  boundless,  unbounded, , 
unlimited,  illimitable,  immense.  1 


INFIRM,  weak,  feeble,  imbecile, 
debilitated. 

To  INFLAME,  anger,  irritate,  in- 
cense, aggravate,  exasperate. 

INFLUENCE,  credit,  favor ;  autho- 
rity, sway. 

To  INFORM,  acquaint,  apprise, 
make  known  ;  disclose,  commu- 
nicate. 

INFORMANT,  informer,  accuser. 

INFORMATION,  advice,  counsel,  in- 
telligence, notice. 

INFRACTION,  infringement,  intru- 
sion, encroachment. 

To  INFRINGE,  encroach,  infract, 
invade,  intrude ;  transgress,  vi- 
olate. 

To  INFUSE,  instil,  ingraft,  implant. 

INGENIOUS,  inventive,  witty. 

INGENUOUS,  artless,  candid,  open, 
frank,  plain. 

To  INGRAFT,  implant. 

To  INGRATIATE,  insinuate,  recom- 
mend. 

To  INGULF,  absorb,  swallow  up, 
engross. 

To  INHABIT,  sojourn,  reside;  oc- 
cupy, dwell. 

INHERENT,  innate,  inbred,  inborn. 

INHUMAN,  cruel,  brutal,  savage, 
barbarous. 

INIMICAL,  adverse,  contrary,  op- 
posite, repugnant,  hostile. 

INIQUITOUS,  wicked,  nefarious, 
unjust. 

INJUNCTION,  command,  order, 
mandate,  precept. 

INJURY,  hurt,  detriment,  disad- 
vantage ;  wrong. 

To  INJURE,  impair,  damage,  dete- 
riorate, hurt,  wrong,  harm. 

INNATE.     See  INHERENT. 

INNOCENT,  guiltless,  harmless,  in- 
offensive. 

INOFFENSIVE,  unoffending,  harm- 
less. 

INORDINATE,  intemperate,  irregu- 
lar, disorderly,  excessive. 

INQUIRY,  investigation,  examina- 
tion, research,  scrutiny. 


INS 


263 


INT 


INQUISITIVE,  prying,  curious. 

INROAD,  incursion,  invasion,  ir- 
ruption. 

INSANITY,  madness,  derangement, 
lunacy,  mania. 

INSENSIBILITY,  apathy,  indiffer- 
ence, unfeelingness. 

INSENSIBLE,  hard,  unfeeling,  un- 
susceptible, callous. 

INSIDE,  interior. 

INSIDIOUS,  treacherous,  sly,  cir- 
cumventive. 

INSIGHT,  inspection,  introspec- 
tion. 

INSIGNIFICANT,  unimportant,  in- 
considerable, trivial,  immate- 
rial. 

To  INSINUATE,  hint,  intimate,  sug- 
gest ;  ingratiate. 

INSIPID,  dull,  flat,  spiritless. 

To  INSNARE,  entrap,  envoigle. 

INSOLENT,  rude,  saucy,  imperti- 
nent, abusive,  reproachful,  scur- 
rilous, opprobrious,  insulting, 
offensive. 

INSPECTION,  insight,  introspec- 
tion ;  oversight,  superintend- 
ence. 

To  INSPIRE,  animate,  exhilarate, 
enliven,  cheer. 

INSTANTANEOUSLY,  directly,  imme- 
diately, instantly. 

To  INSTIGATE,  animate,  incite, 
urge,  impel,  move,  stimulate, 
encourage. 

To  INSTIL,  infuse,  insinuate. 

To  INSTITUTE,  establish,  found, 
erect ;  prescribe. 

To  INSTRUCT,  inform,  teach. 

INSTRUCTION,  advice,  counsel,  in- 
formation. 

INSTRUMENT,  tool. 

INSUFFICIENT,  inadequate,  incom- 
petent, incapable. 

INSULT,  affront,  offence,  outrage, 
indignity. 

INSULTING,  insolent,  rude,  saucy, 
impertinent,  abusive,  reproach-  j 
ful,  scurrilous,  opprobrious,  of- 
fensive. 


INSUFFERABLE,  insurmountable ; 
unconquerable,  invincible. 

INSURRECTION,  rebellion,  revolt. 

INTEGRAL,  whole,  entire,  complete, 
total. 

INTEGRITY,  uprightness,  honesty, 
probity. 

INTELLECT,  genius,  talent. 

INTELLECTUAL,  mental,  ideal. 

INTELLIGENCE,  advice,  informa- 
tion, instruction,  notice  ;  under- 
standing, intellect. 

INTEMPERATE,  immoderate,  exces- 
sive, inordinate. 

To  INTEND,  design,  mean,  purpose. 

INTENSE,  ardent. 

INTENT,  design,  purpose,  inten- 
tion, view,  drift,  aim. 

To  INTERCEDE,  interpose,  inter- 
fere, mediate. 

INTERCHANGE,  exchange,  recipro- 
city. 

INTERCOURSE,  communion,  com- 
merce, connexion. 

To  INTERDICT,  forbid,  proscribe, 
prohibit. 

INTEREST,  concern ;  advantage, 
good. 

To  INTERFERE.     See  INTERCEDE. 

INTERIOR,  inside. 

INTERLOPER,  intruder. 

To  INTERMEDDLE.  See  INTER- 
CEDE. 

INTERMEDIATE,  intervening. 

INTERMENT,  burial,  sepulture,  in- 
humation. 

INTERMISSION,  cessation,  rest, 
stop,  interruption. 

To  INTERMIT,  subside,  abate. 

To  INTERPOSE,  interfere,  intermed- 
dle ;  intercede,  mediate. 

To  INTERPRET,  explain,  expound, 
elucidate. 

To  INTERPRET  wrongly,  misinter* 
pret,  misconstrue. 

To  INTERROGATE,  question,  ask, 
inquire  of. 

To  INTERRUPT,  disturb,  hinder. 

INTERVAL,  interstice,  vacancy ; 
space. 


INV 


264 


JIL 


INTERVENING,  intermediate. 

INTERVENTION,  interposition. 

INTERVIEW,  meeting,  conference. 

INTIMACY,  acquaintance,  familiar- 
ity ;  fellowship. 

To  INTIMATE,  hint,  suggest,  insin- 
uate. 

To  INTIMIDATE,  frighten,  dastard- 
ize. 

INTOXICATION,  drunkenness,  ine- 
briety, infatuation. 

INTRACTABLE,  stubborn,  unma- 
nageable, ungovernable ;  cross, 
obstinate,  untoward. 

To  INTRENCH,  encroach,  infringe, 
invade,  intrude. 

INTREPID,  bold,  fearless,  undaunt- 
ed, courageous,  valiant. 

INTRICACY,  complexity,  complica- 
tion, involution,  perplexity. 

INTRINSIC,  real,  genuine,  native. 

To  INTRODUCE,  present. 

INTRODUCTORY,  preliminary,  pre- 
vious, prefatory. 

To  INTRUDE,  obtrude ;  encroach, 
intrench,  infringe,  invade. 

INTRUDER,  interloper. 

To  INTRUST,  commit,  confide. 

To  INVADE.     See  INTRUDE. 

INVALID,  weak,  feeble,  infirm,  sick. 

To  INVALIDATE,  weaken,  enfeeble. 

INVASION,  incursion,  irruption,  in- 
road. 

INVECTIVE,  abuse,  censure,  re- 
proach. 

To  INVEIGH,  declaim,  censure. 

To  INVENT,  .devise,  contrive, 
frame,  fabricate ;  find  out,  dis- 
cover. 

To  INVERT,  overturn,  overthrow, 
subvert,  reverse. 

To  INVEST,  endue,  endow. 

INVESTIGATION,  examination, 

search,  inquiry,  research,  scru- 
tiny. 

INVIDIOUS,  envious,  malignant. 

To  INVIGORATE,  strengthen,  for- 
tify. 

INVINCIBLE,  unconquerable,  insu- 
perable. 


To  INVITE,  ask,  call,  bid,  summon ; 
allure,  attract. 

To  INUNDATE,  overflow,  deluge. 

To  INVOLVE,  implicate,  entangle, 
enwrap. 

INWARD,  interior,  internal,  intrin- 
sic. 

IRASCIBLE,  angry,  passionate, 
hasty,  hot,  fiery. 

IRE,  anger,  wrath,  resentment, 
indignation,  passion. 

IRKSOME,  troublesome,  vexatious, 
wearisome,  tedious. 

IRONY,  ridicule,  sarcasm,  satire, 
burlesque. 

IRRATIONAL,  foolish,  silly. 

IRREFRAGABLE,  indubitable,  un- 
questionable, indisputable,  in- 
controvertible, undeniable. 

IRREGULAR,  eccentric,  disorderly; 
inordinate,  intemperate. 

IRRELIGIOUS,  profane,  impious. 

IRREPREHENSIBLE.    See  next  word. 

IRREPROACHABLE,  blameless,  un- 
blemished, spotless. 

IRREPROVABLE.  See  IRREPROACH- 
ABLE. 

To  IRRITATE,  aggravate,  pro- 
voke, exasperate,  incite,  ex- 
cite. 

IRRUPTION,  invasion,  incursion, 
inroad. 

ISSUE,  effect,  consequence,  event, 
result ;  progeny,  offspring. 

To  ISSUE,  arise,  proceed,  flow, 
spring,  emanate. 


To  JADE,  harass,  dispirit,  weary, 

tire. 

To  JANGLE,  wrangle,  jar. 
JAUNT,   ramble,    excursion,   trip, 

tour. 

JEALOUSY,  suspicion,  envy. 
To  JEER,  gibe,  sneer,  scoff. 
To  JEST,  joke,  sport,  make  game. 
JEST  (given  to),  jocose,  jocular, 

facetious. 
JILT,  coquet. 


KIN 


265 


LAW 


JOCOSE,  jocular,  facetious,  witty, 
pleasant. 

JOCUND,  lively,  sprightly,  viva- 
cious, sportive,  merry,  light- 
hearted,  mirthful. 

To  JOIN,  add,  unite,  combine,  co- 
alesce, confederate,  league. 

To  JOKE,  jest,  sport,  make  game. 

JOLLITY,  joviality,  mirth,  merri- 
ment, hilarity. 

JOURNEY,  travel,  tour,  voyage. 

JOY,  delight,  gladness,  charm, 
pleasure,  ecstasy,  rapture, 
transport. 

JUDGMENT,  discernment,  penetra- 
tion, discrimination ;  sagacity, 
intelligence ;  decision,  sen- 
tence. 

JUST,  right,  proper. 

JUSTICE,  right,  equity,  retribu- 
tion. 

To  JUSTIFY,  clear,  exculpate,  de- 
fend, excuse,  absolve. 

JUSTNESS,  correctness,  accuracy, 
exactness,  propriety. 

JUVENILE,  youthful,  puerile. 

K 

KEEN,  shrewd,  acute,  penetrating, 
piercing,  cutting. 

To  KEEP,  detain,  retain,  hold,  re- 
serve, preserve ;  maintain,  sus- 
tain, support ;  observe. 

To  KEEP  back,  retain,  reserve, 
withhold. 

To  KEEP  from,  abstain,  refrain; 
forbear,  desist  from. 

KIND,  bland,  mild,  tender,  indul- 
gent, compassionate,  clement, 
gentle,  meek,  benevolent,  be- 
nignant, generous,  good,  cour- 
teous, affable,  gracious,  lenient. 

KIND,  species,  sort,  class,  genus. 

KINDNESS,  favor,  civility;  benig- 
nity, beneficence,  benevolence, 
humanity,  tenderness. 

KINDRED,  relationship,  affinity, 
consanguinity. 

KINGLY,  royal,  regal. 

KINSMAN,  relation,  relative,  kin- 
dred. 


KNAVISH,  dishonest,  trickish. 

KNOWLEDGE,  learning,  erudition* 
science. 

To  make  KNOWN,  acquaint,  dis- 
close, communicate,  divulge, 
apprise,  inform,  reveal. 


LABOR,  work,  toil,  drudgery, 
task. 

To  LABOR,  toil,  drudge,  work, 
strive,  exert. 

LABORIOUS,  active,  industrious, 
diligent,  assiduous. 

LABYRINTH,  maze. 

To  LACK,  want,  need. 

LACONIC,  short,  brief,  concise,  suc- 
cinct. 

LADING,  freight,  cargo,  load,  bur- 
den. 

To  LAG,  linger,  tarry,  loiter, 
saunter. 

To  LAMENT,  complain,  bewail,  de- 
plore, bemoan,  grieve,  mourn, 
regret. 

LANDSCAPE,  view,  prospect. 

LANGUAGE,  tongue,  speech,  idiom, 
dialect. 

LANGUID,  faint,  exhausted,  droop- 
ing, pining. 

LARGE,  extensive,  big,  capa- 
cious, comprehensive,  huge, 
great. 

LARGER  (to  make),  enlarge,  aug- 
ment, magnify,  extend,  in- 
crease. 

LASSITUDE,  fatigue,  weariness, 
enervation. 

LAST,  latest,  final,  ultimate. 

LASTING,  durable,  permanent. 

LATENT,  secret,  hidden,  occult. 

LAUDABLE,  praiseworthy,  com- 
mendable. 

To  LAUGH  at,  ridicule,  banter, 
deride,  mock. 

LAUGHABLE,  risible,  ludicrous,  ri- 
diculous, comical,  droll,  mirth- 
ful. 

LAVISH,  extravagant,  profuse, 
prodigal. 

LAWFUL,  legal,  legitimate,  licit. 


LIB 


266 


LIT 


LAX,  loose,  vague ;  dissolute,  li- 
centious. 

To  LAY  open,  dilate,  expand,  ex- 
tend. 

To  LAY  up,  hoard,  deposit,  trea- 
sure, store. 

LAZY,  idle,  indolent,  slothful, 
sluggish,  inactive,  inert. 

To  LEAD,  conduct,  guide,  direct ; 
induce,  persuade,  influence, 
bias,  incline. 

LEADER,  chief,  chieftain,  head, 
guide. 

LEAGUE,  alliance,  confederacy, 
combination,  coalition. 

To  LEAN,  incline,  bend,  pro- 
pen  d. 

LEARNING,  knowledge,  erudition, 
science,  literature. 

LEAVE,  liberty,  license,  permis- 
sion. 

To  LEAVE,  quit,  relinquish,  aban- 
don, desert. 

To  LEAVE  off,  cease,  desert,  dis- 
continue, stop. 

LEAVING  off,  ceasing,  discon- 
tinuance, cessation,  discon- 
tinuation. 

Taking  LEAVE,  valediction,  fare- 
well. 

LEAVINGS,  remains,  relics,  rem- 
nants, refuse. 

LEGAL,  legitimate,  lawful,  licit. 

LEISURE,  idle,  vacant,  free. 

LENITY,  clemency,  mercy,  mild- 
ness, tenderness. 

To  LESSEN,  abate,  diminish,  de- 
crease, liquidate,  subside. 

To  LET,  leave;  permit,  allow, 
suffer. 

LETHARGIC,  sleepy,  drowsy. 

LETTER,  epistle,  note. 

LEVEL,  even,  plain,  smooth,  flat. 

To  LEVEL,  aim,  point. 

LEVITY,  lightness,  volatility, 
flightiness,  giddiness. 

LEXICON,  dictionary,  glossary, 
vocabulary. 

LIABLE,  exposed,  subject,  ob- 
noxious. 

LIBERAL,    beneficent,    bountiful, 


bounteous,  munificent,  gene» 
rous. 

To  LIBERATE,  free,  set  free,  de- 
liver, set  at  large. 

LIBERTY,  freedom  ;  leave,  license, 
permission. 

LICENSE.     See  preceding  word. 

LICENTIOUS,  loose,  vague,  lax,  dis- 
solute. 

LICIT,  lawful,  legal,  legitimate. 

LIE,  falsehood,  falsity,  untruth, 
fabrication,  fiction,  invention, 
mendacity. 

LIFE,  animation,  vivacity,  spirits; 
good  cheer. 

LIFELESS,  dead,  inanimate. 

To  LIFT,  heave,  hoist ;  raise,  ele- 
vate, erect,  exalt. 

LIGHT  (to  supply),  illuminate, 
illumine,  illume,  enlighten, 
lighten. 

LIGHTNESS,  ease,  facility;  levity, 
flightiness,  volatility,  giddiness; 
unsteadiness,  mutability,  incon- 
stancy. 

LIKE,  uniform,  equal,  alike. 

LIKENESS,  resemblance,  simi- 
larity ;  representation,  simili- 
tude, picture,  image,  effigy. 

LIKELIHOOD,  probability. 

LIKEWISE,  also,  too. 

LIMIT,  extent,  boundary,  bound, 
border. 

To  LIMIT,  bound,  circumscribe, 
restrict,  confine. 

LINEAGE,  family,  house,  race,  ge- 
neration. 

To  LINGER,  tarry,  loiter,  lag, 
saunter. 

LIQUID,  fluid;  liquor,  juice,  hu- 
mor. 

To  LIQUIDATE,  lessen,  decrease, 
lower,  abate,  diminish. 

LIST,  roll,  catalogue,  register. 

To  LISTEN,  hearken,  attend 
to. 

LISTLESS,  indolent,  supine,  care- 
less. 

LITERATURE,  letters,  learning, 
erudition. 

LITTLE,  small,  diminutive. 


LOT 


267 


MAI 


To  LIVE,  exist,  subsist. 

LIVELIHOOD,  living,  subsistence, 
maintenance,  support,  suste- 
nance. 

LIVELY,  active,  agile ;  alert, 
brisk,  nimble,  quick,  sprightly, 
prompt,  jocund. 

LIVING  at  the  same  time  with 
another,  coeval,  cotemporary, 
contemporary,  contemporane- 
ous. 

LOAD,  freight,  cargo,  lading,  bur- 
den ;  weight. 

LOATH,  reluctant,  backward,  un- 
willing, averse. 

To  LOATHE,  abhor,  detest,  abomi- 
nate. 

To  LODGE,  harbor,  shelter,  enter- 
tain. 

LOFTINESS,  dignity ;  haughtiness, 
pride. 

LOFTY,  high,  tall,  elevated,  ex- 
alted. 

To  LOITER,  linger,  tarry,  lag, 
saunter. 

LONELY,  solitary,  lonesome. 

To  LONG  for,  desire,  hanker  af- 
ter. 

To  LOOK,  behold,  view,  eye,  in- 
spect. 

LOOK,  air,  manner,  mien,  appear- 
ance, aspect ;  glance. 

LOOKER  on,  spectator,  beholder, 
observer. 

To  LOOK  for,  expect,  await. 

LOOKING  into,  inspection,  in- 
sight. 

LOOKING  at  things  past,  retrospect, 
retrospection. 

LOOSE,  vague,  lax,  slack ;  disso- 
lute, licentious,  unrestrained, 
wanton. 

LOQUACITY,  garrulity,  talkative- 
ness, babbling. 

LORDLY,  imperious,  overbearing, 
domineering. 

LORD'S  supper,  eucharist,  commu- 
nion, sacrament. 

Loss,  damage,  detriment, 

LOT,  destiny,  fate,  doom. 


LOUD,  noisy,  clamorous,  strepe- 
rous,  turbulent,  tumultuous, 
blustering,  vehement,  vocifer- 
ous. 

LOVE,  affection,  attachment,  fond- 
ness  ;  friendship. 

LOVELY,  amiable,  charming,  de- 
lightful. 

LOVER,  suiter,  wooer. 

LOVING,  amorous,  fond,  affection- 
ate. 

Low,  humble,  lowly  ;  base,  abject, 
mean. 

To  LOWER,  reduce,  humble,  hu- 
miliate,  degrade,  debase,  abase, 

LUCKY,  fortunate,  prosperous, 
successful. 

LUCRE,  gain,  profit,  emolument. 

LUDICROUS,  laughable,  ridiculous, 
comical,  droll. 

LUNACY,  madness,  derangement, 
insanity,  mania. 

LUSTRE,  brightness,  splendor, 
brilliancy. 

LUSTY,  corpulent,  stout. 

LUXURIANT,  exuberant. 

LUXURY,  voluptuousness,  sensual- 
ity. 

M 

MADNESS,  derangement,  insanity, 
lunacy,  mania,  phrensy ;  fran- 
ticness,  mental  aberration,  rage, 
fury. 

MAGISTERIAL,  majestic,  stately, 
pompous,  august,  dignified. 

MAGNIFICENCE,  grandeur,  splen- 
dor, pomp. 

MAGNITUDE,  size,  bulk,  great- 
ness. 

MAJESTIC.     See  MAGISTERIAL. 

To  MAIM,  mutilate,  mangle,  crip- 
ple. 

MAIN,  chief,  principal. 

To  MAINTAIN,  assert,  vindicate, 
support,  sustain. 

MAINTENANCE,  livelihood,  living, 
subsistence,  sustenance,  sup- 
port. 


MAR 


268 


MEE 


To  MAKE,  create,  form,  produce  ; 
do,  act. 

To  MAKE  game,  jest,  sport,  joke, 
mimic. 

To  MAKE  amends,  compensate, 
recompense,  remunerate,  re- 
quite. 

MALADY,  disease,  distemper,  dis- 
order. 

MALEDICTION,  curse,  imprecation, 
execration. 

MALEFACTOR,  criminal,  culprit, 
felon,  convict. 

MALEVOLENT,  malignant,  mali- 
cious. 

MALICE,  spite,  rancor,  grudge, 
pique,  ill-will. 

MALICIOUS,  malevolent,  malig- 
nant. 

MALIGNITY,  malevolence,  ill-will, 
mischievousness,  malicious- 
ness. 

To  MANAGE,  contrive,  concert; 
direct. 

MANAGEMENT,  care,  charge,  econo- 
my, direction. 

MANDATE,  command,  order,  in- 
junction, precept. 

MANFUL,  manly,  bold,  daring. 

To  MANGLE,  mutilate,  maim,  la- 
cerate, tear. 

MANIA,  derangement,  insanity, 
lunacy,  madness. 

To  MANIFEST,  discover,  declare, 
reveal,  make  known,  evince. 

MANIFEST,  open,  apparent,  visible, 
obvious,  clear,  plain. 

MANNER,  air,  look,  mien,  aspect, 
appearance;  habit,  custom,  way. 

MANNERS,  morals,  habits,  beha- 
vior. 

MANY,  several,  sundry,  divers, 
various,  numerous,  manifold. 

MARGIN,  border,  edge,  rim,  brim, 
brink,  verge. 

MARINER,  seaman,  sailor. 

MARK,  print,  impression,  stamp ; 
sign,  note,  symptom,  token,  in- 
dication ;  trace,  vestige,  track ; 
badge,  stigma ;  butt 


To  MARK,  note,  notice,  observe, 
remark  ;  show,  point  out,  indi- 
cate ;  impress,  imprint,  stamp, 
brand,  stigmatize. 

MARRIAGE,  wedding,  nuptials; 
matrimony,  wedlock. 

MARRIAGE  (relating  to),  connu- 
bial, conjugal,  matrimonial, 
nuptial,  hymeneal. 

MARTIAL,  warlike,  military,  sol- 
dier-like. 

MARVEL,  wonder,  miracle,  prodi- 
gy, monster. 

MASK,  cloak,  veil,  blind. 

MASSACRE,  carnage,  slaughter, 
butchery. 

MASSIVE,  bulky,  heavy,  weighty, 
ponderous. 

MASTER,  possessor,  proprietor, 
owner. 

MATERIAL,  corporeal ;  important, 
momentous. 

MATRIMONY,  marriage,  wedlock, 
nuptials. 

MATTER,  affair,  business,  concern; 
material. 

MATURE,  ripe,  perfect,  complete. 

MAXIM,  adage,  aphorism,  apoph- 
thegm, proverb,  saying. 

MAZE,  labyrinth ;  uncertainty, 
perplexity. 

MEAGRE,  lean  ;  poor,  hungry. 

MEAN,  low,  abject,  vulgar,  vile, 
contemptible,  despicable  ;  sor- 
did, penurious,  niggardly. 

To  MEAN,  design,  purpose,  intend, 
contemplate ;  signify,  imply, 
import,  express,  denote. 

MEANING,  signification,  import, 
sense. 

MEANS,  way,  manner,  method, 
mode,  course. 

MECHANIC,  artist,  artisan,  artifi- 
cer, operative. 

To  MEDIATE,  intercede,  interpose. 

MEDIUM,  mean. 

MEDLEY,  difference,  variety,  di- 
versity, mixture,  miscellany. 

MEEK,  mild,  gentle,  humble, 
soft. 


MET 


269 


MIT 


MEET,  apt,  fit,  suitable;  expe- 
dient. 

MEETING,  assembly,  congregation, 
auditory,  company. 

MELANCHOLY,  dejection,  depres- 
sion. 

MELODY,  harmony,  accordance, 
unison. 

MEMOIR,  anecdote,  annal,  chroni- 
cle, narrative. 

MEMORABLE,  signal,  worthy  of  re- 
membrance. 

MEMORIAL,  monument,  remem- 
brancer, memento. 

MEMORY,  retention,  recollection, 
remembrance,  reminiscence. 

MENACE,  threat. 

To  MEND,  amend,  correct,  emend, 
better,  improve,  rectify,  reform. 

MENDACITY,  falsehood,  untruth, 
lying,  deceit. 

MENIAL,  servant,  domestic. 

MENTAL,  intellectual,  ideal. 

MERCENARY,  venal,  hireling. 

MERCHANT,  trader,  tradesman. 

MERCHANDISE,  goods,  ware,  com- 
modity. 

MERCIFUL,  gracious,  benignant, 
kind. 

MERCILESS,  cruel,  unmerciful, 
hard-hearted. 

MERCY,  clemency,  lenity,  pity. 

MERELY,  barely,  only,  scarcely. 

MERIT,  worth,  desert;  claim,  right. 

MERRIMENT,  mirth,  joviality,  jol- 
lity, hilarity. 

MERRY,  cheerful,  mirthful,  joyous, 
gay,  sprightly,  lively,  blithe, 
blithesome,  vivacious,  jocund, 
sportive. 

MESSAGE,  mission,  errand. 

MESSENGER,  carrier,  harbinger, 
forerunner,  precursor. 

METAMORPHOSIS,  change,  trans- 
formation. 

METAPHOR,  figure,  allegory,  em- 
blem, symbol. 

METHOD,  order,  rule,  regularity, 
system ;  way,  manner,  mode, 
*  course,  means. 


MIEN,  look,  air,  aspect,  appear- 
ance. 

MIGHTY,  powerful,  potent. 

MILD,  soft,  meek,  gentle. 

MILITARY,  martial,  warlike,  sol- 
dier-like. 

To  MIMIC,  ape,  imitate,  counter- 
feit, mock. 

To  MIND,  heed,  attend  to,  regard, 
notice. 

MINDFUL,  regardful,  observant, 
attentive. 

To  MINGLE,  mix,  blend ;  com- 
pound ;  confound. 

MINISTER,  agent,  official,  em- 
ployee ;  clergyman,  parson, 
priest. 

To  MINISTER,  administer,  contrib- 
ute, supply. 

MIRACLE,  wonder,  marvel,  pro- 
digy- 

MIRTH,  festivity,  joy,  gladness, 
merriment,  jollity,  joviality,  hi- 
larity, gayety,  vivacity,  cheer- 
fulness, fun. 

MISCARRIAGE,  failure,  abortion, 
mishap. 

MISCELLANY,  mixture,  medley,  di- 
versity. 

MISCHANCE,  calamity,  disaster, 
misfortune,  mishap. 

MISCHIEF,  evil  or  ill,  misfor- 
tune ;  harm,  injury,  damage, 
hurt. 

To  MISCONSTRUE,  misinterpret. 

MISDEED,  offence,  trespass,  trans- 
gression, misdemeanor,  crime. 

MISERABLE,  unhappy,  wretched. 

MISERLY,  avaricious,  parsimoni- 
ous, niggardly,  penurious. 

MISFORTUNE,  harm,  ill,  mishap, 
calamity,  disaster,  nuisance. 

To  MISINTERPRET,  misconstrue. 

To  Miss,  lose  ;  fail. 

MISSION,  message,  errand. 

MISTAKE,  error,  blunder,  miscon- 
ception. 

To  MISUSE,  abuse,  maltreat. 

To  MITIGATE,  allay,  soothe,  ap- 
pease, assuage. 


MUN 


270 


NEC 


To  Mix,  mingle,  blend,  confound. 

To  MOAN,  groan,  grieve,  deplore. 

MOB,  populace,  mobility. 

To  MOCK,  mimic,  imitate,  ape ; 
banter,  deride,  ridicule. 

MODE,  way,  manner,  method, 
course,  means. 

MODEL,  copy,  pattern,  specimen. 

MODERATION,  mediocrity ;  mo- 
desty, temperance,  sobriety. 

MODERN,  novel,  new,  recent. 

MODEST,  bashful,  diffident,  re- 
served ;  chaste,  virtuous. 

To  MOLEST,  annoy,  incommode, 
vex,  tease,  inconvenience,  dis- 
turb, trouble. 

MOMENT,  signification,  avail,  im- 
portance, consequence,  weight. 

MONARCH,  prince,  sovereign,  po- 
tentate. 

MONUMENT,  memorial,  remem- 
brancer. 

MOOD,  humor,  temper,  frame. 

MORALS,  manners,  behavior. 

MORBID,  sick,  sickly,  diseased. 

MOREOVER,  besides,  likewise, 
also. 

MOROSE,  gloomy,  sullen,  splenetic. 

MORTAL,  deadly,  fatal. 

MORTIFICATION,  vexation,  cha- 
grin. 

MOTION,  movement. 

MOTIVE,  cause,  reason,  princi- 
ple. 

To  MOULD,  form,  shape,  fashion. 

To  MOUNT,  arise,   rise,   ascend ; 

climb,  scale. 
To  MOURN,  grieve,  lament,  fret. 

To  MOVE,  actuate,  impel,  induce, 
stir,  instigate. 

To  MOVE  round,  turn,  revolve, 
circulate,  whirl. 

MOVING,  affecting,  touching,  pa- 
thetic. 

MULCT,  fine,  penalty,  forfeiture. 

MULTITUDE,  crowd,  throng, 
swarm. 

MUNIFICENT,  beneficent,  bounti- 
ful, bounteous,  generous,  libe- 
ral. 


To  MURDER,  kill,  assassinate, 
slay. 

To  MURMUR,  complain,  repine. 

To  MUSE,  meditate,  contemplate, 
think,  reflect,  wonder. 

To  MUSTER,  collect,  assemble. 

MUTABLE,  alterable,  inconstant, 
changeable,  fickle,  variable, 
unstable,  wavering,  unsteady, 
irresolute. 

To  MUTILATE,  maim,  mangle. 

MUTINOUS,  tumultuous,  turbu- 
lent, seditious. 

MUTUAL,  reciprocal. 

MYSTERIOUS,  dark,  obscure,  hid- 
den, occult,  latent,  dim,  mystic. 

N 

NAKED,  bare,  uncovered,  un- 
clothed; rude. 

To  NAME,  denominate,  entitle, 
style,  designate,  characterize, 
term,  call. 

NAME,  appellation,  denomination, 
title,  cognomen ;  reputation, 
character,  credit. 

To  NAP,  sleep,  doze,  slumber, 
drowse. 

NARRATION,  narrative,  account, 
description,  relation,  recital, 
detail,  explanation. 

NARROW,  contracted,  confined, 
straitened,  limited. 

NASTY,  filthy,  foul. 

NATAL,  native,  indigenous. 

NATIVE,  intrinsic,  real,  genuine; 
indigenous. 

NATURALLY,  in  course,  conse- 
quently. 

NAVAL,  marine,  maritime,  nauti- 
cal. 

NAUSEA,  disgust,  loathing. 

NAUTICAL.     See  NAVAL. 

NEAR,  nigh,  close,  adjacent,  con- 
tiguous, vicinal. 

NECESSARY,  expedient,  essential, 
requisite,  needful. 

To  NECESSITATE,  compel,  force, 
oblige. 


NOT 


271 


OBS 


NECESSITY,  occasion,  need;  exi- 
gency, emergency. 

NEED,  poverty,  indigence,  want, 
penury. 

To  NEED,  want,  lack. 

NEFARIOUS,  wicked,  unjust,  ini- 
quitous. 

To  NEGLECT,  disregard,  slight, 
contemn  ;  omit. 

NEGLIGENT,  remiss,  careless,  heed- 
less, inattentive. 

NEIGHBORHOOD,  vicinity,  adjacen- 
cy, vicinage. 

NEVERTHELESS,  however,  yet,  not- 
withstanding. 

NEW,  novel,  fresh,  modern,  re- 
cent. 

NEWS,  tidings,  intelligence. 

NICE,  exact,  particular,  precise ; 
fine,  delicate,  dainty. 

NIGGARDLY,  avaricious,  miserly, 
penurious,  parsimonious,  sav- 
ing, sparing,  thrifty. 

NIGH,  near,  close,  adjacent,  con- 
tiguous, vicinal. 

NIGHTLY,  nocturnal. 

NIMBLE,  active,  brisk,  lively,  ex- 
pert, quick,  agile,  prompt. 

NOBLE,  exalted,  elevated,  illus- 
trious, great,  grand. 

NOCTURNAL,  nightly. 

NOISE,  cry,  outcry,  clamor. 

NOISOME,  hurtful,  pernicious,  nox- 
ious. 

NOISY,  loud,  high  sounding,  cla- 
morous. 

NOMENCLATURE,  dictionary,  lexi- 
con, catalogue,  vocabulary. 

To  NOMINATE,  name;  entitle, 
call. 

NOTE,  mark,  sign,  symptom,  to- 
ken, indication  ;  remark,  obser- 
vation, comment,  annotation. 

NOTED,  distinguished,  conspicu- 
ous, eminent,  illustrious,  cele- 
brated, renowned,  notorious. 

NOTICE,  advice,  intelligence,  in- 
formation, warning, 

To  NOTICE,  attend  to,  mind,  re- 
gard, heed ;  mark,  note. 
18 


NOTION,  conception,  perception, 
idea,  opinion,  sentiment. 

NOTORIOUS,  noted,  distinguished, 
conspicuous,  renowned. 

NOTWITHSTANDING,  however,  yet, 
nevertheless. 

NOVEL,  new,  fresh,  recent,  mo- 
dern. 

To  NOURISH,  nurture,  cherish, 
support,  maintain. 

NUMB,  benumbed,  chill,  torpid, 
motionless. 

To  NUMBER,  calculate,  compute, 
reckon. 

NUMERAL,  numerical. 

NUPTIALS,  marriage,  wedding. 

To  NURTURE,  cherish,  nourish. 


OBDURATE,  hard,  callous,  hard- 
ened, unfeeling,  insensible,  un- 
susceptible. 

OBEDIENT,  dutiful,  respectful,  sub- 
missive, obsequious,  compli- 
ant. 

OBJECT,  aim,  end,  subject. 

To  OBJECT,  oppose,  except  to. 

OBJECTION,  difficulty,  exception; 
demur,  doubt,  hesitation. 

OBLIGATION,  duty. 

To  OBLIGE,  bind,  engage,  compel, 
force,  necessitate. 

OBLIGING,  civil,  complaisant. 

To  OBLITERATE,  blot  out,  expunge, 
efface,  erase,  cancel. 

OBLIVION,  forgetfulness. 

OBLOQUY,  reproach,  odium,  con- 
tumely. 

OBNOXIOUS,  offensive  ;  subject,  lia- 
ble, exposed. 

OBSCURE,  dim,  dark,  mysteri- 
ous. 

OBSEQUIOUS,  obedient,  submis- 
sive. 

OBSERVANCE,  form,  ceremony, 
rite. 

OBSERVANT,  mindful,  regardful. 

OBSERVATION,  observance ;  re- 
mark, comment,  note. 


OFF 


272 


OPU 


To  OBSERVE,  keep,  fulfil ;  notice, 
remark,  watch. 

OBSERVER,  spectator,  looker  on, 
beholder. 

OBSOLETE,  old,  ancient,  antique, 
antiquated,  old-fashioned,  out 
of  date. 

OBSTACLE,  difficulty,  impedi- 
ment. 

OBSTINATE,  perverse,  pertina- 
cious, contumacious,  refracto- 
ry, stubborn,  inflexible,  reso- 
lute, opinionated,  headstrong, 
heady. 

OBSTINACY,  perverseness,  contu- 
macy, stubbornness,  inflexibili- 
ty, pertinacity. 

OBSTREPEROUS,  loud,  clamorous, 
noisy,  vociferous,  turbulent. 

To  OBSTRUCT,  hinder,  prevent, 
impede. 

To  OBTAIN,  acquire,  attain,  gain, 
procure ;  win,  earn. 

To  OBTRUDE,  intrude. 

OBVIOUS,  apparent,  open,  visible, 
clear,  plain,  evident,  manifest. 

To  OCCASION,  create,  cause. 

OCCASION,  opportunity,  necessi- 
ty. 

OCCASIONAL,  casual,  irregular. 

OCCULT,  hidden,  secret,  latent. 

OCCUPANCY,  occupation,  holding 
possession. 

OCCUPATION,  business,  avoca- 
tion, calling,  employment,  en- 
gagement, office,  trade,  profes- 
sion. 

To  OCCUPY,  hold,  possess. 

OCCURRENCE,  event,  incident, 
adventure,  casualty,  contingen- 
cy. 

ODD,  particular,  singular,  eccen- 
tric, strange ;  fantastical,  whim- 
sical, comical,  droll. 

ODIOUS,  hateful,  detestable,  abo- 
minable. 

ODOR,  smell,  scent,  perfume,  fra- 
grance. 

OFFENCE,     affront,     insult,     out- 


rage,  indignity;  misdeed,  tres-j     wealth. 


pass,      transgression,      misde- 
meanor. 

To  OFFEND,  despise,  vex. 

OFFENDER,  delinquent,  culprit. 

OFFENSIVE,  rude,  saucy,  imperti- 
nent, insolent,  abusive,  re- 
proachful, scurrilous,  opprobri- 
ous, insulting,  obnoxious. 

To  OFFER,  present,  exhibit,  bid, 
tender,  propose. 

OFFERING,  oblation,  presentation. 

OFFICE,  business,  function,  duty, 
charge  ;  benefit,  service. 

OFFICIOUS,  active,  busy. 

OFFSPRING,  issue,  progeny. 

OFTEN,  frequently. 

OLD,  aged,  senile ;  ancient,  an- 
tique, antiquated,  old-fashioned, 
obsolete. 

OLDER,  senior,  elder. 

OMEN,  presage,  prognostic. 

ONSET,  attack,  encounter,  as- 
sault. 

ONWARD,  forward,  progressive. 

OPAQUE,  dark,  cloudy. 

OPEN,  candid,  frank,  ingenuous 
free,  sincere,  undissembling. 

OPENING,  aperture,  cavity. 

OPERATION,  work,  action,  agen- 
cy- 

OPINIONATED,  opmionative,  con- 
ceited, egotistical. 

OPINION,  sentiment,  notion. 

OPPONENT,  adversary,  antagonist, 
enemy,  foe. 

OPPORTUNITY,  occasion. 

To  OPPOSE,  combat,  contradict, 
deny,  object,  resist,  withstand, 
thwart. 

OPPOSITE,  adverse,  contrary,  ini- 
mical,  repugnant. 

OPPROBRIOUS,  abusive,  reproach- 
ful, scurrilous,  insolent,  insult- 
ing, offensive^ 

OPPROBRIUM,  infamy,  ignominy. 

To  OPPUGN,  oppose,  attack,  con- 
fute, refute,  disprove. 

OPTION,  choice. 

OPULENCE,       affluence,       riches, 


OVE 


273 


PAR 


ORAL,  verbal,  vocal. 

ORATION,  address,  speech,  ha- 
rangue. 

ORATORY,  elocution,  rhetoric. 

ORB,  circle,  globe,  sphere. 

To  ORDAIN,  appoint,  order,  pre- 
scribe. 

ORDER,  class,  rank,  degree ;  suc- 
cession, series  ;  method,  rale  ; 
command,  injunction,  precept, 
mandate. 

To  put  in  ORDER  or  rank,  arrange, 
range,  dispose,  regulate,  adjust, 
classify ;  digest. 

To  put  out  of  ORDER,  confuse,  de- 
range, perplex,  disorder,  disar- 
range, confound,  disturb,  dis- 
place, unsettle,  ruffle,  discom- 
pose. 

ORDERLY,  regular,  systematic,  me- 
thodical. 

ORDINARY,  common,  vulgar,  mean. 

ORIFICE,  perforation. 

ORIGIN,  original,  beginning,  rise, 
source. 

ORIGINAL,  primary,  primitive, 
pristine. 

To  ORNAMENT,  adorn,  beautify, 
embellish,  deck,  decorate. 

OSTENSIBLE,  colorable,  specious, 
plausible,  feasible. 

OSTENTATION,  show,  parade ; 
vaunting,  boasting. 

OUTRAGE,  affront,  insult,  offence. 

OVERBALANCE,  outweigh,  prepon- 
derate. 

To  OVERBEAR,  bear  down,  over- 
power, overwhelm,  subdue. 

OVERBEARING,  imperious,  lordly, 
domineering. 

To  OVERCOME,  conquer,  vanquish, 
subdue,  surmount. 

To  OVERFLOW,  inundate,  del- 
uge. 

To  OVERPOWER,  overbear,  bear 
down,  overwhelm  ;  defeat,  over- 
throw, subdue,  rout. 

To  OVERRULE,  supersede. 

OVERRULING,  prevailing,  predomi- 
nant, prevalent. 

To  OVERRUN,  overspread,  ravage. 


OVERSIGHT,  inadvertency,  inat. 
tention ;  inspection,  superin- 
tendence. 

To  OVERTHROW,  overturn,  beat, 
defeat,  rout ;  subvert,  invert, 
reverse. 

To  OVERWHELM,  overbear,  bear 
down,  overpower,  subdue, 
crush. 

OUTCRY,  cry,  clamor,  noise. 

To  OUTDO,  exceed,  excel,  sur- 
pass. 

OUTLINES,  sketch,  draught. 

To  OUTLIVE,  survive. 

OUTSIDE,  appearance,  semblance. 

OUTWARD,  outer,  external,  exte- 
rior ;  extrinsic,  extraneous. 

To  OUTWEIGH,  overbalance,  pre- 
ponderate. 

To  OWN,  acknowledge,  confess, 
recognise. 

OWNER,  possessor,  proprietor, 
master. 


PACE,  step,  gait. 

PACIFIC,  peaceful,  peaceable,  mild, 
gentle. 

To  PACIFY,  appease,  calm,  quiet, 
still. 

PAGAN,  gentile,  heathen. 

PAIN,  anguish,  agony,  distress, 
suffering. 

To  PAINT,  color,  represent,  depict, 
describe,  delineate,  sketch. 

PAIR,  couple,  brace. 

PALATE,  taste,  relish. 

PALE,  pallid,  wan  ;  fair. 

PALINODE,  palinody,  recanta- 
tion. 

To  PALLIATE,  extenuate,  gloss, 
cover,  varnish. 

PALLID,  pale,  wan. 

To  PALPITATE,  flutter,  pant, 
gasp. 

PANEGYRIC,  encomium,  eulogy. 

PANG,  pain,  anguish,  agony,  dis- 
tress. 

To  PANT,  palpitate,  gasp. 

PARABLE,  allegory,  similitude. 


PEA 


274 


PER 


PARADE,  show,  ostentation,  vain- 
glory. 

PARASITE,  flatterer,  sycophant. 

To  PARDON,  forgive,  absolve,  re- 
mit, acquit ;  discharge,  set  free, 
clear. 

PARDONABLE,  venial,  excusable. 

To  PARE,  peel ;  diminish. 

PARSIMONIOUS,  avaricious,  nig- 
gardly, miserly,  penurious. 

PART,  portion,  share,  piece,  divi- 
sion. 

To  PART,  separate,  divide,  disu- 
nite. 

To  PARTAKE,  participate,  share. 

PARTICULAR,  peculiar,  appropri- 
ate, exclu-sive ;  exact,  nice, 
punctual,  specific  ;  circumstan- 
tial, minute. 

PARTICULARLY,  especially,  princi- 
pally, chiefly. 

PARTISAN,  adherent,  follower,  dis- 
ciple. 

PARTNER,  colleague,  coadjutor, 
associate. 

PARTNERSHIP,  association,  compa- 
ny, society. 

PARTY,  confederacy,  faction,  de- 
tachment. 

PASSAGE,  course,  race. 

PASSIONATE,  hot,  hasty,  irascible, 
angry. 

PASSIVE,  unresisting,  quiescent; 
submissive,  patient. 

PASTIME,  amusement,  diversion, 
entertainment,  recreation,  sport, 
play. 

PATCH,  part,  piece. 

PATHETIC,  moving,  touching,  af- 
fecting. 

PATIENCE,  endurance,  resigna- 
tion. 

PATIENT,  enduring,  passive;  an 
invalid. 

To  PAUSE,  demur,  hesitate,  delib- 
erate. 

PAY,  allowance,  stipend,  hire, 
salary. 

PEACE,  quiet,  calm,  tranquillity. 

PEACEABLE,     peaceful,     tranquil, 


quiet,  undisturbed,  serene,  mild, 
still,  pacific. 

PEASANT,  countryman,  swain, 
hind,  rustic,  clown. 

PECULIAR,  appropriate ;  particu- 
lar, exclusive. 

PEEL,  skin,  rind. 

To  PEEL,  pare,  strip,  skin. 

PEEVISH,  captious,  cross,  fretful, 
petulant. 

PELLUCID,  transparent,  clear. 

PENALTY,  fine,  mulct,  forfeiture.  • 

To  PENETRATE,  pierce,  perforate, 
bore. 

PENETRATING,  acute,  sagacious, 
discerning. 

PENETRATION,  acuteness,  saga- 
city ;  discernment,  discrimina- 
tion. 

PENITENCE,  repentance,  contri- 
tion, compunction,  remorse. 

PENMAN,  writer,  scribe. 

PENURIOUS,  sparing,  niggardly, 
parsimonious. 

PENURY,  poverty,  indigence, 
want,  need. 

To  PERCEIVE,  discern,  distinguish, 
observe. 

PERCEPTION,  idea,  notion,  concep- 
tion, sentiment,  sensation. 

PEREMPTORY,  absolute,  positive. 

PERFECT,  complete,  finished,  con- 
summated. 

PERFECTION  (to  bring  to),  perfect, 
finish,  complete,  consummate; 
fulfil,  accomplish. 

PERFIDIOUS,  faithless,  treacherous. 

To  PERFORATE,  pierce,  bore,  pene- 
trate. 

To  PERFORM,  effect,  produce,  exe- 
cute, fulfil. 

PERFORMANCE,  production,  work, 
deed,  achievement,  exploit, 
feat. 

PERFORMER,  actor,  player. 

PERFUME,  odor,  scent,  fragrance, 
smell. 

PERIL,  danger,  hazard. 

PERIOD,  time,  age,  date,  era, 
epoch. 


POV 


275 


PLA 


To  PERISH,  decay,  die.  expire. 

To  PERJURE,  forswear,  suborn. 

PERMANENT,  durable,  lasting. 

PERMISSION,  leave,  liberty,  li- 
cense. 

To  PERMIT,  admit,  allow;  consent, 
suffer,  tolerate ;  yield. 

PERNICIOUS,  destructive,  ruinous, 
hurtful,  noxious,  noisome. 

To  PERPETRATE,  commit. 

PERPETUAL,  continual,  lasting, 
constant,  incessant,  unceasing, 
uninterrupted. 

To  PERPLEX,  embarrass,  harass, 
confuse,  entangle  ;  molest. 

PERPLEXITY,  anxiety,  distraction ; 
entanglement. 

To  PERSEVERE,  continue,  persist, 
pursue,  prosecute ;  insist. 

PERSONS,  people,  folks,  individu- 
als. 

PERSPICUITY,  clearness,  transpa- 
rency, translucency. 

To  PERSUADE,  exhort,  urge,  en- 
tice, prevail  upon. 

PERTINENT,  relevant,  apposite. 

PERVERSE,  awkward,  cross,  unto- 
ward, crooked,  froward. 

PEST,  bane,  plague,  ruin. 

PEREMPTORY,  absolute,  arbitrary, 
despotic. 

To  POSSESS,  have,  hold,  occupy. 

POSSESSION,  occupancy,  occupa- 
tion, holding. 

POSSESSIONS,  goods,  property. 

POSSESSOR,  proprietor,  owner,  mas- 
ter. 

POSSIBLE,  practicable. 

POST,  place,  situation,  station,  po- 
sition. 

POSTERIOR,  after,  subsequent. 

To  POSTPONE,  delay,  defer,  pro- 
crastinate, prolong,  protract, 
retard. 

POSTURE,  action,  gesture,  gesticu- 
lation, position,  attitude. 

POTENT,  powerful,  mighty. 

POTENTATE,  prince,  monarch, 
sovereign. 

POVERTY,  indigence,  want,  penu- 
ry, need. 


To  POUND,  break,  bruise,  crush. 

To  POUR,  shed,  spill. 

POURING  out,  effusion. 

POWER,  authority,  strength, 
might,  dominion,  influence; 
sway. 

POWERFUL,  mighty,  potent,  puis- 
sant; efficacious,  forcible,  co- 
gent, strong. 

PESTILENTIAL,  contagious,  epi- 
demical, infectious ;  mischiev- 
ous, pernicious,  destructive. 

PETITION,  prayer,  request,  entrea- 
ty, suit. 

PETTY,  trifling,  trivial,  frivolous, 
futile. 

PETULANT,  captious,  cross,  peev- 
ish, fretful. 

PHANTOM,  vision,  apparition, 
spectre,  ghost. 

PHRASE,  sentence,  proposition,  pe- 
riod. 

PHRASEOLOGY,  diction,  style. 

PHRENSY,  madness,  fury. 

To  PICK,  choose,  select. 

PICTURE,  likeness,  image,  effigy, 
representation. 

PIECE,  part,  portion ;  patch. 

To  PIERCE,  penetrate,  perforate, 
bore. 

To  PILE,  heap,  accumulate,  amass. 

PILLAGE,  rapine,  plunder. 

PILLAR,  column. 

To  PINCH,  press,  squeeze,  gripe. 

To  PINE,  flag,  droop,  languish. 

Pious,  holy,  godly,  devout,  reli- 
gious. 

PIQUE,  malice,  rancor,  spite, 
grudge. 

PITEOUS,  doleful,  woful,  rueful, 
pitiable. 

PITIFUL,  mean,  sordid,  contempti- 
ble, despicable. 

PITY,  commiseration,  compas- 
sion ;  sympathy,  condolence, 
mercy. 

PLACE,  situation,  station,  position, 
site,  spot,  post ;  office,  charge, 
function. 

To  PLACE,  put,  set,  lay ;  dispose, 
order. 


PLU 


276 


PRA 


PLACID,  serene,  calm. 

To  PLAGUE,  annoy,  vex,  tease, 
harass,  torment,  tantalize,  im 
portune,  molest. 

PLAIN*,  even,  level,  smooth ;  ap- 
parent, visible,  clear,  obvious, 
evident,  manifest,  distinct ; 
open,  candid,  free,  frank,  inge- 
nuous. 

PLAN,  design,  device,  contri- 
vance, scheme,  project,  strata- 
gem. 

PLAUDIT,  acclamation,  applause, 
exultation,  shouting. 

PLAUSIBLE,  colorable,  specious, 
ostensible,  feasible. 

PLAY,  game,  sport,  pastime, 
amusement. 

PLAYER,  actor,  performer. 

To  PLEAD,  apologize,  defend,  jus- 
tify, exculpate,  excuse. 

PLEASANT,  pleasing,  agreeable ; 
facetious,  jocular,  jocose,  witty. 

To  PLEASE,  gratify,  satisfy. 

PLEASED,  gratified,  glad,  cheerful, 
joyful,  pleasing,  pleasant, 
agreeable. 

PLEASING,  pleasant,  agreeable. 

PLEASURE,  comfort,  enjoyment ; 
joy,  delight,  charm. 

PLEASURE  (one  given  up  to),  vo- 
luptuary, sensualist,  epicure. 

PLEDGE,  earnest,  security,  depo- 
sit. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY,  ambassador, 
envoy. 

PLENITUDE,  fulness ;  repletion, 
exuberance,  abundance. 

PLENTEOUS,  plentiful,  abundant, 
copious,  ample,  exuberant. 

PLENTIFUL,  abundant,  ample,  co- 
pious, exuberant,  plenteous. 

PLIANT,  pliable,  flexible,  supple, 
yielding. 

PLIGHT,  situation,  condition,  state, 
predicament,  case. 

PLOT,  cabal,  conspiracy,  combina- 
tion ;  form,  scheme,  plan. 

To  PLUCK,  pull ;  draw,  tug. 

PLUNDER,  rapine,  pillage,  booty, 
spoil. 


To  PLUNGE,  dive. 

To  POINT,  aim,  level. 

To  POINT  out,  show,  mark,  indi- 
cate. 

To  POISE,  balance,  equiponder- 
ate. 

POLITE,  polished,  refined,  genteel, 
civil. 

POLITENESS,  gentility,  civility, 
courteousness,  courtesy,  affabil 
ity ;  good  breeding,  good  maa 
ners. 

To  POLLUTE,  corrupt,  contami- 
nate, defile,  taint,  infect,  viti- 
ate. 

POMP,  magnificence,  splendor, 
grandeur,  show,  state. 

POMPOUS,  magisterial,  stately,  au- 
gust, dignified,  lofty. 

To  PONDER,  think,  muse,  reflect. 

PONDEROUS,  heavy,  burdensome, 
weighty. 

POOR,  indigent,  needy,  necessitous, 
distressed. 

POPULACE,  people,  mob,  mobili- 
ty- 

PORT,  harbor,  haven. 

To  PORTEND,  augur,  presage,  fore- 
bode, betoken,  threaten. 

PORTION,  part,  division,  share, 
quantity. 

POSITION,  place,  situation,  sta- 
tion, post ;  action,  gesture,  ges- 
ticulation, posture,  attitude; 
tenet. 

POSITIVE,  actual,  real,  certain ; 
confident. 

PRACTICABLE,  practical,  possi- 
ble. 

PRACTICE,  custom,  habit,  man* 
ner. 

To  PRACTISE,  exercise. 

To  PRAISE,  commend,  extol,  eulo- 
gize, applaud. 

PRAISE,  encomium,  eulogy,  pane- 
gyric, applause,  commendation. 

PRAISEWORTHY,  laudable,  com- 
mendable, deserving  praise. 

PRANK,  frolic,  gambol. 

To  PRATE,  babble,  chat,  chatter, 
prattle. 


PRE 


277 


PRI 


PRATER,  petition,  request,  entrea- 
ty, suit. 

PRECARIOUS,  doubtful,  dubious, 
uncertain,  equivocal. 

PRECEDENCE,  priority,  pre-emi- 
nence, preference. 

PRECEDENT,  example. 

PRECEDING,  antecedent,  anterior, 
previous,  prior,  former,  forego- 
ing. 

PRECEPT,  command,  injunction, 
mandate,  order ;  doctrine,  prin- 
ciple ;  maxim,  rule,  law. 

PRECIOUS,  valuable,  costly,  uncom- 
mon. 

PRECIPITANCY,  rashness,  temerity, 
hastiness. 

PRECISE,  accurate,  correct,  exact, 
nice. 

To  PRECLUDE,  prevent,  obviate, 
hinder,  shut  out. 

PRECURSOR,  forerunner,  harbin- 
ger. 

PREDICAMENT,  situation,  condi- 
tion, state,  plight,  case. 

To  PREDICT,  foretell,  prophesy, 
prognosticate. 

PREDOMINANT,  prevailing,  preva- 
lent, overruling. 

PRE-EMINENCE,  priority,  prece- 
dence. 

PREFACE,  prelude,  introduction, 
proem. 

To  PREFER,  choose ;  encourage, 
advance,  promote,  forward. 

PREFERENCE,  priority,  prece- 
dence. 

PREGNANT,  big,  large,  enceinte. 

PREJUDICE,  prepossession,  bias ; 
disadvantage,  injury,  hurt,  de- 
triment. 

PRELIMINARY,  preparatory,  intro- 
ductory, previous. 

PRELUDE,  preface,  introduction, 
proem. 

PREMEDITATION,  forethought,  fore- 
cast. 

To  PREPARE,  fit,  equip,  qualify, 
make  ready. 

PREPARATORY,  introductory,  pre- 
liminary, previous. 


To  PREPONDERATE,  overbalance, 
outweigh. 

PREPOSSESSION,  bias,  prejudice, 
bent. 

PREPOSTEROUS,  irrational,  foolish, 
absurd. 

PREROGATIVE,  privilege,  immu- 
nity. 

PRESAGE,  omen,  token,  prognos- 
tic. 

To  PRESCRIBE,  appoint,  ordain, 
dictate. 

PRESCRIPTION,  usage,  custom. 

PRESENT,  gift,  donation,,  benefac- 
tion. 

To  PRESENT,  offer,  exhibit,  give, 
introduce. 

To  PRESERVE,  keep,  save;  pro- 
tect, spare. 

To  PRESS,  squeeze,  gripe,  pinch. 

PRESSING,  urging,  emergent,  im- 
portunate. 

PRESUMING,  presumptive,  pre- 
sumptuous, forward,  arrogant. 

PRETENCE,  pretension,  pretext,  ex- 
cuse. 

To  PRETEND,  feign,  affect,  simu- 
late. 

PRETENSION,  claim,  assump- 
tion. 

PRETEXT,  pretence,  pretension, 
excuse. 

PRETTY,  beautiful,  fine,  hand- 
some. 

PREVAILING,  prevalent,  ruling, 
overruling,  dominant. 

To  PREVENT,  impede,  obviate, 
preclude,  hinder,  obstruct ;  an- 
ticipate. 

PREVIOUS,  introductory,  prelimi- 
nary ;  anterior,  prior. 

PREY,  booty,  spoil. 

PRICE,  cost,  charge,  expense ;  va- 
lue, worth. 

PRIDE,  arrogance,  hauteur,  haugh- 
tiness, assumption,  vanity,  in- 
solence, conceit,  ostentation, 
loftiness. 

PRIMARY,  primitive,  pristine,  ori* 

ginal. 
I  PRINCIPAL,  chief,  main. 


PRO 


278 


PRO 


PRINCIPALLY,  especially,  mainly, 
particularly,  chiefly. 

PRINCIPLE,  doctrine,  element ; 
motive. 

PRINT,  mark,  impression,  stamp. 

PRIOR,  antecedent,  anterior,  pre- 
vious, preceding,  former. 

PRIORITY,  precedence,  pre-emi 
nence,  preference. 

PRISTINE,  primitive,  original. 

PRIVACY,  retirement,  seclusion. 

PRIVILEGE,  immunity,  preroga- 
tive, right,  claim,  exemption. 

To  PRIZE,  value,  esteem. 

PROBABILITY,  chance,  likelihood. 

PROBITY,  honesty,  uprightness, 
integrity. 

To  PROCEED,  advance ;  arise,  issue, 
emanate. 

PROCEEDING,  transaction ;  pro- 
cess, course,  progress,  progres- 
sion. 

PROCESSION,  train,  retinue. 

To  PROCLAIM,  advertise,  an- 
nounce, publish,  declare,  pro- 
mulgate. 

PROCLAMATION,  decree,  edict. 

To  PROCRASTINATE,  delay,  defer, 
postpone,  prolong,  protract,  re- 
tard. 

To  PROCURE,  obtain,  acquire,  gain ; 
win,  earn. 

PRODIGAL,  extravagant,  lavish, 
profuse. 

PRODIGIOUS,  enormous,  mon- 
strous. 

PRODIGY,  wonder,  miracle,  mar- 
vel, monster. 

To  PRODUCE,  yield,  give,  impart, 
communicate. 

PRODUCT,  production,  produce ; 
performance,  work. 

PROFANE,  impious,  irreligious. 

To  PROFESS,  declare. 

PROFESSION,  business,  occupation, 
avocation,  office,  employment, 
engagement. 

PROFICIENCY,  advancement,  pro- 
gress, improvement. 

PROFIT,  gain,  advantage,  benefit, 
lucre. 


PROFLIGATE,  abandoned,  corrupt, 
vitiated,  depraved,  vicious, 
wicked. 

PROFUNDITY,  depth. 

PROFUSE,  extravagant,  prodigal, 
lavish. 

PROGENITOR,  forefather,  ancestor, 
predecessor. 

PROGENY,  offspring,  issue. 

PROGNOSTIC,  omen,  presage. 

To  PROGNOSTICATE,  foretell,  pre- 
dict, prophesy,  vaticinate. 

PROGRESS,  advancement,  progres- 
sion ;  improvement,  proficien- 
cy- 

PROGRESSION,  progress,  advance- 
ment. 

PROGRESSIVE,  onward,  forward, 
advancing. 

To  PROHIBIT,  forbid,  interdict, 
proscribe. 

PRO/ECT,  design,  plan,  scheme 

PROLIFIC,  fertile,  fruitful. 

PROLIX,  diffuse,  long,  tedious. 

To  PROLONG,  delay,  protract, 
procrastinate ;  postpone,  re- 
tard. 

PROMINENT,  conspicuous. 

PROMISCUOUS,  indiscriminate. 

PROMISE,  word,  engagement. 

To  PROMOTE,  encourage,  advance, 
prefer,  forward. 

PROMPT,  quick,  active,  agile,  as- 
siduous, alert,  brisk,  nimble, 
lively,  sprightly. 

To  PROMULGATE,  promulge,  pub- 
lish, proclaim,  advertise. 

PRONENESS,  inclination,  tendency, 
propensity. 

To  PRONOUNCE,  articulate,  speak, 
utter ;  declare,  affirm. 

PROOF,  reason,  argument,  demon- 
stration ;  evidence,  testimony ; 
experience,  experiment,  trial, 
test. 

PROP,  staff,  stay,  support. 

To  PROPAGATE,  speed,  circulate, 
diffuse,  disseminate. 

PROPENSITY,  inclination,  bias, 
proneness,  tendency. 

PROPER,  right,  just. 


PRO 


279 


PUZ 


PROPERTY,  goods,  possessions ; 
quality,  attribute. 

PROPITIOUS,  favorable,  auspi- 
cious, 

To  PROPHESY,  foretell,  predict, 
prognosticate,  vaticinate. 

To  PROPITIATE,  appease,  concili- 
ate, reconcile, 

PROPORTION,  rate,  ratio ;  symme- 
try. 

PROPORTIONATE,  adequate,  com- 
mensurate, equal. 

To  PROPOSE,  purpose,  intend; 
offer,  bid,  tender. 

PROPOSITION,  sentence,  period, 
phrase. 

PROPRIETOR,  possessor,  owner. 

To  PROROGUE,  adjourn ;  postpone, 
defer. 

To  PROSCRIBE,  forbid,  prohibit, 
interdict. 

To  PROSECUTE,  continue,  pursue, 
persevere,  persist. 

PROSELYTE,  convert. 

PROSPECT,  view,  survey,  land- 
scape. 

To  PROSPER,  flourish,  thrive,  suc- 
ceed. 

PROSPERITY,  well-being,  welfare, 
happiness. 

PROSPEROUS,  successful,  flourish- 
ing, fortunate,  lucky. 

To  PROTECT,  support,  cherish, 
harbor,  shelter,  foster,  guard, 
defend,  shield,  cover,  counte- 
nance, patronize,  encourage, 
vindicate. 

PROTECTION  (a  place  for),  asy- 
lum, sanctuary,  refuge,  shelter, 
retreat. 

To  PROTEST,  assert,  affirm,  de- 
clare, asseverate,  aver,  assure, 
vouch. 

To  PROTRACT,  delay,  defer,  pro- 
long, retard,  postpone. 

To  PROVE,  evince,  demonstrate, 
manifest,  argue. 

PROVERB,  adage,  maxim,  apho- 
rism, apophthegm,  saying,  saw, 
by-word. 


To    PROVIDE,    procure,    furnish, 

supply. 

PROVIDENT,  careful,  cautious,  eco- 
nomical. 

PROVISION,  fare. 

To  PROVOKE,  aggravate,  irritate, 
exasperate,  tantalize,  excite, 
incite. 

PRUDENCE,  judgment,  discretion, 
wisdom,  providence. 

PROUD,  vain,  lofty,  arrogant,  pre- 
sumptuous, assuming,  haughty, 
conceited, 

To  PRY,  scrutinize,  look  into. 

PRYING,  curious,  inquisitive. 

To  PUBLISH,  proclaim,  advertise, 
announce,  declare,  promulgate ; 
disclose,  reveal. 

PUERILE,  youthful,  juvenile,  child- 
ish. 

To  PULL,  draw,  drag,  haul,  hale, 
tug. 

PUNCTUAL,  exact,  nice,  particu- 
lar. 

PUNGENCY,  acridness,  acrimo- 
niousness,  smartness,  keen- 
ness. 

To  PUNISH,  chastise,  correct, 
chasten,  discipline. 

PUPIL,  scholar,  disciple. 

To  PURCHASE,  buy,  bargain. 

PURGATIVE,  abstergent,  abster- 
sive, cleansing. 

PURPOSE,  design,  intention,  view, 
aim,  drift,  end ;  sake,  account, 
reason. 

To  PURSUE,  follow ;  continue,  per- 
severe, persist,  prosecute. 

PUSILLANIMITY,  cowardice,  timidi- 
ty, fear. 

To  PUT,  place,  lay,  set. 

To  PUT  down,  suppress,  repress ; 
reduce,  subdue;  restrain. 

To  PUT  off,  postpone,  defer,  de- 
lay, protract,  procrastinate,  re- 
tard. 

To  PUTREFY,  corrupt.,  rot. 

To  PUZZLE,  perplex,  confound, 
embarrass,  bewilder,  entai* 
gle. 


RAG 


Q 


280 


RAY 


QUACK,     mountebank,      empiric, 

charlatan. 
To  QUAKE,  shake,  tremble,  quiver, 

shudder. 

QUALIFICATION,  acquirement,   ac- 
quisition. 
QUALIFIED,      competent,      fitted, 

adapted. 
To  QUALIFY,  fit,  equip,  prepare, 

adapt ;  temper,  humor. 
QUALITY,      property,      attribute ; 

fashion,  distinction. 
QUANTITY,  deal,  portion,  part. 
QUARREL,    dispute,    contest,    con- 
tention,   broil,    brawl,    alterca- 
tion, tumult,  feud,  affray. 
QUARRELLING,    dissension,    strife, 
faction,  contention,  discord,  al- 
tercation, wrangling,  dispute. 
QUARTER,  district,  region. 
QUERY,   question,  inquiry,   inter- 
rogatory. 
To  QUESTION,  doubt,  dispute  ;  ask, 

interrogate,  inquire. 
QUICK,  nimble,  agile,  active,  brisk, 

lively,  prompt,  expeditious. 
To  QUICKEN,  accelerate,  hasten, 

expedite,  despatch. 
QUICKNESS,  speed,  velocity,  celeri- 
ty, swiftness,  rapidity,  fleetness, 
nimbleness,  briskness  ;  expedi- 
tion, despatch;  agility,  activity. 
QUICKNESS  of  intellect,  acuteness, 
sharpness,  sagacity,  penetration,  j 
shrewdness. 
To  QUIET,  appease,  calm,  pacify, 

still. 
QUIET,  ease,   rest,  repose,   calm, 

tranquillity. 
To  QUIT,  relinquish,  leave,  give 

UD,  resign. 

To  QUIVER,  shake,  tremble,  quake. 
To  QUOTE,  cite,  adduce. 

R 

RACE,  course,  passage;  family, 
house,  lineage,  breed,  genera- 
tion. 


To  RACK,  break,  rend,  tear. 
RADIANCE,      brilliancy,       lustre, 

brightness. 
To  RADIATE,  shine,  glitter,  glare, 

sparkle. 

RAGE,  anger,  choler,  fury. 
To   RAISE,    heighten,    aggravate, 

lift,  exalt,  elevate,  erect. 
To  RALLY,  deride,  mock,  ridicule, 

banter. 
RAMBLE,    excursion,    tour,    trip, 

jaunt. 
To  RAMBLE,  wander,  stroll,  move, 

roam,  range. 
RANCOR,  hatred,  enmity,  ill-will, 

malice,  spite,  grudge. 
To   RANGE,    class,    place,    rank  ; 
wander,  stroll,  rove,  roam,  ram- 
ble. 

RANK,  order,  degree,  class. 
To  RANSOM,  redeem,  free,  manu- 
mit. 
RAPACIOUS,    ravenous,   voracious, 

greedy. 

RAPIDITY,    quickness,    swiftness, 
fleetness,      celerity,      velocity, 
speed,  agility. 
RAPINE,  plunder,  pillage. 
RAPTURE,  ecstasy,  transport. 
RARE,   scarce,    singular,    uncom- 
mon, incomparable. 
To    RASE,    blot   out,   efface,    ex- 
punge, erase,  obliterate,  cancel ; 
demolish,    dismantle,    destroy, 
subvert,  ruin. 

RASH,  foolhardy,  thoughtless. 
RASHNESS,  temerity,  precipitance, 
precipitancy,  precipitation,  has- 
tiness. 

RATE,    proportion,    ratio,   quota, 
degree;    tax,    assessment,   im- 
post ;  value,  worth,  price. 
To    RATE,    estimate,   value,    ap- 
praise ;  scold. 
RATIO,   rate,  proportion,  degree, 

quota. 

RAVAGE,  desolation,  devastation. 
\  RAVENOUS,  rapacious,  greedy,  vo- 
racious. 
RAY,  glimmer,  gleam,  beam. 


REG 


281 


REF 


To  REACH,  stretch,  extend. 

READY,  apt,  prompt,  dextrous; 
easy,  facile. 

REAL,  actual,  positive,  certain; 
genuine. 

To  REALIZE,  accomplish,  achieve, 
fulfil,  effect,  complete,  excite, 
consummate. 

REALM,  state,  kingdom. 

REASON,  argument,  proof;  cause, 
motive  ;  sake,  account,  purpose, 
end. 

REASONABLE,  rational,  j  ust,  honest, 
equitable,  fair. 

Void  of  REASON,  irrational,  fool- 
ish, silly,  unreasonable,  absurd, 
preposterous,  ridiculous. 

REBELLION,  insurrection,  sedition, 
revolt;  contumacy. 

To  REBOUND,  recoil,  reverberate. 

To  REBUFF,  repel,  reject,  beat 
back,  oppose. 

To  REBUKE,  reprimand,  reprove, 
check,  chide. 

To  RECANT,  abjure,  retract,  recall, 
revoke. 

To  RECAPITULATE,  repeat,  recite, 
rehearse. 

To  RECEDE,  retire,  retreat,  with- 
draw, retrograde. 

RECEIPT,  reception. 

To  RECEIVE,  accept,  take. 

RECENT,  fresh,  new,  novel,  mo- 
dern. 

RECEPTION,  receipt. 

RECIPROCAL,  mutual,  alternate. 

RECIPROCITY,  interchange,  ex- 
change. 

RECITAL,  account,  narrative,  de- 
scription, relation,  detail,  ex- 
planation, narration. 

To  RECITE/  repeat,  rehearse,  re- 
capitulate. 

To  RECKON,  compute,  calculate, 
estimate,  count,  number ;  es- 
teem, account. 

RECKONING,  account,  bill,  charge. 

To  RECLAIM,  reform,  recover,  cor- 
rect. 

To  RECLINE,  repose,  lean,  rest. 


To  RECOGNISE,  acknowledge, 
avow,  confess,  own. 

To  RECOIL,  rebound,  revej  berate, 
rush  back. 

RECOLLECTION,  memory,  .  emem* 
brance,  reminiscence. 

To  RECOMPENSE,  make  amends, 
compensate,  compense,  remune- 
rate, requite. 

RECOMPENSE,  compensation,  remu- 
neration, requital,  satisfaction, 
amends,  gratuity. 

To  RECONCILE,  conciliate ;  propi- 
tiate. 

To  RECORD,  enroll,  register. 

To  RECOUNT,  relate,  describe,  enu- 
merate. 

To  RECOVER,  refrain,  retrieve ;  re- 
pair, recruit. 

RECOVERY,  restoration. 

RECREATION,  amusement,  diver- 
sion, sport,  pastime,  entertain- 
ment. 

To  RECRUIT,  repair,  recover,  re- 
trieve. 

To  RECTIFY,  amend,  correct, 
emend,  better,  mend,  reform, 
improve. 

RECTITUDE,  uprightness. 

To  REDEEM,  ransom,  rescue,  re- 
cover. 

REDRESS,  remedy,  relief,  amend- 
ment. 

To  REDUCE,  diminish,  curtail, 
shorten,  lower ;  subdue ;  de- 
grade. 

REDUNDANCY,  excess,  superflui- 
ty- 

To  REEL,  stagger,  totter. 

To  REFER,  allude,  hint,  glance  at, 
intimate,  suggest. 

REFINED,  polite,  polished,  genteel, 
elegant. 

REFINEMENT,  cultivation,  civiliza- 
tion. 

To  REFLECT,  consider,  think, 
ponder,  muse;  censure,  re- 
proach. 

REFLECTION,  consideration,  medi- 
tation, cogitation. 


REL 


282 


REM 


7*o  REFORM,  amend,  emend,  mend, 
correct,  better,  rectify,  improve, 
restore. 

REFORMATION,  reform,  amend- 
ment, correction. 

REFRACTORY,  unruly,  ungoverna- 
ble, ^  perverse,  obstinate,  contu- 
macious. 

To  ^  REFRAIN,  abstain,  forbear- 
withhold. 

To  REFRESH,  revive,  renovate,  re- 
new ;  refrigerate,  cool. 

REFUGE,  asylum,  shelter,  retreat. 

To  REFUSE,  deny,  reject,  de- 
cline. 

REFUSE,  dregs,  sediment,  dross, 
scum. 

To  REFUTE,  confute,  oppugn,  dis- 
prove. 

REGAL,  royal,  kingly. 

REGARD,  concern,  care,  attention  ; 
respect,  rererence. 

To  REGARD,  attend  to,  mind,  heed  ; 
consider;  esteem,  respect,  re- 
verence. 

REGARDFUL,  mindful,  heedful,  at- 
tentive, observant. 

REGARDLESS,  indifferent,  uncon- 
cerned, careless,  unobser- 
vant. 

REGIMEN,  food,  diet. 

REGION,  district,  quarter. 

To  REGISTER,  enroll,  record. 

REGISTER,  list,  catalogue,  roll,  re- 
cord, archive,  chronicle,  annal, 
memoir. 

To  REGRET,  complain,  lament,  re- 
pent, grieve. 

To  REGULATE,  direct,  dispose,  ad- 
just; govern,  rule. 

To  REHEARSE,  repeat,  recite,  reca- 
pitulate. 

REIGN,  empire,  dominion ;  power, 
influence. 

To  REJECT,  refuse,  decline,  repel, 
rebuff. 

To  REJOICE,  exult,  exhilarate. 

REJOINDER,  answer,  reply,  re- 
sponse, replication. 

To  RELATE,  recount^  narrate,  de- 


tail, describe ;  refer,  respect;  re- 
gard, concern. 

RELATED,  connected,  combined. 

RELATION,  account,  narrative,  de- 
scription, recital,  detail,  narra- 
tion, explanation. 

RELATIVE.     See  RELATION. 

RELATIONSHIP,  kindred,  consan- 
guinity, affinity. 

To  RELAX,  slacken,  loose ;  miti- 
gate, remit. 

RELENTLESS,  implacable,  unre- 
lenting, unpitying. 

RELEVANT,  pertinent,  to  the  pur- 
pose, apposite,  tit,  proper. 

RELIANCE,  dependence;  trust,  con- 
fidence, repose. 

RELICS,  remains,  leavings. 

RELIEF,  redress,  alleviation,  miti- 
gation. 

To  RELIEVE,  aid,  help,  succor, 
assist,  alleviate. 

RELIGIOUS,  pious,  devout,  holy. 

To  RELINQUISH,  give  up,  forego, 
renounce,  quit,  abdicate,  resign. 

RELISH,  taste,  flavor,  savor. 

RELUCTANT,  averse,  backward, 
unwilling,  loth. 

To  REMAIN,  abide,  stay,  continue, 
tarry,  sojourn,  await. 

REMAINDER,  rest,  remnant,  resi- 
due. 

REMAINS,  leavings,  relics. 

REMARK,  annotation,  note,  com- 
ment, observation. 

REMARKABLE,  extraordinary,  ob- 
servable, distinguished,  worthy 
of  note. 

To  REMARK,  observe,  notice. 

A  REMARK,  observation,  comment, 
annotation,  note,  notice. 

REMEDY,  cure,  reparation. 

REMEMBRANCE,  memory,  recollec- 
tion, reminiscence. 

REMEMBRANCER,  memorial,  monu- 
ment, memento. 

REMINISCENCE,  recollection,  re- 
membrance. 

REMISS,  inattentive,  heedless,  ne- 
gligent, careless,  thoughtless. 


REP 


283 


RES 


To  REMIT,  absolve,  pardon,  for- 
give ;  liberate,  give  up. 

REMNANT,  rest,  residue,  remain- 
der. 

To  REMONSTRATE,  expostulate. 

REMORSE,  repentance,  penitence, 
contrition,  repugnance. 

REMOTE,  distant,  far. 

REMUNERATION,  compensation, 
satisfaction,  recompense,  requi- 
tal. 

To  REND,  break,  rack,  tear. 

To  RENEW,  renovate,  revive,  re- 
fresh. 

To  RENOUNCE,  abandon,  forsake, 
abdicate,  relinquish,  resign, 
give  up,  quit,  forego. 

RENOWN,  fame,  notoriety,  reputa- 
tion, celebrity. 

To  REPAIR,  restore,  recover, 
amend,  retrieve. 

REPARATION,  restoration,  restitu- 
tion, amends. 

REPARTEE,  retort. 

To  REPAY,  restore,  return. 

To  REPEAL,  abolish,  abrogate, 
revoke,  annul,  cancel;  destroy, 
annihilate. 

To  REPEAT,  tell  over,  recite,  re- 
capitulate, rehearse. 

REPENTANCE,  penitence,  contri- 
tion, remorse,  compunction. 

REPETITION,  tautology. 

To  REPINE,  complain,  murmur. 

REPLICATION,  answer,  reply,  re- 
joinder, response. 

REPLY.     See  the  preceding  word. 

REPORT,  fame,  rumor,  hearsay. 

REPOSE,  ease,  quiet,  rest. 

To  REPOSE,  recline,  rest. 

REPREHENSIBLE,  blamable,  culpa- 
ble, reprovable,  censurable. 

REPREHENSION,  reproof,  blame, 
reproach. 

REPRESENTATION,  show,  exhibi- 
tion, sight,  spectacle. 

To  REPRESS,  restrain,  suppress, 
subdue. 

To  REPRIEVE,  respite. 

To  REPRIMAND,  check,  chide,  re- 
prove, rebuke. 


REPRISAL,  retaliation. 

To  REPROACH,  blame,  reprove, 
upbraid,  censure,  condemn ; 
vilify,  revile. 

REPROACHFUL,  abusive,  scurrilous, 
opprobrious,  insolent,  insulting, 
offensive. 

REPROBATE,  abandoned,  vitiated, 
profligate,  corrupt,  depraved, 
castaway,  wicked. 

To  REPROBATE,  censure,  con- 
demn. 

REPROOF,  reprehension,  censure, 
blame. 

To  REPROVE,  check,  chide,  repri- 
mand, rebuke. 

REPUGNANCE,  aversion,  dislike, 
antipathy,  hatred. 

REPUGNANT,  adverse,  contrary, 
opposite,  inimical,  hostile. 

REPUTATION,  character,  fame,  re- 
nown, credit,  repute. 

To  REQUEST,  ask,  solicit,  entreat, 
demand. 

In  REQUEST,  repute,  credit,  de- 
mand. 

REQUEST,  prayer,  petition,  entrea- 
ty, suit. 

To  REQUIRE,  demand,  need. 

REQUISITE,  necessary,  essential, 
expedient. 

REQUITAL,  compensation,  satisfac- 
tion, amends,  remuneration,  re- 
compense ;  retribution. 

To  RESCUE,  deliver,  set  free, 
save. 

RESEARCH,  examination,  inquiry, 
investigation,  scrutiny. 

RESEMBLANCE,  likeness,  similarity, 
similitude. 

RESENTFUL,  revengeful,  vindic- 
tive. 

RESENTMENT,  anger,  indignation, 
ire,  wrath. 

RESERVATION,  reserve,  retention. 

To  RESIDE,  dwell,  inhabit,  sojourn, 
abide. 

RESIDENCE,  habitation,  abode, 
dwelling,  domicile. 

RESIDUE,  rest,  remainder,  rem- 
nant. 


RET 


284 


RID 


To  RESIGN-,  give  up;  renounce, 
relinquish,  forego,  abdicate. 

RESIGNATION,  patience,  endur- 
ance, submission. 

To  RESIST,  withstand,  oppose ; 
thwart. 

To  RESOLYE,  determine,  purpose  ; 
solve,  analyze,  reduce. 

RESOLUTE,  decided,  determined, 
fixed  :  firm,  constant,  steady. 

RESOLUTION,  courage,  fortitude, 
firmness. 

To  RESORT  to,  frequent,  haunt. 

RESOURCE,  resort,  means,  expedi- 
ent. 

To  RESPECT,  esteem,  regard,  ho- 
nor, venerate,  revere;  value, 
prize. 

RESPECT,  deference,  regard,  con- 
sideration, esteem,  estimation. 

RESPECTFUL,  obedient,  dutiful. 

RESPITE,  reprieve  ;  interval. 

RESPONSE,  answer,  reply,  rejoin- 
der, replication. 

RESPONSIBLE,  answerable,  ac- 
countable, amenable. 

REST,  cessation,  stop,  intermis- 
sion ;  ease,  quiet,  repose ;  re- 
mainder, residue,  remnant. 

To  RESTORE,  return,  give  back, 
repay. 

RESTORATION,  restitution,  retribu- 
tion, reparation,  compensation, 
requital,  amends. 

To  RESTRAIN,  repress,  coerce,  re- 
strict. 

To  RESTRICT,  bound,  limit,  con- 
fine, circumscribe. 

RESULT,  effect,  consequence,  issue, 
event. 

To  RETAIN,  hold,  keep,  detain,  re- 
serve. 

RETALIATION,  reprisal,  repay- 
ment. 

To  RETARD,  delay,  defer,  pro- 
tract, prolong,  postpone,  pro- 
crastinate, hinder. 

To  RETIRE,  recede,  retrograde, 
retrocede,  retreat ;  withdraw, 
secede. 


RETIREMENT,  privacy,  seclusion. 

RETORT,  repartee. 

To  RETRACT,  recall,  revoke,  re* 
cant,  abjure. 

RETREAT,  asylum,  shelter,  refuge. 

To  RETREAT.     See  RETIRE. 

RETRIBUTION,  requital,  repay- 
ment. 

To  RETRIEVE,  recover,  repair,  re- 
cruit, regain. 

To  RETROCEDE.     See  RETIRE. 

To  RETROGRADE,  go  backward. 
See  RETIRE. 

RETROSPECT,  review,  survey. 

To  RETURN,  revert;  restore,  re- 
pay. 

To  REVEAL,  divulge,,  disclose, 
make  known,  communicate, 
open,  impart. 

To  REVENGE,  avenge,  vindicate. 

REVENGEFUL,  vindictive,  resent- 
ful. 

To  REVERBERATE,  rebound,  re- 
coil. 

To  REVERE,  reverence,  adore,  ve- 
nerate. 

REVERENCE,  awe,  dread ;  honor, 
respect. 

To  REVERSE,  invert,  overturn, 
subvert,  return. 

REVERY,  dream. 

REVIEW,  retrospect,  survey ;  revi- 
sal,  revision. 

To  REVILE,  vilify. 

REVISAL,  revision,  review. 

To  REVIVE,  refresh,  renew,  reno- 
vate. 

To  REVOKE,  recall,  retract;  abo- 
lish, abrogate,  annul,  repeal, 
cancel,  destroy,  annihilate. 

REVOLT,  insurrection,  sedition,  re- 
bellion. 

REWARD,  compensation,  amends, 
satisfaction,  remuneration,  re- 
compense, requital. 

RHETORIC,  elocution,  eloquence, 
oratory. 

RICHES,  wealth,  opulence,  afflu- 
ence. 

To  RIPICULB,  laugh   at,   deride. 


ROU 


285 


SAL 


mock,  satirize,  lampoon,  rally, 
banter. 

RIDICULE,  satire,  sarcasm,  bur- 
lesque, irony,  banter. 

RIDICULOUS,  absurd,  preposterous, 
ludicrous,  droll. 

RIGHT,  straight,  direct ;  just, 
proper ;  claim,  privilege,  immu- 
nity. 

RIGHTEOUS,  upright,  just,  honest, 
virtuous,  incorrupt,  equitable, 
godly. 

RIGID,  rigorous,  austere,  stern; 
harsh,  severe. 

RIM,  border,  edge,  brim,  brink, 
margin. 

RIND,  skin,  peel,  hide. 

RIPENESS,  maturity,  perfection, 
puberty. 

To  RISE,  arise,  mount,  ascend, 
climb,  scale. 

RISE,  origin,  source,  original. 

RITE,  form,  ceremony,  observ- 
ance. 

RIVALRY,  emulation,  competi- 
tion. 

ROAD,  way,  route,  course,  path. 

To  ROAM,  rove,  wander,  stroll, 
ramble,  range. 

ROBBERY,  depredation,  theft,  plun- 
der. 

ROBUST,  strong,  firm,  sturdy. 

ROLL,  list,  register,  catalogue. 

ROMANCE,  fable,  tale,  novel. 

ROOM,  space,  extent ;  chamber, 
apartment. 

ROOMY,  capacious,  ample,  spa- 
cious. 

To  ROOT  out,  eradicate,  extermi- 
nate, extirpate. 

To  ROT,  putrefy,  decay,  corrupt. 

ROTTEN,  putrefied,  putrid,  de- 
cayed, corrupt,  carious. 

ROTUNDITY,  roundness,  circularity. 
To  ROVE,  wander,  stroll,  ramble, 

roam,  range. 

ROUGH,  rugged,  rude,  harsh,  se- 
vere. 

ROUND,  circuit,  tour,  sphere,  orb, 
globe. 


ROUNDNESS,  circularity,  rotundity, 
globosity,  sphericity. 

To  ROUSE,  awaken,  stir  up,  excite, 
provoke. 

To  ROUT,  beat,  defeat,  overpower, 
overthrow. 

ROUTE,  way,  road,  course. 

Row,  tumult,  broil,  commotion, 
riot,  disturbance,  affray,  uproar. 

ROYAL,  regal,  kinglv. 

To  RUB,  chafe,  fret,  gall. 

RUDE,  coarse,  rough ;  uncouth, 
unpolished;  impertinent,  sau- 
cy, impudent,  insolent. 

RUEFUL,  piteous,  doleful,  woful. 

RUGGED,  rough,  rude,  harsh. 

RUIN,  destruction  ;  bane,  pest. 

RUINOUS,  pernicious,  destructive. 

RULE,  order,  method ;  law,  max- 
im, precept,  guide,  regulation, 
government. 

RULING,  prevailing,  prevalent, 
predominant. 

RUMOR,  fame,  report,  bruit. 

RUPTURE,  fracture,  fraction. 

RURAL,  rustic. 

RUSTIC,  rural;  countryman,  pea- 
sant, swain,  hind,  clown. 


SACRAMENT,   Lord's    supper,    eu- 

charist. 

SACRED,  holy,  divine. 
SAD,  sorrowful,  mournful,  melan- 
choly, dull,  dejected,  depressed, 

gloomy,  cheerless. 
SAFE,    secure,    fearless ;    trusty, 

trustworthy. 
SAGE,    sagacious,    sapient,   wise, 

prudent ;  grave. 
SAGACITY,  acuteness,  discernment, 

penetration. 

SAILOR,  mariner,  seaman. 
SALARY,  allowance,  stipend,  pay, 

wages,  hire. 
SAKE,   account,  reason,  purpose, 

end. 
SALUBRIOUS,    salutary,     healthy, 

wholesome. 


SCA 


286 


SED 


SALUTARY,  advantageous.  See  also 
SALUBRIOUS. 

SALUTATION,  greeting,  address. 

SALUTIFEROUS,  healthy. 

SAMENESS,  identity. 

To  SANCTION,  countenance,  sup- 
port. 

SANCTITY,  holiness. 

SANE,  sound,  healthy. 

SANGUINARY,  bloody,  bloodthirsty. 

To  SAP,  undermine,  subvert. 

SAPIENT,  sagacious,  wise,  sage. 

SARCASM,  satire,  ridicule,  irony. 

To  SATIATE,  satisfy,  glut,  cloy. 

SATIRE,  ridicule,  irony,  sarcasm  ; 
wit,  humor,  burlesque. 

SATISFACTION,  compensation, 

amends,  remuneration,  recom- 
pense, requital,  reward ;  con- 
tentment. 

To  SATISFY,  please,  gratify;  sa- 
tiate, glut,  cloy. 

SAUCY,  impertinent,  rude,  impu- 
dent, insolent. 

SAVAGE,  cruel,  inhuman,  brutal, 
barbarous ;  ferocious,  fierce. 

To  SAVE,  rescue,  deliver  ;  spare, 
protect;  preserve. 

SAVING,  economical,  sparing,  fru- 
gal, thrifty ;  penurious,  nig- 
gardlyt  stingy. 

To  SAUNTER,  linger,  loiter,  lag, 
tarry. 

SAVOR,  taste,  flavor,  relish. 

To  SAY,  speak,  tell. 

SAYING,  adage,  maxim,  aphorism, 
apophthegm,  proverb,  by-word, 
saw. 

To  SCALE,  rise,  mount,  ascend, 
climb. 

SCANDAL,  discredit,  disgrace,  re* 
proach,  infamy. 

To  SCANDALIZE,  accuse  falsely, 
asperse,  calumniate,  defame, 
detract,  slander,  vilify,  offend. 

SCARCE,  rare,  singular;  hardly, 
scantily. 

SCARCITY,  dearth,  penury. 

To  SCATTER,  spread,  disperse,  dis- 
sipate. 


SCENT,  smell,  odor,  perfume,  fra« 
grance. 

SCHEME,  design,  plan,  project. 

SCHOLAR,  disciple,  pupil. 

SCHOOL,  academy,  seminary. 

SCIENCE,  knowledge,  learning, 
erudition. 

To  SCOFF,  gibe,  jeer,  sneer. 

SCOPE,  drift,  aim,  tendency. 

To  SCORN,  contemn,  despise,  dis- 
dain. 

To  SCREAM,  shriek,  cry,  screech. 

To  SCREEN,  cover,  shelter,  shield. 

SCRIBE,  writer,  penman. 

To  SCRUPLE,  hesitate,  doubt,  fluc- 
tuate. 

SCRUPULOUS,  conscientious. 

To  SCRUTINIZE,  pry,  dive  into,  ex« 
amine,  investigate,  inquire  into, 
search. 

SCUM,  dregs,  sediment,  refuse, 
dross. 

SCURRILOUS,  abusive,  reproachful, 
opprobrious,  insolent,  insulting, 
offensive. 

SEA,  ocean,  main. 

SEAMAN,  sailor,  mariner. 

SEARCH,  scrutiny,  inquiry,  inves* 
tigation,  examination,  research, 
quest,  pursuit. 

SEASONABLE,  timely,  opportune. 

To  SECEDE,  recede,  retire,  with* 
draw,  retreat. 

SECLUSION,  privacy,  retirement. 

SECONDARY,  second,  inferior,  sub- 
ordinate. 

SECRECY,  concealment,  privacy. 

SECRET,  clandestine,  concealed, 
hidden,  occult,  latent,  myste- 
rious. 

SECULAR,  temporal,  worldly. 

To  SECURE,  make  sure,  certain, 
guarantee. 

SECURE,  certain,  sure,  safe. 

SECURITY,  deposit,  pledge  ;  fence, 
guard. 

SEDATE,  composed,  calm,  quiet, 
serene,  unruffled,  still. 

SEDIMENT,  dregs,  dross,  refuse, 
scum. 


SEQ 


287 


SHA 


SEDITION,  insurrection,  rebellion, 
revolt. 

SEDITIOUS,  factious ;  tumultuous, 
turbulent,  mutinous,  rebellious. 

To  SEDUCE,  allure,  attract,  decoy, 
entice,  tempt,  abduct. 

SEDULOUS,  diligent,  assiduous. 

To  SEE,  look,  behold,  view,  eye ; 
perceive,  observe. 

To  SEEK,  search,  explore,  exam- 
ine. 

To  SEEM,  appear. 

SEEMLY,  fit,  suitable,  meet,  be- 
coming, decent. 

To  SEIZE,  catch,  snatch,  appre- 
hend, lay  hold  on,  take. 

SEIZURE,  capture. 

To  SELECT,  choose,  pick. 

SELF-CONCEIT,  self-sufficiency,  va- 
nity. 

SEMBLANCE,  show,  outside  appear- 
ance. 

To  SEND  away,  dismiss,  discharge, 
discard,  despatch. 

SENIOR,  elder. 

SENSATION,  perception,  senti- 
ment. 

SENSE,  feeling,  perception  ;  judg- 
ment ;  signification,  meaning, 
import. 

SENSIBILITY,  feeling,  susceptibili- 
ty- 

SENSITIVE,  sensible,  sentient. 

SENSUALIST,  voluptuary,  epicure. 

SENTENCE,  decision,  judgment; 
proposition,  period,  phrase. 

To  SENTENCE,  condemn,  doom. 

SENTIENT,  sensible,  sensitive. 

SENTIMENT,  sensation,  perception ; 
opinion,  notion. 

SENTINEL,  guard. 

SEPARATE,  distinct,  different,  un- 
connected. 

To  SEPARATE,  detach,  sever,  di- 
vide, disjoin,  disunite,  disen- 
gage, part,  sunder. 

SEPULCHRE,  grave,  tomb. 

SEPULTURE,  burial,  interment,  in- 
humation. 

SEQUEL,  close,  conclusion. 
19 


SERENE,  calm,  tranquil. 

SERIES,  course;  successive  or- 
der. 

SERIOUS,  earnest,  grave,  solemn. 

SERVANT,  domestic,  menial, 
drudge. 

To  SERVE,  aid,  assist,  help,  suc- 
cor, minister  to,  furnish,  pro- 
vide. 

SERVICE,  advantage,  benefit,  avail, 
use,  utility. 

SERVITUDE,  slavery,  bondage. 

To  SET,  put,  place,  lay. 

To  SET  free,  liberate,  loose  ;  ac- 
quit, clear  ;  pardon,  forgive. 

To  SET  apart,  dedicate,  devote ; 
consecrate,  hallow. 

To  SETTLE,  adjust,  compose ;  regu- 
late, arrange,  determine,  fix, 
establish. 

To  SETTLE  firmly,  confirm,  estab- 
lish, corroborate. 

SETTLED,  determinate,  definitive, 
decisive,  conclusive. 

To  SEVER,  separate,  disjoin,  de- 
tach. 

SEVERAL,  different,  divers,  sun- 
dry, various. 

SEVERE,  rigid,  austere,  rigorous, 
harsh,  stern,  rough. 

SEVERE  in  remark,  keen,  cutting, 
sarcastic,  satirical. 

SEX,  gender. 

SHACKLE,  fetter,  manacle,  chain. 

SHADE,  shadow. 

To  SHAKE,  agitate,  tremble,  shud- 
der, shiver,  quiver,  quake. 

To  SHAME,  abash,  confuse,  con- 
found. 

SHAME,  dishonor,  disgrace. 

SHAMELESS,  immodest,  impudent, 
indecent,  indelicate. 

SHAMEFUL  (grossly),  infamous, 
scandalous,  disgraceful,  oppro- 
brious, ignominious. 

To  SHAPE,  form,  fashion,  mould. 

To  SHARE,  divide,  distribute,  ap- 
portion, participate,  partake. 

SHARP,  acute,  keen,  shrewd. 

SHARPNESS,  penetration,  shrewd- 


SHU 


288 


SKI 


ness,  acuteness,  sagacity;  sour-  To  SHUT,  close. 

ness,  acidity,  acrimony.  SICK,    sickly,    diseased, 

To  SHED,  pour,  spill.  ill,  indisposed. 

SHELTER,  asylum,  refuge,  retreat.    SIGHT,  show,  exhibition,  represen* 
To   SHELTER,  cover,  screen,  har-i      tation,  spectacle. 

bor,  lodge.  SIGN,  omen,  prognostic,  presage, 

SHIFT,    evasion,    subterfuge;    ex-i      bodement,  signal,  token  ;  mark, 

pedient,  resource,  alternative.          sign,  note,  symptom. 
To   SHINE,   radiate,    glitter,  glis-  SIGNAL,   memorable,  remarkable, 


ten,  gleam,  glare,  sparkle,  co- 
ruscate. 

SHINING,  brilliant,  splendid,  re- 
splendent, bright,  radiant,  glit- 
tering. 

To  SHOCK,  offend,  disgust ;  ap- 
pall, dismay,  terrify,  affright, 
disturb. 

SHOCKING,  formidable,  dreadful, 
terrible. 

To  SHOOT  forth,  sprout,  bud,  ger- 
minate. 

To  SHOOT  out,  project,  protrude. 

SHORT,  brief,  concise,  compen- 
dious, summary,  succinct,  la- 
conic.' 

To  SHORTEN,  curtail,  contract, 
abridge,  reduce. 

SHOUTING,  declamation,  applause, 
plaudit,  exultation. 

SHOW,  outside  appearance,  sem- 
blance ;  exhibition,  representa- 
tion, sight,  spectacle;  parade, 
ostentation. 

To  SHOW,  exhibit,  discover,  dis- 
play ;  direct,  point  out,  instruct, 
inform. 

SHOWY,  ostentatious,  gaudy,  fine, 
gay,  splendid,  pompous,  sump- 
tuous, magnificent,  stately, 
grand. 

SHREWD,  acute,  keen,  penetrat- 
ing. 

To  SHRIEK,  cry,  scream,  screech. 

To  SHUDDER,  shake,  tremble, 
quake,  quiver. 

To  SHUFFLE,  equivocate,  prevari- 


eminent,  distinguished. 

SIGNIFICANT,  expressive. 

SIGNIFICATION,  meaning,  import, 
sense  ;  avail,  importance,  con- 
sequence, moment,  weight. 

To  SIGNIFY,  denote,  imply,  ex- 
press, declare,  testify,  "utter, 
betoken,  intimate. 

SILENCE,  taciturnity ;  stillness. 

SILENT,  dumb,  mute,  speechless. 

SILLY,  simple,  foolish. 

SIMILARITY,  likeness,  resemblance, 
similitude. 

SIMILE,  similitude,  comparison. 

SIMILITUDE,  likeness,  resemblance, 
similarity. 

SIMPLE,  silly,  foolish ;  single,  sin- 
gular. 

SIMULATION,  dissimulation,  feint, 
pretence. 

SINCERE,  unvarnished,  honest,  un- 
dissembling,  upright,  true,  un- 
corrupt ;  plain,  frank. 

SINGLE,  only,  sole,  singular,  par- 
ticular. 

SINGULAR,  particular,  odd,  eccen- 
tric, strange,  rare,  scarce. 

To  SINK,  droop,  drop,  fall,  tum- 
ble. 

SITE,  place,  spot,  situation,  locali- 
ty- 

SITUATION,  condition,  state,  plight, 
case,  predicament ;  place,  site, 
station,  position,  post,  locality. 

SIZE,  greatness,  magnitude,  bulk. 

To  SKETCH,  depict,  delineate,  poi> 
tray,  paint. 


cate,  quibble,   cavil,  evade,  so-  SKETCH,  outline,  draught. 


phisticate. 
To  SHUN,  avoid,  elude,   eschew, 
evade. 


SKILFUL,  clever,  expert,  dextrous, 

adroit. 
j  SKIN,  hide,  peel,  rind,  pelt,  husk 


SOB 


289 


sotr 


SLACK,  Ifecse,  relaxed. 

To  SLANDER,  accuse  falsely,  as- 
perse, calumniate,  defame,  de- 
tract, scandalize,  vilify. 

SLAVERY,  servitude,  bondage,  cap- 
tivity. 

SLAUGHTER,  carnage,  massacre, 
butchery. 

To  SLAY,  kill,  murder,  assassi- 
nate. 

To  SLEEP,  slumber,  nap,  doze, 
drowse. 

SLEEPY,  drowsy,  lethargic. 

SLENDER,  slight,  slim,  thin. 

To  SLIDE,  slip,  glide. 

SLIGHT,  slender,  slim;  cursory, 
hasty,  desultory ;  neglect,  con- 
tempt, scorn. 

To  SLIP,  slide,  glide. 

SLOTHFUL,  lazy,  inactive,  slug- 
gish, inert. 

SLOW,  dilatory,  tardy,  tedious, 
dull. 

SLUGGISH,  inactive,  inert,  lazy, 
slothful. 

To  SLUMBER,  sleep,  doze,  nap, 
drowse. 

SLY,  cunning,  crafty,  subtle, 
wily. 

SMALL,  little,  diminutive,  mi- 
nute. 

SMARTNESS,  quickness,  liveliness, 
briskness ;  pungency,  tartness. 

To  SMEAR,  daub,  besmear. 

SMELL,  scent,  odor,  perfume,  fra- 
grance. 

SMOOTH,  even,  plain,  level. 

To  SMOTHER,  stifle,  suppress, 
suffocate. 

SNARLING,  cynical,  snappish, 
waspish. 

To  SNATCH,  catch,  seize,  grasp, 
gripe. 

SNEAKING,  crouching,  servile. 

To  SNEER,  scoff,  gibe,  jeer. 

To  SOAK,  steep,  imbrue ;  drench, 
macerate. 

SOBER,  moderate,  abstemious,  ab- 
stinent, temperate ;  grave. 

SOBRIETY,  moderation,  temper- 
ance, modesty. 


SOCIAL,  sociable,  convivial,  con- 
versable, familiar,  companion- 
able. 

SOCIETY,  association,  company, 
community,  fellowship. 

SOFT,  flexible,  supple,  ductile, 
pliant,  lithe,  pliable,  yielding, 
compliant,  docile,  tractable ; 
mild,  gentle,  meek. 

To  SOIL,  stain,  sully,  tarnish. 

To  SOJOURN,  dwell,  reside,  in- 
habit; tarry,  stay. 

SOLACE,  consolation,  comfort,  re- 
creation. 

SOLE,  solitary,  single,  only, 
alone. 

SOLEMN,  grave,  serious. 

To  SOLICIT,  ask,  request,  crave, 
entreat,  beg,  beseech,  implore, 
supplicate. 

SOLICITATION,  importunity,  invi- 
tation. 

SOLICITUDE,  care,  anxiety. 

SOLID,  hard,  substantial,  firm, 
stable. 

SOLITARY,  sole,  only,  alone,  sin- 
gle, lonely;  retired,  remote; 
desolate,  desert. 

To  SOLVE,  resolve,  explain,  clear 
up. 

SOME,  any. 

SOON,  early,  betimes ;  quickly, 
promptly. 

To  SOOTHE,  allay,  appease,  as- 
suage, compose,  calm,  tranquil- 
lize, pacify,  mitigate. 

To  SOPHISTICATE,  adulterate,  cor- 
rupt, vitiate. 

SORDID,  mean,  covetous,  nig- 
gardly, gross. 

SORROW,  affliction,  grief. 

SORRY,  grieved,  hurt,  afflicted, 
affected,  mortified,  vexed,  cha- 
grined. 

SORT,  species,  kind. 

SOVEREIGN,  prince,  monarch,  po- 
tentate. 

SOUND,  healthy,  hearty,  sane; 
tone. 

SOUR,  acid,  sharp,  tart,  acrimo- 
nious, acetose,  acetous. 


SPI 


290 


STA 


SOURNESS  of  manner,  acrimony, 
asperity,  harshness. 

SOURCE,  origin,  rise,  spring,  foun- 
tain. 

SPACE,  room. 

SPACIOUS,  ample,  capacious. 

To  SPARE,  afford,  give,  impart, 
communicate. 

SPARING,  economical,  saving, 
thrifty. 

SPARK,  gallant,  beau. 

To  SPARKLE,  shine,  glitter,  glare, 
radiate,  coruscate. 

To  SPEAK,  say,  tell,  talk,  con- 
verse, discourse,  utter,  articu- 
late, pronounce. 

To  SPEAK  to,  accost,  address,  dis- 
course. 

SPECIAL,  specific,  particular. 

SPECIES,  kind,  sort. 

SPECIFIC,  particular,  special. 

SPECIMEN,  model,  pattern,  sam- 
ple. 

SPECIOUS,  colorable,  ostensible, 
plausible,  feasible. 

SPECK,  stain,  spot,  flaw,  blem- 
ish. 

SPECTACLE,  show,  sight,  exhibi- 
tion, representation,  pageant. 

SPECTATOR,  looker-on,  beholder, 
observer. 

SPECTRE,  ghost,  phantom,  appa- 
rition. 

SPECULATION,  theory,  scheme. 

SPEECH,  oration,  address,  ha- 
rangue. 

SPEECHLESS,  dumb,  silent,  mute. 

To  SPEED,  hasten,  accelerate,  ex- 
pedite, despatch. 

To  SPEND,  expend ;  exhaust,  dis- 
sipate, squander,  waste. 

SPHERE,  circle,  globe,  orb. 

To  SPILL,  pour,  shed. 

SPIRITED,  lively,  animated,  viva- 
cious, ardent,  active. 

SPIRITS,  animation,  life,  vivacity ; 
courage,  enterprise. 

SPIRITUAL,  immaterial,  incorpo- 
real. 

SPITE,  rancor,  malice,  malevo- 
lence, malignity ;  pique,  grudge. 


SPLENDOR,  lustre,  brightness,  bril- 
liancy ;  magnificence,  pomp,  pa- 
geantry. 

SPLENETIC,  morose,  gloomy,  sul- 
len. 

To  SPLIT,  break,  burst ;  crack. 

SPOIL,  booty,  prey. 

SPONTANEOUSLY,  voluntarily,  wil- 
lingly. 

SPORT,  amusement,  diversion,  en- 
tertainment, recreation,  pas- 
time ;  play,  game. 

SPORTIVE,  lively,  jocund,  spright- 
ly, vivacious,  merry. 

SPOT,  place,  site,  locality ;  speck, 
stain,  flaw. 

SPOTLESS,  unspotted,  unblemish- 
ed ;  blameless,  irreproacha- 
ble. 

To  SPREAD,  scatter,  expand,  dif- 
fuse, disperse,  distribute,  circu- 
late, propagate,  disseminate, 
dispensate. 

SPRIGHTLY,  active,  agile,  assidu- 
ous, alert,  brisk. 

SPRING,  fountain,  source. 

To  SPRING,  arise,  issue,  proceed, 
flow,  emanate. 

To  SPRINKLE,  bedew,  besprinkle ; 
scatter. 

To  SPROUT,  bud,  germinate,  shoot 
forth. 

SPRUCE,  finical,  foppish,  dandy- 
ish. 

SPURIOUS,  counterfeit,  suppositi- 
tious, not  genuine. 

SPY,  emissary. 

To  SQUANDER,  spend,  expend, 
waste. 

SQUEAMISH,  fastidious,  over-nice, 
finical. 

SQUEEZE,  press,  pinch,  gripe. 

STABILITY,  fixedness,  firmness, 
steadiness. 

STAFF,  stick,  crutch;  prop,  stay, 
support. 

To  STAGGER,  reel,  totter. 

To  STAGNATE,  stand,  stop,  rest. 

STAIN,  blot,  blemish,  spot,  speck, 
flaw. 

To  STAIN,  color,  dye,  tinge. 


STI 


291 


STR 


To  STAIN  or  dirt,  blot,  maculate, 
spot,  foul,  soil,  tarnish,  sully, 
pollute. 

To  STAMMER,  stutter;  hesitate, 
falter. 

STAMP,  mark,  impression,  print. 

To  STAND,  stop,  rest,  stagnate. 

STANDARD,  criterion,  rule,  test. 

To  STARE,  gape,  gaze. 

To  START,  startle,  shrink. 

STATE,  condition,  situation,  posi- 
tion, predicament,  case,  plight. 

STATION,  situation,  position,  post, 
place. 

STATELY,  magisterial,  majestic, 
pompous,  dignified,  august. 

STAY,  staff,  support,  prop. 

To  STAY,  remain,  abide,  con- 
tinue. 

STATE  in  life,  station,  situation, 
condition,  circumstances,  rank, 
degree,  post. 

STEADINESS,  constancy,  firmness, 
stability. 

To  STEAL  away,  withdraw,  ab- 
scond. 

To  STEEP,  soak,  drench. 

STERILITY,  unfruitfulness,  barren- 
ness, aridity. 

STERN,  austere,  severe,  rigid,  rig- 
orous. 

To  STICK,  hold,  cleave,  fasten,  ad- 
here, attach,  fix. 

STICKING  to,  adherent,  adhesive, 
tenacious. 

STICKING  together,  cohesion,  ag- 
glutination. 

To  STIFLE,  suppress,  smother ; 
suffocate,  choke. 

STIGMA,  mark,  badge. 

To  STILL,  quiet,  calm,  lull,  allay, 
pacify,  assuage,  appease ;  sub- 
due, suppress. 

To  STIMULATE,  animate,  incite, 
encourage,  impel,  urge,  insti- 
gate, irritate,  exasperate,  in- 
cense. 

STIPEND,  allowance,  pay,  wages, 
salary,  hire. 

To  STIR  up,  awaken,  rouse,  in- 


cite, animate,  excite,  stimulate, 
provoke. 

STOCK,  store,  fund,  supply,  accu- 
mulation, hoard,  provision. 

STOP,  cessation,  rest,  intermis- 
sion. 

To  STOP,  check,  hinder,  impede. 

STORE.     See  STOCK. 

STORM,  blast,  tempest,  hurricane. 

STORY,  tale,  anecdote,  memoir,  in' 
cident. 

STOUT,  corpulent,  lusty. 

STRAIGHT,  right,  direct. 

STRAIT,  narrow. 

STRANGE,  particular,  odd,  singu- 
lar, eccentric. 

STRANGER,  foreigner,  alien. 

STRATAGEM,  artifice,  trick,  finesse, 
deception,  cheat,  imposture,  de- 
lusion, fraud,  deceit,  imposition. 

To  STRAY,  deviate,  wander,  swerve, 
rove,  ramble,  err. 

STREAM,  current,  tide. 

STRENGTH,  power,  force,  autho- 
rity. 

To  STRENGTHEN,  fortify,  invigo- 
rate, animate. 

STRENUOUS,  bold,  zealous,  vehe* 
ment,  vigorous,  ardent. 

To  STRETCH,  extend,  reach. 

STRICT,  accurate,  exact,  nice ; 
rigorous,  severe. 

STRICTURE,  animadversion,  criti- 
cism, censure. 

STRIFE,  dissension,  contention, 
discord. 

To  STRIKE,  hit,  beat. 

A  STRIKING  together,  collision, 
clashing. 

To  STRIP,  bereave,  deprive,  divest; 
rob,  plunder,  pillage. 

To  STRIVE,  contend,  vie  ;  endea- 
vor, aim,  struggle. 

STROKE,  blow,  knock. 

To  STROLL,  wander,  ramble,  rove, 
roam,  range. 

STRONG,  forcible,  cogent,  potent, 
efficacious  ;  powerful,  vigorous, 
stout,  robust,  hardy,  firm,  mus- 
cular. 


SUB 


292 


SUP 


STRUCTURE,  edifice,  fabric. 

To  STRUGGLE,  contend,  contest, 
strive,  endeavor,  labor. 

STUBBORN,  obstinate,  contuma- 
cious, unyielding,  headstrong, 
heady. 

STUDY,  attention,  application. 

STUPID,  dull,  doltish. 

STURDY,  strong,  firm,  robust. 

To  STUTTER,  stammer,  hesitate, 
falter. 

STYLE,  diction,  phraseology. 

To  STYLE,  name,  denominate,  en- 
title, characterize,  designate. 

SUAVITY,  urbanity,  sweetness. 

To  SUBDUE,  overbear,  overpower, 
overcome,  surmount,  conquer, 
vanquish,  subjugate. 

SUBJECT,  matter,  materials,  ob- 
jeot ;  exposed,  liable,  obnox- 
'ious;  subordinate,  subservient, 
inferior. 

To  SUBJECT,  subjugate,  subdue. 

To  SULJOIX,  affix,  attach,  connect, 
add  to. 

SUBLIME,  great,  grand,  exalted, 
lofty,  elevated. 

SUBMISSIVE,  compliant,  yielding, 
obedieut,  obsequious;  humble, 
modest,  passive. 

To  SUBMIT,  comply,  yield. 

SUBORDINATE,  subject,  inferior, 
subservient. 

To  SUBORN,  perjure,  forswear. 

SUBSEQUENT,  consequent,  poste- 
rior. 

SUBSERVIENT,  subject,  subordi- 
nate, inferior. 

To  SUBSIDE,  abate,  intermit. 

To  SUBSIST,  exist,  to  be. 

SUBSISTENCE,  living,  livelihood, 
sustenance,  support,  mainte- 
nance. 

SUBSTANTIAL,  solid  ;  strong,  stout, 
bulky  ;  responsible. 

To  SUBSTITUTE,  change,  ex- 
change. 

SUBTERFUGE,  evasion,  shift,  quirk. 

SUBTLE,  cunning,  crafty,  sly, 
wily. 


To  SUBTRACT,  deduct,  withdraw. 

To  SUBVERT,  overturn,  overthrow, 
invert,  reverse. 

To  SUCCEED,  follow,  ensue  ;  obtain 
one's  object. 

SUCCESSFUL,  fortunate,  lucky, 
prosperous. 

SUCCESSION,  series,  order. 

SUCCESSIVE,  alternate. 

SUCCINCT,  brief,  short,  concise, 
compendious,  summary,  lauo- 
nic. 

To  SUCCOR,  aid,  assist,  help,  re- 
lieve, cherish. 

SUDDEN,  unexpected,  unanticipat- 
ed, unlooked-for. 

To  SUFFER,  bear,  endure,  support, 
sustain ;  admit,  allow,  permit, 
tolerate. 

SUFFICIENT,  enough,  competent, 
adequate. 

To  SUFFOCATE,  stifle,  smother, 
choke. 

SUFFRAGE,  vote,  voice. 

To  SUGGEST,  allude,  hint,  refer 
to,  glance  at,  intimate,  insinu- 
ate. 

To  SUIT,  answer,  fit,  serve  ;  agree, 
accord. 

SUIT,  prayer,  request,  petition. 

SUITABLE"  fit,  apt,  meet,  becom- 
ing, expedient,  seemly ;  agree- 
able, conformable ;  convenient. 

SUITOR,  wooer,  lover. 

SULLEN,  gloomy,  morose,  sple- 
netic. 

To  SULLY,  stain,  tarnish,  soil. 

SUMMARY,  brief,  short,  compen- 
dious, succinct,  laconic. 

To  SUMMON,  call,  cite,  bid,  in- 
vite. 

SUNDRY,  different,  several,  va- 
rious, diverse. 

SUPERFICIAL,  shallow,  flimsy. 

SUPERFICIES,  surface. 

SUPERFLUITY,  excess,  redundancy. 

SUPERIORITY,  excellence,  pre-emi- 
nence. 

SUPERINTENDENCE,  inspection, 
oversight,  superintendence. 


sus 


293 


TAL 


SUPERSCRIPTION,  direction,  ad- 
dress. 

To  SUPERSEDE,  overrule,  set 
aside. 

SUPINE,  indolent,  listless,  care- 
less. 

SUPPLE,  flexible,  pliant,  bending. 

To  SUPPLICATE,  beg,  solicit,  be- 
seech, entreat,  implore,  crave. 

To  SUPPLY,  furnish,  provide,  ad- 
minister, minister,  contribute. 

To  SUPPORT,  sustain,  stay,  prop, 
uphold,  maintain;  assist,  coun- 
tenance, favor,  second,  for- 
ward, patronize,  promote,  en- 
courage ;  nurture,  nourish,  che- 
rish, protect,  shield,  defend. 

To  SUPPOSE,  conceive,  appre- 
hend, imagine,  think,  believe, 
deem. 

SUPPOSITION,  conjecture,  surmise, 
guess. 

SUPPOSITITIOUS,  spurious,  counter- 
feit, not  genuine. 

To  SUPPRESS,  repress,  restrain, 
put  down,  stifle,  smother. 

SURE,  infallible,  certain,  indis- 
putable ;  safe,  secure ;  confi- 
dent. 

SURFACE,  superficies. 

SURGE,  wave,  billow,  breaker. 

SURMISE,  conjecture,  supposition. 

To  SURMOUNT,  rise  above,  over- 
come, subdue,  vanquish,  con- 
quer. 

To  SURPASS,  excel,  exceed,  outdo, 
outstrip. 

SURPRISE,  wonder,  astonishment, 
admiration,  amazement. 

To  SURRENDER,  give  up,  deliver, 
yield,  cede. 

To  SURROUND,  environ,  encom- 
pass, encircle;  enclose,  in- 
vest. 

SURVEY,  review,  retrospect ;  view, 
prospect. 

To  SURVIVES  outlive. 

SUSCEPTIBILITY,  sensibility,  feel 
ing. 

SUSPENSE,  doubt,  indetermina 
tion. 


SUSPICION,  jealousy,  distrust,  dif- 
fidence. 

To  SUSTAIN,  support,  maintain, 
bear  up. 

SUSTENANCE,  living,  livelihood, 
subsistence,  support,  mainte- 
nance. 

SWAIN,  countryman,  peasant,  rus- 
tic, hind,  clown. 

To  SWALLOW  up,  absorb,  imbibe, 
ingulf',  engross,  consume. 

SWARM,  multitude,  throng,  crowd- 

SWAY,  influence,  authority,  as- 
cendency, rule. 

To  SWELL,  heave ;  rise,  protuber- 
ate,  enlarge. 

fo  SWELL  out,  extend,  enlarge> 
expand,  dilate. 

SWELLING,  turgid,  tumid. 

To  SWERVE,  deviate,  wander, 
stray. 

SWIFTNESS,  quickness,  fleetness, 
rapidity,  celerity,  velocity. 

SYCOPHANT,  flatterer,  parasite. 

SYMBOL,  emblem,  figure,  type  ,• 
metaphor. 

SYMMETRY,  proportion,  harmony. 

SYMPATHY,  compassion,  commis* 
eration,  condolence ;  fellow- 
feeling  ;  agreement. 

SYMPTOM,  mark,  note,  sign,  token, 
indication. 

SYNOD,  assembly,  meeting,  convo- 
cation, diet,  congress,  congre< 
gation,  convention. 

SYSTEM,  method ;  scheme. 


TACITURNITY,  silence. 

To  TAINT,  contaminate,  defile, 
pollute,  corrupt,  infect,  vitiate. 

To  TAKE,  accept,  receive  ;  seize. 

To  TAKE  heed,  guard  against. 

To  TAKE  from,  deduct,  subtract, 
abstract. 

To  TAKE  out,  extract. 

TALE,  anecdote,  story,  fable,  inci- 
dent, memoir,  narrative. 

TALENT,  ability,  faculty,  gift,  en- 
dowment. 


TEM 


294 


THO 


,  conversation,  colloquy,  dis- 1  TEMPERATE,   moderate,  abstinent, 


course,  chat,  dialogue,   confer- 
ence, communication. 

TALKATIVENESS,  garrulity,  loqua- 
city. 

TALL,  high,  lofty. 

TAME,  gentle. 

To  TANTALIZE,  aggravate,  pro- 
voke, irritate,  vex,  tease,  taunt, 
torment. 

TARDY,  slow,  d'.latorv,  tedious. 

To  TARNISH,  stain,  sully,  soil. 

To  TARRY,  await,  loiter,  continue, 
linger,  saunter. 

TARTNESS,  acrimony,  asperity, 
acerbity,  harshness. 

TASK,  work,  labor,  toil,  drudg- 
ery. 

TASTE,  judgment,  discernment, 
perception,  sensibility;  savor, 
relish,  flavor,  gout. 

To  TAUNT,  tease,  vex,  tantalize, 
torment. 

TAUTOLOGY,  repetition. 

TAX,  impost,  tribute,  contribution, 
duty,  toll,  rate,  assessment,  cus- 
tom. 

To  TEACH,  inform,  instruct. 

To  TEAR,  rend,  rack,  break. 

To  TEASE,  vex,  tantalize,  plague, 
torment,  mortify,  chagrin. 

TEDIOUS,  slow,  dilatory,  tardy; 
wearisome,  tiresome. 

TEGUMENT,  covering. 

To  TELL,  make  known,  communi- 
cate, impart,  reveal,  disclose, 
inform,  acquaint,  report. 

To  TELL  over,  repeat,  recite,  re- 
hearse, recapitulate,  enumerate. 

TEMERITY,  rashness,  precipitancy, 
heedlessness. 

TEMPER,      disposition,     tempera- 1 
ment,  constitution ;  frame,  mood, 
humor. 

To  TEMPER,  gratify,  humor,  mo- 
dify ;  soften,  assuage,  mollify, 
soothe,  calm. 

TEMPERAMENT,  frame,  constitu- 
tion, temper. 

TEMPERANCE,  moderation,  sobrie- 
ty, modesty. 


abstemious,  sober. 

TEMPEST,  blast,  gale,  storm,  hur- 
ricane. 

TEMPORAL,  worldly,  secular. 

TEMPORARY,  transient,  transitory, 
fleeting. 

TEMPORIZING,  time-serving. 

To  TEMPT,  allure,  attract,  decoy, 
entice,  seduce  ;  try. 

TENDENCY,  inclination,  propen- 
sity, proneness ;  drift,  scope, 
aim. 

To  TENDER,  offer,  propose,  bid. 

TENDERNESS,  benignity,  humanity, 
benevolence,  kindness. 

TENET,  doctrine,  opinion,  princi- 
ple, position. 

TERM,  condition,  stipulation ; 
limit,  boundary ;  word,  expres- 
sion. 

To  TERMINATE,  complete,  finish, 
close,  end. 

TERRIBLE,  terrific,  fearful,  dread- 
ful, shocking,  frightful,  horri- 
ble. 

TERRITORY,  domain. 

TERROR,  alarm,  fright,  consterna- 
tion. 

TEST,  criterion,  standard;  expe- 
rience, experiment,  trial,  proof. 

To  TESTIFY,  declare,  signify,  ut- 
ter. 

TESTIMONY,  proof,  evidence. 

THEORY,  speculation. 

THEREFORE,  consequently,  accord- 
ingly. 

THICK,  dense,  close,  compact, 
solid ;  gross,  coarse. 

THIN,  lean,  meagre,  slim,  slender, 
rare,  slight. 

To  THINK,  cogitate,  consider,  re- 
flect, ponder,  deliberate,  con- 
template, meditate,  muse  ;  con- 
ceive, imagine,  suppose,  opine, 
believe,  deem,  fancy. 

THOUGHT,  imagination,  concep- 
tion, fancy,  idea ;  conceit,  no- 
tion, supposition,  consideration, 
meditation,  reflection,  contem- 
plation, cogitation,  deliberation. 


TOR 


295 


TRA 


THOKJGHTFUL,  considerate,  delibe- 
rate, attentive,  careful,  wary, 
circumspect,  discreet;  reflective, 
contemplative. 

THREAT,  menace. 

THREATENING,  imminent,  impend- 
ing. 

THRIFTY,  economical,  saving, 
sparing,  careful,  penurious. 

To  THRIVE,  flourish,  prosper. 

THRONG,  multitude,  crowd, 
swarm. 

To  THROW,  cast,  hurl. 

To  THROW  back,  reject,  retort;  re- 
flect. 

To  THROW  in,  inject. 

To  THWART,  oppose,  resist,  with- 
stand. 

TIDE,  current,  stream. 

TIDINGS,  news,  intelligence. 

TILLAGE,  cultivation,  husbandry. 

TIME,  duration  ;  period,  age,  date, 
era,  epoch ;  season. 

TIMELY,  seasonably,  opportune. 

TIME-SERVING,  temporizing. 

TIMID,  timorous,  fearful,  afraid. 

TIMIDITY,  pusillanimity,  fear, 
cowardice. 

To  TINGE,  dye,  color,  stain. 

TINT,  hue,  color. 

To  TIRE,  weary,  jade,  harass. 

TIRED,  fatigued,  wearied,  jaded, 
harassed. 

TIRESOME,  tedious,  wearisome. 

TITLE,  denomination,  name,  ap- 
pellation. 

TOIL,  labor,  drudgery. 

TOKEN,  mark,  sign,  note,  symp- 
tom, indication. 

To  TOLERATE,  admit,  allow,  per- 
mit, suffer. 

TOLL,  tax,  custom,  duty,  impost, 
contribution. 

TOMB,  grave,  sepulchre. 

TONE,  sound. 

TONGUE,  language,  speech,  idiom, 
dialect. 

TORMENT,  torture. 

To  TORMENT,  tease,  vex,  tanta- 
lize, taunt,  torment. 


TORPID,  benumbed,  numb. 

To  Toss,  shake,  agitate. 

TOTAL,  gross,  whole,  entire,  conv 
plete. 

To  TOTTER,  stagger,  reel. 

TOUCH,  contact. 

TOUCHING,  affecting,  moving,  pa* 
thetic. 

TOUR,  circuit,  round,  excursion, 
ramble,  trip,  jaunt. 

To  TRACE,  derive,  deduce. 

TRACE,  mark,  track,  vestige. 

TRACT,  essay,  treatise,  disserta- 
tion ;  district,  region,  quarter. 

TRACTABLE,  docile,  ductile. 

TRADE,  business,  profession,  occu- 
pation, calling,  office,  avocation, 
employment ;  commerce,  deal- 
ing, traffic. 

TRADER,  merchant,  tradesman. 

To  TRADUCE,  disparage,  detract, 
depreciate,  degrade,  decry. 

TRAFFIC,  commerce,  exchange, 
barter,  dealing,  truck,  trade. 

TRAIN,  retinue,  procession. 

TRAITOROUS,  treacherous,  treason- 
able. 

To  TRANQUILLIZE,  appease,  allay, 
assuage,  compose,  soothe,  calm, 
pacify. 

TRANQUILLITY,  peace,  quiet,  calm, 
repose. 

To  TRANSACT,  negotiate,  treat  for, 
or  about. 

TRANSACTION,  proceeding. 

To  TRANSCEND,  exceed,  surpass, 
excel,  outdo. 

To  TRANSCRIBE,  copy. 

To  TRANSFIGURE,  transform,  meta- 
morphose. 

TRANSGRESSION,  offence,  infringe- 
ment ;  misdemeanor,  misdeed, 
affront. 

TRANSIENT,  transitory,  temporary, 
fleeting. 

TRANSPARENT,  pellucid,  transit 
cent,  transpicuous,  diaphanous, 
pervious. 

To  TRANSPORT,  bear,  carry,  con- 
vey. 


TRO 


296 


UNB 


TRANSPORT,  ecstasy,  rapture. 

TRAVEL,  journey,  tour. 

TREACHEROUS,  faithless,  perfidious, 
insidious. 

TREASONABLE,  treacherous,  trai- 
torous. 

To  TREASURE,  hoard,  deposit,  lay 
up. 

TREAT,  feast,  banquet,  carousal, 
entertainment. 

To  TREAT  fur,  or  about,  nego- 
tiate. 

TREATMENT,  usage ;  entertain- 
ment. 

TREMBLING,  tremor,  trepidation, 
shaking,  shivering,  quivering. 

TREMENDOUS,  dreadful,  frightful, 
terrible,  terrific,  horrid,  horri- 
ble. 

TREMOR.     See  TREMBLING. 

TREPIDATION,  agitation,  tremor, 
disturbance,  emotion,  trem- 
bling. 

TRESPASS,  offence,  transgression, 
misdemeanor,  misdeed. 

TRIAL,  experiment,  proof,  test ; 
attempt,  endeavor,  effort. 

TRIBUTE.     See  TAX. 

TRICK,  artifice,  stratagem,  wile, 
fraud,  cheat,  juggle,  finesse, 
sleight,  deception,  imposture, 
delusion,  imposition. 

TRIFLING,  trivial,  futile,  petty, 
frivolous,  unimportant,  incon- 
siderable, light,  slight,  worth- 
less. 

TRIP,  excursion,  ramble,  tour, 
jaunt. 

TRIVIAL.     See  TRIFLING. 

To  TROUBLE,  afflict,  distress,  ha- 
rass, perplex,  disturb,  molest. 

TROUBLES,  distress,  affliction,  ad- 
versity, calamity,  misfortune; 
difficulties,  embarrassments, 
perplexities,  vexations,  anxie- 
ties, sorrow,  misery. 

TROUBLESOME,  vexatious,  perplex- 
ing, harassing,  annoying,  dis- 
gusting, disturbing,  irksome, 
afflictive. 


To  TRUCK,  exchange,  barter,  com* 
mute. 

TRUE,  sincere,  honest,  upright, 
plain. 

TRUST,  belief,  credit,  faith,  confi- 
dence ;  hope,  expectation. 

TRUSTY,  faithful. 

To  give  in  TRUST,  intrust,  com- 
mit, confide,  consign,  charge. 

TRUTH,  veracity,  honesty,  faith- 
fulness, fidelity. 

To  TRY,  attempt,  endeavor,  essay  ; 
tempt. 

To  TUG,  haul,  pull,  pluck,  hale. 

To  TUMBLE,  fall,  sink,  drop, 
droop. 

TUMID,  turgid,  bombastic. 

TUMULT,  uproar,  commotion, 
riot. 

TURBULENT,  tumultuous,  riotous, 
seditious,  mutinous. 

TURGID,  tumid,  bombastic. 

TURN,  gyration,  meander;  cast, 
bent,  character. 

To  TURN,  revolve,  circulate, 
whirl,  twirl,  wheel ;  bend, 
twist,  distort,  wring,  wrest,  con- 
tort. 

To  TWIST.     See  TURN. 

TYPE,  symbol,  figure,  emblem. 

TYRANNICAL,  absolute,  arbitrary, 
despotic,  imperious. 

U 

ULTIMATE,  last,  latest,  final. 

UMPIRE,  arbiter,  arbitrator,  judge. 

UNANTICIPATED,  unexpected,  un- 
looked-for ;  sudden. 

UNAVOIDABLE,  not  to  be  avoided, 
inevitable. 

UNBELIEF,  disbelief;  infidelity, 
incredulity,  skepticism. 

UNBLEMISHED,  blameless,  spotless, 
unspotted,  irreproachable. 

UNBODIED,  incorporeal,  immate- 
rial, spiritual. 

UNBOUNDED,  boundless,  infinite, 
unlimited,  illimitable,  intermi- 
nable. 


TING 


297 


UNS 


UNBURY,  disinter,  disentomb,  ex- 
hume, exhumate. 

UNCEASINGLY,  uninterruptedly, 
always,  constantly,  continually, 
perpetually,  ever. 

UNCERTAIN,  doubtful,  dubious, 
precarious ;  equivocal. 

UNCOMMON,  rare,  scarce,  unique, 
choice,  singular. 

UNCONCERNED,  indifferent,  regard- 
less. 

UNCONQUERABLE,  invincible,  insu- 
perable, insurmountable. 

UNCOUTH,  odd,  strange,  awk- 
ward, clumsy,  unhandy,  unpo- 
lite. 

To  UNCOVER,  discover,  strip,  de- 
nude. 

UNDAUNTED,  bold,  fearless,  intre- 
pid. 

UNDENIABLE,  indubitable,  indis- 
putable, incontrovertible,  un- 
questionable, irrefragable. 

UNDER,  below,  beneath,  subja- 
cent, lower. 

To  UNDERMINE,  sap. 

To  UNDERSTAND,  comprehend, 
conceive,  apprehend. 

UNDERSTANDING,  intellect,  intelli- 
gence, faculty ;  comprehension, 
apprehension,  perception,  con- 
ception. 

UNDERTAKING,  enterprise,  attempt, 
engagement. 

UNDETERMINED,  unsettled,  un- 
steady, irresolute,  unresolved, 
hesitating,  doubtful,  fluctuat- 
ing, wavering. 

UNEXPECTED,  sudden,  unlocked 
for,  unanticipated. 

UNFAITHFUL,  perfidious,  treacher- 
ous ;  undutiful,  disloyal. 

UNFEELING,  insensible,  unsuscep- 
tible, callous,  obdurate. 

To  UNFOLD,  develop,  divulge,  un- 
ravel, expand. 

UNFRUITFULNESS,  barrenness,  ste- 
rility, aridity. 

UNGOVERNABLE,  unruly,  refracto- 
ry, obstreperous. 


UNHANDY,  awkward,  clumsy,  un- 
couth, untoward. 

UNHAPPY,  miserable,  wretched, 
distressed,  afflicted ;  unforku 
nate,  calamitous. 

UNIFORM,  equal,  even,  equable, 
alike. 

UNIMPORTANT,  insignificant,  im* 
material,  inconsiderable,  trivial, 
trifling,  petty. 

UNINTERRUPTEDLY,  unceasingly, 
incessantly,  unintermitting. 

UNISON,  accordance,  agreement, 
harmony ;  melody. 

To  UNITE,  join,  combine,  connect, 
coalesce. 

UNIVERSAL,  general. 

UNLEARNED,  illiterate,  unlettered, 
ignorant. 

UNLIKE,  dissimilar. 

UNLIMITED,  boundless,  unbound- 
ed, illimitable,  infinite. 

UNLOOKED-FOR,  unanticipated ; 
sudden. 

UNMERCIFUL,  merciless,  hard- 
hearted, cruel. 

UNOFFENDING,  inoffensive,  harm- 
less. 

UNQUESTIONABLE,  indubitable,  in- 
disputable, incontrovertible,  ir- 
refragable, undeniable. 

To  UNRAVEL,  unfold,  develop; 
disentangle,  extricate. 

UNRELENTING,  relentless,  impla- 
cable, inexorable. 

UNRULY,  ungovernable,  refracto- 
ry- 

UNSEARCHABLE,  inscrutable. 

To  UNSETTLE,  disconcert,  dis- 
compose, dis  rrange,  derange, 
displace,  rufiie,  disorder,  con- 
fuse. 

UNSETTLE,  undetermined,  un- 
steady, wavering. 

UNSPEAKABLE,  ineffable,  unutter- 
able, inexpressible. 

UNSPOTTED.     See  SPOTLESS. 

UNSTABLE,  infirm,  changeable, 
mutable,  wavering. 

UNSTEADY.     See  UNSETTLED. 


VAL 


298 


VEX 


UNSUSCEPTIBLE,  unfeeling,  insen- 
sible, hard,  callous. 

UNTIMELY,  premature,  inoppor- 
tune, unseasonable. 

UNTOWARD,  awkward;  uncouth; 
froward,  perverse. 

UNTRUTH,  falsehood,  falsity,  lie, 
mendacity. 

UNUTTERABLE.  See  UNSPEAKA- 
BLE. 

UNWILLING,  averse,  backward, 
loth,  reluctant. 

UNWORTHY,  worthless;  mean, 
contemptible,  vile. 

To  UPBRAID,  blame,  reprove,  re- 
proach, censure,  condemn. 

UPRIGHTNESS,  rectitude,  integrity, 
probity,  honesty. 

UPROAR,  bustle,  tumult,  disturb- 
ance. 

URBANITY,  suavity,  affability, 
complaisance,  courtesy. 

To  URGE,  animate,  incite,  impel, 
instigate,  stimulate ;  encourage. 

URGENT,  pressing,  importunate. 

USAGE,  custom,  prescription ; 
treatment. 

USE,  usage,  practice,  habit ;  avail, 
advantage,  utility,  benefit,  ser- 
vice. 

USUALLY,  generally,  commonly. 

To  USURP,  arrogate,  assume,  ap- 
propriate. 

UTILITY,  advantage,  benefit,  ser- 
vice, avail,  use. 

To  UTTER,  speak,  articulate,  pro- 
nounce, express. 

UTTERED  by  the  mouth,  oral,  vo- 
cal, verbal. 


VACANCY,  vacuity,  chasm,  inani- 
ty- 

VACANT,  empty,  void,  devoid; 
idle. 

VACUITY.     See  VACANCY. 

VAGUE,  loose,  lax. 

VAIN,  idle,  fruitless,  ineffectual. 

VALE,  valley,  dale,  dingle,  dell. 


VALEDICTION,  farewell,  taking 
leave. 

VALOR,  bravery,  courage,  gal- 
lantry, boldness,  intrepidity ; 
fearlessness. 

VALUABLE,  precious,  costly,  esti- 
mable. 

VALUE,  worth,  rate,  price ;  ac- 
count, estimation,  appreciation. 

To  VALUE,  compute,  rate,  calcu- 
late, appraise,  assess  ;  appre- 
ciate, estimate ;  esteem,  re- 
spect, regard,  prize. 

VANITY,  pride,  conceit. 

To  VANQUISH,  conquer,  subdue, 
surmount,  overcome. 

VARIABLE,  changeable,  fickle,  wa- 
vering, versatile,  unsteady. 

VARIATION,  change,  vicissitude, 
variety, 

VARIETY,  difference,  diversity, 
change,  medley. 

VARIOUS,  different,  divers,  seve- 
ral, sundry. 

To  VrARNisH,  gloss,  palliate. 

To  VARY,  change,  alter;  differ, 
disagree,  dissent. 

VAST,  enormous,  huge,  im- 
mense. 

To  VAUNT,  glory,  boast,  brag. 

VAUNTING,  boasting,  ostentation, 
vain-glory,  parade. 

VEHEMENT,  ardent,  hot,  eager, 
firm,  passionate,  impetuous,  vi- 
olent. 

VEIL,  mask,  cloak,  blind,  cover- 
ing. 

VELOCITY,  quickness,  swiftness, 
fleetness,  celerity,  rapidity. 

VENAL,  mercenary,  hireling. 

To  VENERATE,  adore,  revere,  re- 
verence. 

VENIAL,  pardonable. 

VENTURE,  hazard,  risk. 

VERACITY,  truth,  integrity. 

VERBAL,  vocal,  oral. 

VERGE,  border,  edge,  rim,  brim, 
brink,  margin. 

VESTIGE,  mark,  trace,  track. 

To    VEX,    tease,    plague,    tanta- 


VIT 


299 


WAR 


lize,  torment,  mortify,  chagrin, 
offend. 

VEXATION,  chagrin,  mortification ; 
uneasiness,  trouble. 

VICE,  imperfection,  defect,  fault; 
crime. 

VICINITY,  neighborhood. 

Vicious  corrupt,  depraved,  pro- 
fligate, wicked. 

VICISSITUDE,  change,  variation. 

VICTOR,  conqueror,  vanquisher. 

To  VIE,  contend,  strive. 

To  VIEW,  look,  see,  behold,  eye. 

VIEW,  survey,  prospect ;  land- 
scape. 

VIGILANT,  watchful,  wakeful. 

VIGOR,  energy,  force,  strength, 
efficacy. 

VIGOROUS,  strong ;  active,  agile, 
alert,  brisk,  nimble,  sedulous, 
diligent. 

VILE,  base,  mean,  worthless,  des- 
picable, wicked. 

To  VILIFY,  accuse  falsely,  asperse, 
calumniate,  defame,  detract, 
scandalize,  slander. 

To  VINDICATE,  defend,  protect; 
.  clear. 

VINDICTIVE,  resentful,  revenge- 
ful. 

To  VIOLATE,  infringe,  trans- 
gress;  injure;  hurt;  ravish, 
deflower. 

VIOLENT,  forcible,  vehement,  bois- 
terous, turbulent,  furious,  im- 
petuous, passionate. 

VISAGE,  face,  countenance. 

VISIBLE,  apparent,  obvious,  clear, 
plain,  evident,  discernible,  ma- 
nifest, distinct. 

VISION,  apparition,  phantom, 
spectre,  ghost. 

VISIONARY,  imaginary,  fantasti- 
cal ;  enthusiast,  fanatic. 

VISITANT,  visiter,  guest. 

To  VITIATE,  contaminate,  taint, 
defile,  pollute,  infect,  sophisti- 
cate. 

VITIATED,  corrupt,  depraved,  de- 
based, wicked. 


VIVACIOUS,  animated,  lively, 
sprightly,  sportive,  jocund, 
merry. 

VIVACITY,  life,  animation,  spirits, 
lightness,  volatility. 

VIVID,  clear,  lucid,  bright ;  live- 
ly, quick,  sprightly,  active; 
striking. 

VOCABULARY,  dictionary,  nomen- 
clature, lexicon,  glossary. 

VOCAL,  verbal,  oral. 

VOID,  empty,  vacant,  devoid. 

VOLATILITY,  lightness,  levity,  gid- 
diness, flightiness. 

VOLUNTARILY,  spontaneously,  wil- 
lingly, gratuitously. 

VOLUPTUARY,  sensualist,  epi- 
cure. 

VORACIOUS,  rapacious,  ravenous, 
greedy. 

VOTE,  suffrage,  voice. 

To  VOUCH,  obtest,  attest,  warrant ; 
asseverate,  affirm,  aver,  protest, 
assure. 

VULGAR,  common,  ordinary,  mean, 
low. 

W 

WAGES,  stipend,  salary,  hire,  al- 
lowance, pay. 

WAKEFUL,  watchful,  vigilant,  ob- 
servant. 

WALK,  carriage,  gait. 

To  WALK  unsteadily,  stagger,  reel, 
totter. 

WAN,  pale,  pallid. 

To  WANDER,  stroll,  ramble,  rove, 
roam,  range. 

WANT,  poverty,  penury,  indigence, 
necessity,  need,  lack. 

WARE,  commodity,  goods,  mer- 
chandise. 

WARINESS,  caution,  circumspec- 
tion, scrupulousness,  care. 

WARLIKE,  martial,  military,  sol- 
dier-like. 

WARM-HEARTED,  cordial,  sincere, 
hearty. 

WARMTH,  fervency,  fervor,  ardor, 


WEI 


300 


WON 


zeal,  cordiality ;  vehemence, 
heat ;  glow. 

WARNING,  caution,  admonition, 
notice. 

To  WARRANT,  answer  for,  gua- 
ranty, secure. 

WARY,  cautious,  circumspect, 
guarded,  watchful. 

To  WASTE,  spend,  expend,  dissi- 
pate ;  squander,  consume,  la- 
vish, destroy. 

WASTE,  devastation,  ravage, 
spoil,  desolation,  havoc,  destruc- 
tion ;  consumption,  dissipa- 
tion. 

WASTEFUL,  profuse,  extravagant, 
prodigal,  lavish. 

WATCHFUL,  vigilant,  attentive, 
cautious,  observant,  circum- 
spect, wakeful. 

WATERY,  aqueous. 

WAVE,  billow,  surge,  breaker. 

To  WAVER,  hesitate,  fluctuate, 
scruple. 

WAY,  method,  system,  mode, 
means,  manner,  form,  fashion  ; 
road,  route,  course. 

WEAK,  feeble,  infirm,  enfeebled, 
debilitated,  enervated. 

WEAKNESS,  debility,  languor, 
feebleness,  infirmity,  imbecili- 
ty, frailty,  impotence ;  failing, 
foible. 

WEALTH,  riches,  opulence,  afflu- 
ence. 

WEARINESS,  lassitude,  fatigue. 

WEARISOME,  tiresome,  tedious,  fa- 
tiguing, troublesome,  annoying, 
vexatious. 

To  WEARY,  tire,  fatigue,  harass, 
jade,  subdue  ;  vex,  annoy. 

WEDDING,  marriage,  nuptials. 

WEDLOCK,  marriage,  matrimony. 

WEEKLY,  hebdomadal. 

WEIGHT,  gravity,  heaviness,  pon- 
derousness  ;  burden,  load  ;  sig- 
nification, avail,  importance, 
consequence,  moment. 

WEIGHTY,  heavy,  burdensome, 
ponderous ;  onerous. 


[WELCOME,  acceptable,  agreeable, 
gi'ateful. 

WELL-BEING,  welfare,  prosperity, 
happiness. 

WELFARE.  See  the  preceding 
word. 

To  WELTER,  wallow. 

To  WHEEDLE,  coax,  cajole, 
fawn. 

WHIM,  freak,  caprice. 

WHIMSICAL,  capricious,  fanciful, 
fantastical. 

To  WHIRL,  twirl,  turn,  wheel,  re- 
volve, circulate. 

To  WHITEN,  blanch,  bleach. 

WHOLE,  all ;  entire,  complete, 
integral,  total,  undivided,  per- 
fect. 

WICKED,  unjust,  nefarious,  irreli- 
gious, profane,  impious. 

WICKED  in  a  high  degree,  atro- 
cious, heinous,  flagrant,  flagi- 
tious, villanous,  enormous, 
monstrous. 

WILLINGLY,  voluntarily,  sponta- 
neously. 

To  WIN,  obtain,  gain,  procure, 
get,  earn. 

WILY,  subtle,  sly,  crafty,  cun- 
ning. 

To  WIND,  turn,  whirl,  twirl. 

WISDOM,  sapience,  knowledge ; 
prudence. 

WISE,  sage  ;  sapient,  sagacious ; 
learned,  skilled ;  judicious  ;  dis- 
creet, prudent. 

To  WISH,  desire,  long  for,  hanker 
after. 

WIT,  ingenuity ;  humor,  satire, 
irony,  burlesque ;  contrivance, 
stratagem,  invention. 

To  WITHDRAW,  retreat,  retire,  re- 
cede, retrograde,  go  back. 

To  WITHHOLD,  keep  back,  let, 
hinder ;  refrain,  forbear. 

To  WITHSTAND,  oppose,  resist, 
thwart. 

WITNESS,  deponent,  evidence. 

WOFUL,  piteous,  doleful,  rueful. 

WONDER,  surprise,  astonishment. 


WEE 


301 


ZEA 


admiration,  amazement ;  mira- 
cle, marvel,  prodigy. 

WOOER,  suitor,  lover. 

WORD,  term,  expression  ;  promise, 
argument. 

WORK,  employment,  occupation ; 
operation,  performance ;  toil, 
labor,  drudgery,  production. 

WORLDLY,  secular,  temporal. 

WORSE  (to  make),  impair,  deterio- 
rate ;  injure,  damage. 

To  WORSHIP,  adore,  revere ;  honor. 

WORTH,  desert,  merit ;  value,  ex- 
cellence ;  rate,  price. 

WORTHLESS,  unworthy,  valueless. 

WORTHY,  deserving,  meritorious, 
estimable. 

To  WRANGLE,  jangle,  jar. 

WRATH,  anger,  ire,  fury,  resent- 
ment, indignation. 

To  WRENCH,  wrest,  turn,  bend, 
twist,  distort. 


WRETCHED,  unhappy,  miserable. 
To  WRING.     See  WRENCH. 
WRITER,  penman,  scribe;  author. 
WRONG,  injury,  injustice. 


YEARLY,  annual. 

To  YIELD,  impart,  give,  communi- 
cate; produce;  give  up,  com- 
ply, cede,  concede,  surrender ; 
conform. 

YIELDING,  compliant,  submissive. 

YOUTH,  juvenility,  adolescence, 
puerility. 


ZEAL,  ardor,  enthusiasm. 

ZEALOUS,  ardent,  earnest,  solicit- 
ous, anxious,  warm,  fervent, 
enthusiastic. 


INTRODUCTION. 


PART  I. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 

CHAP.  I.     Words  of  different  orthography,  but  of  similar  orthoepy. 
«      II.     Words  of  similar  orthoepy,  but  of  different  orthography 
(17  classes),      ....••-•• 
"    III.     Words  of  equivocal  signification,              . 
"     IV.     Words,-- colloquial  improprieties,             . 
«       V.     Words,— Rule  of  Orthography, 

PART  II. 


PAGE 


19 

35 
44 
46 


• 

48 

CHAP.  I-     Derivation  and.  compositio 

50 

53 

57-171 

A. 

21.  Arbor  —  ar&or. 

1.  Acer—  acerbity. 
2.  Ager  —  agrarian. 
3    Ago.  actum  —  act. 

22.   Arceo  —  coerce. 
23.  Ardeo  —  ardent. 
24.  Arguo—  argrue. 

v.    •**•&    y 

4.  Alienus  —  alien. 
5.  Alo  —  aliment. 

25.  Anna  —  arm. 
26.  Arc  —  arable. 

6.  Alter  —  alternation. 
7.  Altus  —  altitude. 

27.  Ars  —  are. 
28.  Articulus  —  article. 

8.  Ambulo—  amble. 
9.  Amo  —  amateur. 

29.  Asper  —  asperity. 
30.  Audio  —  audible. 

10.  Amplus—  ample. 
11.  Ango  —  anger. 

31.  Augeo  —  augment. 
32.  Avis  —  aviary. 

12.  Angulus  —  angle. 

B. 

13.  Animus  —  animal. 
14.  Annus  —  annual. 

33.  Bacchus  —  bacchanal 

15.  Annulus  —  annular. 

34.  Beatus  —  beatific. 

16.  Antiquus—  antiquary. 
17.  Aperio  —  aperient. 

35.  Bellum  —  belligerent. 
36.  Bibo—  &t'6&er. 

18.  Apto—  «/>f. 
19.  Aqua  —  aquatic. 
20.  Arbiter  —  arbitration. 

37.   Bis  —  ii'secf. 
38.  Bonus  —  bounty. 
39.  Brevis—  brevity. 

\ 

COR 


303 


C. 

40.  Cado— cadence. 

41.  Caedo— excision. 

42.  Caleo— calid. 

43.  Calx — calcine. 

44.  Candeo— candle. 

45.  Canis — canine. 

46.  Cantus — chunt. 

47.  Capio— capable. 

48.  Caput — capital. 

49.  Career— incarcerate. 

50.  Caro — carnal. 
61.  Carpo— carp. 

52.  Castigo — castigate. 

53.  Catena — concatenation. 

54.  Causa — cawse. 

55.  Caveo — caution. 

56.  Cavus — care. 

57.  Cedo— cede. 

58.  Celeber— celebrate. 

59.  Celer — celerity. 

60.  Cella— cettar. 

61.  Celo — conceal. 

62.  Cfelum— celestial. 

63.  Censeo — censor. 

64.  Centum— centennial. 

65.  Cerno — certain. 

66.  Certo — concert. 

67.  Certo — certain. 

68.  Cieo — cite. 

69.  Cingo— cincture. 

70.  Cinis — cinder. 

71.  Circus — circle. 

72.  Civis— curie. 

73.  Clam— clandestine. 

74.  Clamo — clamor. 

75.  Clarus — clarion. 

76.  Classis — class. 

77.  Claudo — cfose. 

78.  Clemens — clement. 

79.  Clino — incline. 

80.  Clivus — acclivity. 

81.  Codex— code. 

82.  Colo — colony. 

83.  Comes — comity. 

84.  Concilium — council. 

85.  Coquo — concoct. 

86.  Cor — core. 

87.  Cornu — cornet. 

88.  Corona — crown. 

89.  Corpus — corporate. 

20 


90.  Costa — coas«. 

91.  Cras— -procrastinate. 

92.  Credo— crecto. 

93.  Creo — create. 

94.  Crepo — decrepit. 

95.  Cresco — crescent. 

96.  Crimen — crime. 

97.  Crudus— cntde. 

98.  Crux — cross. 

99.  Cubo — encumber. 

100.  Culpa— culpable. 

101.  Cumulus— cumulative. 

102.  Cura— cure. 

103.  Curro — current. 

104.  Curvus — e«rt;e. 

105.  Custos — custody. 

106.  Cutis — cutaneous. 

D. 

107.  Damnum— damage. 

108.  Debeo— defo. 

109.  Decem— decimal. 

110.  Decet— decent 

111.  Dens— dental 

112.  Densus — de«*e. 

113.  Deterior — deteriorate. 

114.  Deus — deity. 

115.  Dexter— dexterity. 

116.  Dico— dedicate. 

117.  Dico — diction. 

118.  Dies — diary. 

119.  Digitus— digrifc 

120.  Dignus— dignity. 

121.  Dimidium — demigod. 

122.  Disco— disciple. 

123.  Divide— dtWde. 

124.  Do— doHor. 

125.  Doceo — doctor. 

126.  Doleo— doleful. 

127.  Dominus — dominion. 

128.  Domo — indomitable. 

129.  Domus — dome. 

130.  Dorinio — dormant. 

131.  Dorsum — dorsal. 

132.  Dubious — dubious. 

133.  Duco — d«c£. 

134.  Duo— d,,aj. 

135.  Durus — durable. 

E. 

36.  Ebrius — ebriety. 
137.  .£Jdes— edt/Jce. 


FOL 


3t)4 


INF 


138.  Edo— edible. 

139.  Ego — egotism.  , 

140.  Emo — exempt. 

141.  JEmulus — emulation. 

142.  Eo — exit. 

143.  Equus — equestrian. 

144.  JEquus — equal. 

145.  Erro — err. 

146.  JEstiino — estimate. 

147.  .J3vum — coeval. 

148.  Exemplum — example. 

149.  Exterus — exterior. 

F. 

150.  Faber— fabric. 

151.  Facies— /ace. 

152.  Facio— /acf. 

153.  Fallo— false. 

154.  Fama — -fame. 

155.  Fames — -famine. 

156.  Familia — family. 

157.  Fanum — -fane. 

158.  Fatus— /ate. 

159.  Farina — -farinaciou*. 

160.  Fessus — confess. 

161.  Febris— /eter. 

162.  Foedus— federal. 

163.  Felix— felicity. 

164.  Femina— i feminine. 

165.  Fendo — defend. 

166.  Fera— ^erce. 

167.  Fero— /erry. 

168.  Ferrum— ferruginous. 

169.  Ferveo— fervor. 

170.  Festus— /esfaZ. 
171    Fido— fidelity. 

172.  Fixum— ^x. 

173.  Filius— ^/j'aJ. 

174.  Filum— filament. 

175.  Fictum — -fiction. 

176.  Finis— yi>nsA. 

177.  Firmus— _/?;•»». 

178.  Fiscus — -fiscal. 

179.  Flagro— flagrant. 

180.  Flamma— y?o?ne. 

181.  Flecto— flexible. 

182.  Fligo— «^jct. 

183.  Flatum— iw/Zate.    ' 

184.  Flos— floral. 

185.  Fluxum— efflux. 

186.  Folium.-; foliage. 


187.  Forma— /orm. 

188.  Fors— ; fortune. 

189.  Fortis— fortitude. 

190.  Fossa — /osse. 

191.  Fractum— fracture, 

192.  Frater— -fraternal. 

193.  Fraus— //-a«rf. 

194.  Frigus— ^ fngid. 

195.  Frons— //-OH(. 

196.  Fruor— ^ fruition. 

197.  Fugio — fugacious. 

198.  Fulgeo— ^ fitlgency. 

199.  Fumus— /ume. 

200.  Fusum— /use. 

201.  Fundus — -foundation. 

G. 

202.  Gelu — greZi'd. 

203.  Gestum — gesture. 

204.  Genitum — genius. 

205.  Gladius— gladiator. 

206.  Glutio — (/^H/. 

207.  Gradior — gradation. 

208.  Grandis — grand. 

209.  Granum — grain. 

210.  Gratus — grateful. 

211.  Gravis — grave. 

212.  Gregis — gregariout. 

213.  Gubernator — gubernatorial. 

214.  Gusto— #u«f. 

H. 

215.  Habeo — Acrue. 

216.  Hsero— adhere. 

217.  Haeres — heritage. 

218.  Halo— exAaZe. 

219.  Haustum — exhaust. 

220.  Homo — human. 

221.  Honor — honor. 

222.  Hortus — horticulture. 

223.  Hospes — hospitable. 

224.  Hostis— Aos(. 

225.  Humus — inhume. 

I. 

226.  Idem — identity. 

227.  Ignis — *'(/nt'te. 

228.  Imago — image. 

229.  Impero — imperative. 

230.  Inanus — inanity. 

231.  Index — indicate. 

232.  Inferus — inferior. 


MAG 

233.  Insula— insular. 

234.  Integer — integral. 

235.  Intus — interior. 

236.  Ira— /re. 

237.  Iter— itinerant. 

J. 

238.  Jaceo — -jacent. 

239.  Jaceo— ejaculate. 

240.  Jocus—joke. 

241.  Jndico—judicatory. 

242.  Jungo—; junction. 

243.  Juro — jury. 

244.  Jus—just. 

245.  Juvenis— ; juvenile. 

L. 

246.  Labor — laboriou*. 

247.  Lapsus— fajose. 

248.  Lapidus— lapidary. 

249.  Latus— latitude. 

250.  Lateris— lateral. 

251.  Laus — tawd. 

252.  Lego — legate. 

253.  Lectum — lecture. 

254.  Lenis— lenient. 

255.  Levis — levity. 

256.  Legis— %«;. 

257.  Liber — liberal. 

258.  Libri — library. 

259.  Libro— deliberate. 

260.  Licet— license. 

261.  Ligo — ligament. 

262.  Limen— eliminate. 

263.  Lingua— language. 

264.  Linquo— delinquent. 

265.  Linum — linen. 

266.  Litis— litigation. 

267.  Litera — literature. 

268.  Locus — foca£. 

269.  Longus— £on#. 

270.  Loquor — loquacity. 

271.  Lucrum — Jwcre. 

272.  Luctor — reluctance. 

273.  Ludo — ludicrous. 

274.  Luna — lunar. 

275.  Lutum — ablution. 

276.  Lucis — lucid. 

M. 
278.  Magnus — magnitude. 


305 


NEC 


279.  Malus— malice. 

280.  Mando— mandate. 

281.  Mansum— mansion. 

282.  Manus— manual. 

283.  Mare — marine. 

284.  Mater— maternal. 

285.  Maturus — mature. 

286.  Medeor— medicine^ 

287.  Medius— medium. 

288.  Mel-me^«o«*. 

289.  Melior— ameliorate. 

290.  Memini— memory. 

291.  Mens — mental. 

292.  Mergo — merge. 

293.  Mercis— commerce. 

294.  Metior— mete. 

295.  Migro— migration. 

296.  Miles — militia. 

297.  Mille— millennium. 

298.  Mineo— imminent. 

299.  Minister— ministry. 

300.  Minor— minority. 

301.  Mirus — miracle. 

302.  Mixtum— mi*. 

303.  Miser — misery. 

304.  Mitis — mitigate. 

305.  Missum— mission. 

306.  Modus— mode. 

307.  Molior 

308.  Mollis— . 

309.  Moneo— monitor. 

310.  Mons — mount. 

311.  Monstro — monster. 

312.  Morbus — morbid. 

313.  Mordeo — morsel. 

314.  Mors — mortal. 

315.  Mos — moral. 

316.  Moveo — move. 

317.  Multus—  multitude. 

318.  Mundus— mundane. 

319.  Munis — ammunition* 

320.  Munus— municipal. 

321.  Murus — mural. 

322.  Musa — mwse. 

323.  Muta — mutable. 


324.  Nascor — native. 

325.  Nato— natation. 

326.  Navis — navy. 

327.  Necto— connect. 


PEN                           306                           QUA 

328.  Nego  —  negation. 

375.  Pene  —  penult. 

329.  Negotium  —  negotiate. 

376.  Poena  —  penal. 

330.  Neuter  —  neutral. 

377.  Penitus  —  penetrate. 

331.  Nihil  —  nihility. 

378.  Penna  —  pen. 

332.  Noceo  —  innocent. 

379.  Persona  —  person. 

333.  Norma  —  normal. 

380.  Pes,  pedis  —  pedal. 

334.  No  turn  —  note. 

381.  Peto—  petulant. 

335.  Xovus  —  novel. 

382.  Pilo  —  compile. 

336.  Noctis  —  nocturnal. 

383.  Pingo,  pictum  —  picture. 

337.  Xuptum  —  nuptials. 

384.  Pio,  piatuin  —  expiate. 

338.  Nudus  —  nudity. 

385.   Piscis  —  piscatory. 

339.  Nullus—  nullify. 

386.  Placeo  —  placid. 

340.  Numerus  —  numeration. 

387.  Planta—  p/anf. 

341.  Nuncio  —  enunciate. 

388.  Planus—  ptone. 

389.  Plaudo—  plaudit. 

0. 

390.  Plebs—  plebeian. 

342.  Oculus  —  ocular. 

391.  Pleo—  plenary. 

343.  Odi—  odious. 

392.  Plico  —  accomplice. 

344.  Oleo—  olfactory. 

393.  Ploro—  deplore. 

345.  Omnis  —  omnipotent. 

394.  Plumbum  —  plumb. 

346.   Onus  —  onerous. 

395.  Plus,  pluris  —  plural. 

347.  Opinor  —  opine. 

396.  Polio—  polish. 

348.  Opto—  option.                                     ] 

397.  Pomum  —  pomace. 

349.  Opus  —  operate.                                         398.  Pondus  —  pound. 

350.  Orbis—  oro. 

399.  Pono,  positum  —  position. 

351.   Ordo  —  order. 

400.  Populus  —  people. 

352.   Orior  —  orient. 

401.  Porta—  portal. 

353.   Orno  —  ornate. 

402.  Porto—  porter. 

354.  Oro  —  orator. 

403.  Possum  —  possible. 

355.  Os  —  ossify. 

404.   Posterus  —  posterior 

356.  Ovum  —  oca?. 

405.  Postulo  —  expostulate. 

406.  Poto  —  potion. 

P. 

407.  Precor,  precatus  —  depreeal*. 

357.  Pagus  —  pagan. 

408.  Prseda—  predatory. 

358.  Pando—  expand. 

409.  Prehendo  —  apprehend. 

359.  Pango,  pactum  —  compact. 

•    410.  Premo,  pressum  —  -press. 

360.  Pallium—  pall. 

411.  Pretium  —  price. 

361.  Par  —  parity. 

412.  Primus  —  prime. 

362.  Pareo  —  apparent. 

413.  Privus—  private. 

363.  Pario  —  parent. 

414.  Probo  —  probity. 

E64.  Paro,  paratum  —  apparatus. 

415.  Prope  —  propinquity. 

365.  Pars—  part. 

416.  Proprius  —  appropriate* 

366.  Pasco,  pastum  —  pastor. 

417.  Puer  —  puerile. 

367.  Pater  —  paternal. 

418.  Pugnus  —  pugnacious. 

368.  Patior—  patience. 

419.   Pulvis  —  pulverise. 

369.  Pax,  pacis  —  peace. 

420.  Pungo  —  pungent. 

370.   Pecco  —  peccancy. 

421.  Punio  —  punish. 

371.   Pectus—  pectoral. 

422.  Puto  —  compute. 

372.  Pecus  —  peculate. 

373.  Pello,  pulsum  —  pufoe. 

Q. 

374.  Pendeo—  peno'e/ie. 

423.  Qualis-^-jua^tfy. 

SEC 


307 


SUM 


424.  Qn&ntus-^-quantity. 

425.  Quatio,  quassum — quash. 

426.  Quatuor — quart. 

427.  Queror — quarrel. 

428.  Qusero— quest. 

429.  Quies— quiet. 

430.  Quinque — quintuple. 

431.  Quot — quota. 

R. 

432.  Rabies — rabid. 

433.  Radius— radiate. 

434.  Radix — radical. 

435.  Rado— abrade. 

436.  Ramus — ramify. 

437.  Rapio — rapine. 

438.  Rego— regal. 

439.  Reor,  ratus — rate. 

440.  Repo— reptile. 

441.  Res— rea£. 

442.  Rideo— ridicule. 

443.  Rigeo — rt</zd. 

444.  Rigo — irrigate. 

445.  Rivus— rivulet. 

446.  Robur — robust. 

447.  Rogo,  rogatum — abrogate. 

448.  Rota — rotary. 

449.  Rudis— rack. 

450.  Ruga — corrugate. 

451.  Rumpo,  ruptum — rupture. 

452.  Rus,  ruris — rural. 


453.  Sacer — sacred. 

454.  Sagus — sage. 

455.  Sal,  salis — salad. 

456.  Salio— assail. 

457.  Salus — salutary. 

458.  Sancio,  sanctum — saint. 

459.  Sanguis — sanguinary. 

460.  Sanus — sane. 

461.  Sapio — sapient. 

462.  Sapo,  saponis — saponaceous. 

463.  Satis— satiate. 

464.  Scala — scale. 

465.  Scando — scan. 

466.  Scindo—  rescind. 

467.  Scio — science. 
*68.  Scribo — scribe. 

469.  Scrutor — scrutiny. 

470.  Seco — secant. 


471.  Seculum — secular. 

472.  Sedeo — sedentary. 

473.  Semen,  Seminis — seminary. 

474.  Semi — semi-annual. 

475.  Senex,  senior — senior. 

476.  Sentio — sentiment. 

477.  Sepelio,  sepultum — tepulture^ 

478.  Septem — September. 

479.  Sequor — sequel. 

480.  Sero — series. 

481.  Serpo — serpent. 

482.  Serra— serrated. 

483.  Servo — serve. 

484.  Severus — severe. 

485.  Sex — sextant 

486.  Sidus— sidereal. 

487.  Signum — SJ'^M. 

488.  Similis — similar. 

489.  Sinister— sinister. 

490.  Sinus — insinuate. 

491.  Sto,  statum — state. 

492.  Socius— sociable. 

493.  Sol— soZar. 

494.  Solidus— solid. 

495.  Solor — console. 

496.  Solus— so/e. 

497.  Solvo — solve. 

498.  Somnus — somnific. 

499.  Sonus — sound. 

500.  Sopor — soporific. 

501.  Sors — sort. 

502.  Spargo,  sparsum — sparse. 

503.  Spatium — space. 

504.  Specie,  spectum — aspect. 

505.  Spero — despair. 

506.  Spiro — spirit. 

507.  Splendeo — splendid. 

508.  Spondeo,  sponsum — sponsor. 

509.  Stella— s<e^or. 

510.  Sterno — consternation. 

511.  Stilla— wirti7. 

512.  Stipo — constipate. 

513.  Stirps— extirpate. 

514.  Stringo,  strictum — strict. 

515.  Struo,  structum — structure. 

516.  Suadeo,  suasum— -persuade. 

517.  Suavis — suavity. 

518.  Sudo— exwrfe. 

519.  Sui — suicide. 

520.  Sum,  esse — essence. 

521.  Sumo — assume. 


UND 

522.  Super— superior. 

523.  Surgo — surge. 

T. 

524.  Taberna — tabernacle. 

525.  Taceo— tacit. 

526.  Tango — tangent. 

527.  Tego — tegument. 

528.  Tempus — temporal. 

529.  Tendo— tend. 

530.  Teneo — tenure. 

531.  Tento— tempt. 

532.  Tenuis — attenuate. 

533.  Tergo,  tersum— terse. 
534  Terminus — term. 

535.  Tero,  tritum— trite. 

536.  Terra — terrestrial. 

537.  Terreo — terror. 
533.  Testis— testify. 

539.  Texo — text. 

540.  Timeo— timid. 

541.  Tingo— Ji^e. 

542.  Tollo — extol. 

543.  Torpeo — torpid. 

544.  Torqueo — torture. 

545.  Totus— <o<aZ. 

546.  Trado — tradition. 

547.  Traho,  tractum — tract. 

548.  Tremo — tremble. 

549.  Tres— fripfe. 

550.  Tribuo-^riZmte. 

551.  Trudo — intrude. 

552.  Tuber — tubercle. 

553.  Tueor — imuifion. 

554.  Tumeo — tumid. 

555.  Tundo,  tusum — obtuse. 

556.  Turba — turbid. 

557.  Turgeo — turgid. 
550.  Turris — turret. 

U. 

559.  Ultimus — ultimate. 

560.  Umbra — umbrage. 

561.  Unda— twdwtate. 


308  VUL 


562.  Unguo — unguent. 

563.  Unus — unity. 

564.  Utor,  usus — use. 

565.  Vado — evade. 

566.  Vagus — vagary. 

567.  Valeo— raKd. 

568.  Veho — vehicle. 

569.  Velio,  vulsum — avulsion. 

570.  Velo— wei7. 

571.  Vendo — vend. 

572.  Venio — event. 

573.  Venter— ventriloquist. 

574.  Ventus — renf. 

575.  Verbum — verbal. 

576.  Vereor — revere. 

577.  Vergo — verge. 

578.  Vermis — vermin. 

579.  Verto — advert. 

580.  Verus — verity. 

581.  Vestigium — vestige 

582.  Vestis — vesture. 

583.  Vetus — veteran. 

584.  Via — deviate. 

585.  Viscis — vicar. 

586.  Video,  visum — vision. 

587.  Vigeo — vigor. 

588.  Vinco — convince. 

589.  Vindex— vindicate. 

590.  Vinum — vine. 

591.  Vir — virtue. 

592.  Viris — virulence. 

593.  Vito— inevitable. 

594.  Vitrum — vitreous. 

595.  Vivo — vivacity. 

596.  Voco — vocaZ. 

597.  Volo — volatile. 

598.  Volo — voluntary. 

599.  Volupta— vofuptttou*. 

600.  Volvo — evolve. 

601.  Voro— voracity. 

602.  Voveo — avow. 

603.  Vulgus— twfflrar. 

604.  Vulnus — vulnerable. 


KAI 


309 


AIT 


CHAP.  III.    WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK 
GREEK  ALPHABET. 


Pp.  169-200. 


1. 
2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 


A. 

Academia,  a/faJ^ta  —  academy. 
Achos,  a*oj  —  ache. 
Akme,  a*r//^  —  acme. 
Akouo,  CLKOVO  —  acoustic. 
Akron,  aicpov  —  acropolis. 
Adelphos,  a<5cX0oj  —  adelphic. 
Aer,  arjp  —  air. 
Ago,  ayw  —  demagogue. 
Agon,  aya>i>  —  agony. 
Algos,  aXyoj  —  cephalalgy. 
Allaxis,  aXXa£ij  —  parallax. 
Alpha,  aX0a  —  alphabet. 
Anemos,  avt^o^  —  anemometer. 
Aner,  ai'/jp,  aj/Jpoj  —  android. 
Angello,  ayycXXco  —  angel. 
Anthos,  avSof  —  anthology. 
Anthropos,  avdpwrros  —  misanthrope. 
Arche,  apxq  —  anarchy. 
Arktos,  apKTOg  —  arctic. 
Argos,  apyo?  —  lethargy. 
Aristos,  aptc-rof  —  aristocracy. 
Arithmos,  apt0/*oj  —  arithmetic* 
Aroma,  apw/^a  —  aromatic. 
Askeo,  acr/cfcu  —  ascetic. 
Astron,  aarpov  —  astral. 
Athlos,  aflXoj  —  athletic. 
Atmos,  ar//oj  —  atmosphere. 
Aulos,  auXof  —  hydraulic. 
Autos,  auroj  —  autocrat. 

B. 

Ballo,  /JaXXu—  emblem. 
Baptize,  /?a7m£co  —  baptize. 
Basis,  parts—  base. 
Baros,  /?apof  —  barometer. 
Beta,  /?cra  —  alphabet. 
Biblos,  f1i{3\os—  bible. 
Bios,  /Jtoj  —  biology. 
Botane,  POTOLVTI  —  botany. 
Boucolos,  POVKO\OS  —  bucolic. 


C. 


43. 

44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 


Kardia,  Kap&ia — cardiac. 
Kentron,  tcevrpov — centre. 
Kephale,  KtydXrj — cephalio. 
Keras,  Kcpas — monoceros. 
Chaos,  Xao$ — chaos. 
Charis,  Xapts,  Xapi-ros — charity. 
Cheir,  X£</> — chirography. 
Chole,  Xo\n — choler. 
Choreo,  xwpcw — anchorite. 
Christos,  Xpurros — Christ. 
Chroma,  xpupa — chromatic. 
Chronos,  xpovo^ — chronic. 
Chrusos,  xpva-os — chrysolite. 
Konche,  Kovxrj — conch. 
Kopto,  /forrro) — syncopate. 
Kosmos,  KOfffios — cosmogony. 
Kranion,  icpaviov — cranium. 
Kratos,  /cparoj — democracy. 
Krites,  xptrns — critic. 
Krupto,  Kpvirrcj — cryptogamy. 
Kuklos,  KVK\OS — cycle. 
Kuon,  KVCJV — cynical. 
Kustis,  Kvarig — cyst. 


39.  Kakos,  /cawj  —  cacophony. 

40.  Kalupto,  /caXwrro  —  apocalypse. 

41.  Kanon,  icavuv  —  canonical. 

42.  Kaio,  xa«t>,  xaucra}  —  caustic. 


D. 

66.  Deka,  ctica — decalogue. 
\  67.  Demos,  «5»?//Of — democracy. 

68.  Despotes,  (WoTvyy — despot. 

69.  Didasco,  J<Jac-*o) — didactic. 

70.  Doxa,  co$a — doxology. 

71.  Drama,  6pap.a — drama. 

72.  Dromos,  <5po/*o$ — dromedary. 

73.  Dunamis,  owa^ig — dynasty. 

74.  Dus,  Juj — dyspepsy. 


75.  Oikos,  O.IKOS — economy. 

76.  Hedra,  tipa— sanhedrim. 

77.  Hegesis,  >?y>?oij — exegesis. 

78.  Etueo,  £/x£o> — emetic. 

79.  Entera,  svrcpa — entrails. 

80.  Entomos,  SVTOHOS — entomoloay. 

81.  Epos,  nros — epic. 

82.  Eremos,  cp^//oj — eremite. 

83.  Ergon,  sp-yov — energy. 

84.  Eso,  eosco- — esotery. 

85.  Aither,  atftjp— ether. 


LET 


310 


PAT 


86.  Ethos,  £0o? — ethics. 

87.  Ethnos,  £0»<oj — ethnology. 

88.  Etumon,  ervpov — etymology. 

89.  Eu,  tv— eulogy. 


G. 

90.  Galax,  yaXa£— galaxy. 

91.  Gameo,  ya/mo — bigamy. 

92.  Gaster,  yaarnp — gastric. 

93.  Ge,  yri — geology. 

94.  Gennao,  ytwau — genesis. 

95.  Glotta,  yXwrra — glottis. 
96  Glupho,  yXu0a> — glyph. 

97.  Gnome,  yvw^rj — gnostics. 

98.  Gonia,  ya>vta — goniometer. 

99.  Graph o,  ypo0o> — graphic. 

100.  Gumnos,  yvpvos — gymnasium. 

101.  Gune,  yui//; — gynarchy. 

102.  Guros,  yi-poj — gyral. 


H. 

103.  Hebdomos,  e/?<5o/*o{  —  hebdomad. 

104.  Hekaton,  Uarov  —  hecatomb. 
105  Helios,  i)\ios  —  heliacal. 

106.  Hellen,  t\\tv—hcllenic. 

107.  Haima,  atpa  —  hemorrhage. 

108.  Hemera,  r^itpa  —  ephemeral. 

109.  Hemi,  J?/it  —  hemisphere. 

110.  Hepta,  lirra  —  heptagon. 

111.  Heteros,  cTcpos  —  heterodox. 

112.  Hex,  i^—  hexagon. 

113.  Hippos,  tjnrof  —  hippodrome. 

114.  Hieros,  lepog  —  hierarchy. 

115.  Homilos,  o//tXo?  —  homily. 

116.  Homos,  opes  —  homogeneous. 

117.  Hora,  o>pa  —  horal. 

118.  Horizo,  optfco  —  horizon. 

119.  Hudor,  iJcop  — 


I. 

120.  Ichthus,  txflfj  —  ichthyology. 

121.  Idios,  «5<oj  —  idiom. 

122.  Idos,  £i<fof  —  cycloid. 

123.  Isos,  i<70f  —  isosceles. 


124.  Laos,  Xaos — ^ai'<y. 

125.  Lethe,  \r,fa—lethean. 


126.  Lexis,  Ac(<f  —  lexicon. 

127.  Lithos,  At0oj  —  lithography. 

128.  Logos,  Aiyoj  —  logic. 

129.  Lusis,  Awrtj  —  paralysis. 

M. 

130.  Machomai,  //a\o//at  —  monornachy. 

131.  ^Manteia,  /lavrfia  —  necromancy. 

132.  Martur,  //a/m>p  —  martyr. 

133.  Mathema,  paOrina  —  mathematics* 

134.  Mechanao,  //?7,xaj/aa>  —  mechanism. 

135.  Melos,  /uAof  —  melody. 

136.  Meteoros,  //crswpoj  —  meteor. 

137.  Metron,  /^rpoj/  —  ??ie<re. 

138.  Mikros,  /a«poy  —  microscope. 

139.  Misos,  /-iwof  —  misanthropy. 

140.  Mneme,  /n"?/*>7  —  mnemonics. 

141.  Monos,  /to»/oj  —  monad. 

142.  Morphe,  pop<j>r]  —  amorphous. 

143.  Muthos,  /tu0oj  —  mythic. 

N. 

144.  Narke,  vap^r/  —  narcotic. 

145.  Naus,  vauf  —  nausea. 

146.  Neos,  vtof  —  neology. 

147.  Nesos,  v/jtrof  —  peloponnesus. 

148.  Neuron,  vcvpov  —  neurology. 

149.  Nomos,  vo/^Of  —  anomaly. 

150.  Nosos,  voo-of  —  nosology. 

0. 

151.  Ode,  ax5ij—  orfe. 

152.  Odos,  6(5of  —  exodus. 

153.  Odous,  ocWrOf  —  odontalgy. 

154.  Suffix  oid. 

155.  Oligos,  oAiyoj  —  oligarchy. 

156.  Onoma,  ovoyLa  —  anonymous. 

157.  Optomai,  OTrrOfiai  —  optics. 

158.  Orama,  opa/*a  —  diorama. 

159.  Ornis,  op»/<0o?  —  ornithology. 

160.  Orthos,  op0of  —  orthodox. 

161.  Osteon,  ourtov  —  osteology. 

162.  Oxus,  o 


P. 

163.  Paideia,  irai6sia—  pedant. 

164.  Pan,  Tray,  rravrof  —  panacea. 

165.  Pathos,  Trafo;—  pathetic,. 


SAR 


311 


ZOO 


166.  Pente,  irevre — pentagon. 

167.  Pepto,  7r£7rrw — peptic. 

168.  Petalon,  tieraKov — petal. 

169.  Petra,  -rrcrpa — petrify. 

170.  Phago,  0«Xo> — esophagus. 

171.  Phaino,  (patvw— phase. 

172.  Pharmakon,  tydpnaxov — pharmacy. 

173.  Phemi,  $77^1 — blaspheme. 

174.  Phero,  ifcpw — metaphor. 

175.  Philos,  <j)t\os — philanthropy. 

176.  Phone,  0wf^ — phonology. 

177.  Phos,  0wj— phosphate. 

178.  Phrazo — <£0a£w — phrase. 

179.  Phren,  0p>?v — phrenzy. 

180.  Phusis,  0wnj — physics. 

181.  Peirao,  ircipaa) — empiric. 

182.  Plane,  TrXai^ — planet. 

183.  Plasso,  Tr\aaaw— plastic. 

184.  Pneo,  TTVEO) — pneumatics. 

185.  Polemos,  TroX^oy — polemic. 

186.  Poleo,  7rw\£cj — monopoly. 

187.  Polls,  jroX<f — police. 

188.  Polus,  n-oXi'j — polygon. 

189.  Potaraos,  Trora/iOf — hippopotamus. 

190.  Pous,  Trouf,  ?ro<5oj — antipode. 

191.  Prasso,  7rpao-c-o> — practice. 

192.  Protos,  rrpcorof — protocol. 

193.  Psuche,  !//«%>; — psychology. 

194.  Pur,  ?n>p — -pyre. 


R. 

195.  Rheo,  /)ew — diarrhoea. 

8. 

196.  Sarx,  crap£ — sarcasm. 


197.  Skeptomai,  <rKCT-r0//ui — skeptic., 

198.  Schisma,  c-X'o-fta — schism. 

199.  Schole,  ff^oXr;,  school. 

200.  Skopeo,  O-ACOTTEW — scope. 

201.  Sitos,  o-iroff — parasite. 

202.  Sophia,  o-o^ta — sophism. 

203.  Spao,  cnraw — spasmodic. 

204.  Stalls,  crarif — system. 

205.  Stello,  arfXXw — apostle. 

206.  Stenos,  OTEVOJ — stenographer. 

207.  Stereos,  orspsoj — stereometry. 

208.  Stikos,  O-TX\O? — acrostic. 

209.  Strophe,  fr/jo^ij — apostrophe. 


T. 

210.  Taphos,  .raQos — epitaph. 

211.  Taxis,  ra^tf — tactics. 

212.  Techne,  re^vj? — technical. 

213.  Tessares,  reo-crapes — tesselated.- 

214.  Theouaai,  0£o//a« — theatre. 

215.  Thesis,  Beats— thesis. 

216.  Theos,  Ocas— theism. 

217.  Tome,  ro^q — fome.   ' 

218.  Tonos,  rovof — fone. 

219.  Topos,  roTrof — topic. 

220.  Treis,  r/>£<? — <Aree. 

221.  Tropos,  rpoirog — trope. 

222.  Tupos,  rwoj — f^pe. 


223.  Xulon,  JvXov — xylography. 


224.  Zoon,  bo»y — zoology. 


312 

CHAP.  IV.    MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES.  PAOK 

1.  Corresponding  derivations,          ....  202 

2.  Plurals  of  words  from  Latin  and  Greek,        .         .  203 

3.  Latin  words, 204 

"     phrases, 205 

4.  French  words,                      209-10 

"         phrases, 211 

Italian         "               213 

5.  Abbreviations, 213 

6.  Derivations  from  classical  proper  names,      .         .  216-1 9 
Geographical  derivations,            ....  220-22 


PART  III. 

ENGLISH  SYXOXYXI, 223-301 


CATALOGUE 


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Goodrich's  Pictorial  History  of  the  United  States. 

A  Pictorial  History  of  the  United  States,  with  notices  of  other  portions  of  America. 
Bj  S.  Q.  GOODRICH,  author  of  "Peter  Parley's  Tales."  For  the  use  of  Schools. 
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and  newly  illustrated.  1  vol.  12mo.,  embossed  backs.  Upwards  of  450  pages. 

Goodrich's  American  Child's  Pictorial  History  of 

the  United  States.  An  introduction  to  the  author's  "Pictorial  History  of  the 
United  States." 

Goodrich's  Pictorial  History  of  England.     A  Pic- 

torial  History  of  England.  By  S.  G.  GOODRICH,  author  of  "  Pictorial  History  of  th« 
United  States."  etc. 

Goodrich's  Pictorial  History  of  Rome.    A  Pictorial 

History  of  Ancient  Rome,  with  sketches  of  the  History  of  Modern  Italy.  By  8.  Q 
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History  of  Greece;  Ancient  and  Modern.  By  8.  G.  GOODRICH,  author  of"  Pictorial 
History  of  the  United  States."  For  the  use  of  Schools.  Revised  edition. 

Goodrich's  Pictorial  History  of  France.    A  Pictorial 

History  of  France.  For  the  use  of  Schools.  By  S.  G.  GOODRICH,  author  of  "Pi» 
torial  History  of  the  United  States."  Revised  and  improved  edition,  brought  low* 
to  the  present  time. 

Goodri  ill's  Parley's  Common  School  History  of  the 

Vorld.  A  Pictorial  History  of  the  World ;  Ancient  and  Modern.  For  the  use  of 
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Goodrich's  First  History.     The  First  History.    An 

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Petite  Histoire  Universelle  a  TUsage  des  Ecoles  et 

ties  Families.    Par  S.  G.  GOODRICH. 

Mitchell's  First  Lessons  in  Geography.    First  Les 

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Mitchell's  New  School  Geography  and  Atlas.     En 

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Ancient  Atlas,  containing  maps  illustrating  the  work.  By  8.  AUGUSTUS  MiTcnm. 

Mitchell's  Geographical  Question  Book  (Old  Series). 

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Mitchell's  School  Atlas;  to  which  is  added  an  Appendix,  embracing  valuable  Table* 
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English  Literature  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  late  Principal  Assistant 
Professor  of  Ethics  and  English  Studies  in  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point. 

Joppee's    Elements    of    Rhetoric.      Elements   of 

Rhetoric.  Designed  aa  a  Manual  of  Instruction.  By  HENBY  COPPEI,  A.  M.,  author 
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